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Abdelwahab MA, Amer WH, Elsharawy D, Elkolaly RM, Helal RAEF, El Malla DA, Elfeky YG, Bedair HA, Amer RS, Abd-Elmonsef ME, Taha MS. Phenotypic and Genotypic Characterization of Methicillin Resistance in Staphylococci Isolated from an Egyptian University Hospital. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12040556. [PMID: 37111442 PMCID: PMC10143866 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12040556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant in Staphylococci is a serious public health issue. It is mostly encoded by the mecA gene. The mecC gene is a new mecA analog responsible for resistance to methicillin in some Staphylococcal clinical isolates. This mecC gene is still underestimated in Egypt. The aim of the current study was to detect mecA and mecC genes in clinical Staphylococci isolates from a tertiary care university hospital in Egypt compared to the different phenotypic methods. A total of 118 Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and 43 coagulase-negative Staphylococci (CoNS) were identified from various hospital-acquired infections. Methicillin resistance was identified genotypically using the PCR technique and phenotypically using the cefoxitin disc diffusion test, oxacillin broth microdilution and the VITEK2 system in all Staphylococcal isolates. The mecA gene was detected in 82.2% of S. aureus and 95.3% of CoNS isolates, while all of the isolates tested negative for the mecC gene. Interestingly, 30.2% of CoNS isolates showed the unique character of inducible oxacillin resistance, being mecA-positive but oxacillin-susceptible (OS-CoNS). The dual use of genotypic and phenotypic methods is highly recommended to avoid missing any genetically divergent strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa A. Abdelwahab
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt
| | - Wesam H. Amer
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt
| | - Dalia Elsharawy
- Department of Chest Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt
| | - Reham M. Elkolaly
- Department of Chest Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt
| | - Rehab Abd El Fattah Helal
- Department of Anathesia, Surgical Intensive Care, and Pain Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt
| | - Dina Ahmed El Malla
- Department of Anathesia, Surgical Intensive Care, and Pain Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt
| | - Yomna G. Elfeky
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt
| | - Hebatallah A. Bedair
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt
| | - Rania S. Amer
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt
| | - Marwa E. Abd-Elmonsef
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt
| | - Marwa S. Taha
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt
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Evaluation of the performance of GeneSoC®, a novel rapid real-time PCR system, to detect Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin resistance in blood cultures. J Infect Chemother 2023; 29:718-721. [PMID: 36921762 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiac.2023.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia results in substantial mortality. Rapid identification and the determination of methicillin susceptibility are crucial for immediate treatment with appropriate antibiotics. In the present study, we aimed to evaluate the basic assay performance of GeneSoC®, a novel rapid quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) method, for the detection of methicillin-susceptible (MS) or -resistant (MR) S. aureus in blood culture (BC) bottles. qPCR pimers and probes were desinged for femA and mecA genes to diagnose S. aureus and its methicilline-resistance status. GeneSoC® system can detect target genes within 12 min per sample using microfludic thermal cycling. A total of 100 BC-positive samples, showing clusters of gram-positive cocci using microscopy, were tested. The analytical sensitivity was demonstrated for the target sequence of femA and mecA genes at 10 copies/μL, respectively. The detection limit of the MRSA bacterial burden using this system was 104 and 103 CFU/mL for femA and mecA, respectively. Compared with culture-based identification and susceptibility testing, the sensitivity and specificity for the detection of femA (+)/mecA (+) MRSA using GeneSoC® were 90.9 and 98.9%, respectively, whereas the sensitivity and specificity for detection of femA (+)/mecA (-) MSSA were 96.2% and 97.3%, respectively. In conclusion, although this was a small sample and pilot study, the GeneSoC® system is beneficial for rapid, reliable, and highly sensitive real-time testing of MRSA and MSSA in BC bottles.
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Idrees MM, Saeed K, Shahid MA, Akhtar M, Qammar K, Hassan J, Khaliq T, Saeed A. Prevalence of mecA- and mecC-Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Clinical Specimens, Punjab, Pakistan. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11030878. [PMID: 36979857 PMCID: PMC10045897 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11030878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a clinically prevalent bacterium and is resistant to many drugs. Genetic factors such as mec genes are considered to be responsible for this resistance. Recently, Staphylococcal Cassette Chromosome mec (SCCmec) element mutations produced mecC, a new genetic variant that encodes a transpeptidase enzyme (63% similarity with mecA-encoded PBP2a). This cross-sectional study was conducted to establish the prevalence of the mecA and mecC genes among phenotypically identified MRSA and their effectiveness against different antibiotics in clinical specimens. The prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus was 10.2% (n = 102) in the total number of clinical specimens collected (n = 1000). However, the prevalence of MRSA was 6.3% (n = 63) of the total samples collected, while it was 61.8% among total Staphylococcus aureus isolates. mec genes were confirmed in 96.8% (n = 61) isolates of MRSA, while 3.2% (n = 2) were found to be negative for mec genes. The combination of mecA and mecC was detected in 57.1% (n = 36) of the MRSA isolates. The prevalence of lone mecA was 31.8% (n = 20) and that of lone mecC was 7.9% (n = 5) among all the MRSA samples. Penicillin and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid were the most resistant antibiotics followed by norfloxacin (91.2%), levofloxacin (87.1%), ciprofloxacin (83.9%), azithromycin (78.6%), erythromycin (77.4%), moxifloxacin (69.8%), and sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (54.9%). On the other hand, vancomycin and teicoplanin (98.4%) were more effective drugs against MRSA followed by linezolid (96.7%), clindamycin (84.6%), chloramphenicol (83.7%), fusidic acid (70.6%), gentamicin (67.7%), and tetracycline (56.8%). In conclusion, a significant prevalence of mecA and mecC has been found among MRSA isolated from clinical specimens, which is likely responsible for antibiotic resistance in MRSA in our clinical settings. However, vancomycin, teicoplanin, and linezolid were found the top three most effective drugs against MRSA in our clinical settings. Thus, MRSA endemics in local areas require routine molecular and epidemiological investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Mubashar Idrees
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Punjab, Pakistan
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Punjab, Pakistan
- Multan Institute of Kidney Diseases (MIKD), Multan 60800, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Khadija Saeed
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Akbar Shahid
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Akhtar
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Punjab, Pakistan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Khadija Qammar
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Javariya Hassan
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Tayyaba Khaliq
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Ali Saeed
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Punjab, Pakistan
- Department of Pediatric Oncology & Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +92-(0)-3226616269
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Loaiza WM, Ruiz AKR, Patiño CCO, Vivas MC. Bacterial Resistance in Hospital-Acquired Infections Acquired in the Intensive Care Unit: A Systematic Review. ACTA MEDICA (HRADEC KRALOVE) 2023; 66:1-10. [PMID: 37384803 DOI: 10.14712/18059694.2023.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE In this review we present the status of the prevalence of bacteria resistant to antibiotics and the main antibiotic resistance genes that are reported in infections acquired in intensive care units (ICU) around the world. METHODS A systematic review based on the PRISMA guide was carried out, from the Science Direct, Redalyc, Scopus, Hinari, Scielo, Dialnet, PLOS, ProQuest, Taylor, Lilacs and PubMed/Medline databases. Inclusion criteria of this review were original research study published in a scientific journal in a 10-year time span from 1 January 2017 and 30 April 2022. RESULTS A total of 1686 studies were identified, but only 114 studies were considered eligible for inclusion. Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli resistant to carbapenems and producers of extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL) are the most frequently isolated pathogens in ICUs in Asia, Africa and Latin America. The blaOXA and blaCTX were antibiotic resistance genes (ARG) most commonly reported in different geographic regions (in 30 and 28 studies, respectively). Moreover, multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains were reported in higher frequency in hospital-acquired infections. Reports of MDR strains vary between continents, with the majority of publications being in Asia and between countries, with Egypt and Iran being highlighted. There is a predominance of few bacterial clones with MDR phenotype, for example, clonal complex 5 Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CC5-MRSA) circulates frequently in hospitals in the United States, clone ST23-K. pneumoniae is reported in India and Iran, and clone ST260 carbapenemase-producing P. aeruginosa in the United States and Estonia. CONCLUSION Our systematic review reveals that ESBL- and carbapenemase-producing K. pneumoniae and E. coli are the most problematic bacteria that are reported, mainly in tertiary hospitals in Asia, Africa, and Latin America. We have also found propagation of dominant clones with a high degree of MDR, becoming a problem due to its high capacity to cause morbidity, mortality and additional hospital costs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Mónica Chavez Vivas
- Investigation Group GIMMEIN, Colombia.
- Medicine Program, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Libre, Cali, Colombia.
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Ternary system of sultamicillin tosylate with hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin and L-arginine: susceptibility against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Ther Deliv 2022; 13:561-575. [PMID: 36861310 DOI: 10.4155/tde-2022-0050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: This study investigated the effect of complex formation between sultamicillin tosylate (ST), hydroxypropyl-β cyclodextrin (HP-βCD) and L-arginine (ARG). Materials & methods: The kneading method was used to prepare the complexes, which were then characterized using SEM, DSC, FT-IR, HPLC, saturation solubility and dissolution studies. The complexes' antibacterial activity against MRSA (ATCC®-43300TM) was evaluated using ZOI and MIC. Results: Solubility was enhanced in the binary and ternary complexes compared with ST (p < 0.001). MIC and ZOI showed that both complexes have increased antibacterial activity compared with ST (p < 0.001) against MRSA. Conclusion: As a result, the inclusion complex of ST with HP-βCD and ARG can be used to improve the physicochemical properties of ST while also improving antibacterial efficacy against MRSA infections.
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Baum M, Anuka E, Treygerman O, Prajgrod G, Valinsky L, Rokney A. mecC MRSA in Israel—genomic analysis, prevalence and global perspective. JAC Antimicrob Resist 2022; 4:dlac085. [PMID: 36042980 PMCID: PMC9418563 DOI: 10.1093/jacamr/dlac085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background MRSA is a major global healthcare problem. In 2011, a new mec variant designated mecC was described, presenting partial identity at the DNA level, thus undetectable by routine mecA PCR. Objectives Until now, no reliable information regarding mecC MRSA prevalence was available in Israel. In this study, to the best of our knowledge, we describe the first case of mecC MRSA in Israel, with focus on genomic analysis and global context. Methods The mecC MRSA isolate was analysed by WGS with focus on phylogeny, global contextualization, virulence and resistance genes. The strain was characterized by antibiotic susceptibility testing, spa typing and presence of mecA/C and pvl genes. Results An MRSA strain (SA10610), isolated from a urine sample of an 83-year old patient, was found negative for the mecA and pvl genes. The MLST and spa type were ST130 and t1736, respectively. SA10610 presented resistance to oxacillin, penicillin and cefoxitin, and susceptibility to all non-β-lactam agents tested. Phylogenetic comparison with a global dataset of 586 mecC MRSA genomes revealed substantial genomic divergence. The nearest genomic relatives were human and animal isolates from Denmark. A screen of 12 761 S. aureus isolates collected during 2011–18 in Israel indicated this is the only mecC-positive strain. Conclusions A high degree of genetic variability was found between the SA10610 strain and previously sequenced mecC MRSA isolated worldwide. The genomic and phylogenetic analysis suggest that mecC MRSA isolates have evolved independently rather than from a common ancestor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moti Baum
- Public Health Laboratories–Jerusalem (PHL-J), Public Health Services (PHS), Ministry of Health (MOH) , Jerusalem , Israel
| | - Einav Anuka
- Public Health Laboratories–Jerusalem (PHL-J), Public Health Services (PHS), Ministry of Health (MOH) , Jerusalem , Israel
| | | | | | - Lea Valinsky
- Public Health Laboratories–Jerusalem (PHL-J), Public Health Services (PHS), Ministry of Health (MOH) , Jerusalem , Israel
| | - Assaf Rokney
- Public Health Laboratories–Jerusalem (PHL-J), Public Health Services (PHS), Ministry of Health (MOH) , Jerusalem , Israel
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Syed MA, Jamil B, Ramadan H, Rukan M, Ali S, Abbasi SA, Woodley TA, Jackson CR. Genetic Diversity of Staphylococcus aureus Strains from a Tertiary Care Hospital in Rawalpindi, Pakistan. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9112301. [PMID: 34835428 PMCID: PMC8623278 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9112301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is an important healthcare-associated bacterium that causes a multitude of infections in humans such as superficial skin and soft tissue infections, necrotizing pneumonia, foodborne illnesses and postsurgical infections. Treatment of S. aureus infections has become more complicated due to the emergence of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), some of which are multidrug resistant. The present study aimed to characterize S. aureus isolates from a tertiary care hospital in the Rawalpindi district of Pakistan. Staphylococci were isolated from 300 clinical samples collected from January 2018 to January 2019 and S. aureus isolates were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility and analyzed using Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE), Multi-Locus Sequence Typing (MLST), staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) and spa typing. Approximately 25.3% (76/300) of the clinical samples were positive for S. aureus; of those, 88.2% (67/76) were mecA+ (MRSA). In addition to the β-lactam antibiotics, high levels of resistance were also found to the fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin, gatifloxacin and levofloxacin (73.7% each)). Of the 23 different spa types identified, the majority of isolates belonged to spa type t632 and t657 (9/66; 13.6% each spa type). ST772-t657 (Bengal Bay clone) was the most commonly identified clone in this study although other clones circulating around different regions of the world were also found indicating the diversity in MRSA isolates from this area of Pakistan. This study emphasizes the need to monitor MRSA in the clinical setting for improved infection control and treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ali Syed
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Haripur, Haripur 22620, Pakistan
| | - Bushra Jamil
- BJ Micro Lab (SMC Pvt) Limited, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Hazem Ramadan
- Hygiene and Zoonoses Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
- Bacterial Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Resistance Research Unit, USDA-ARS, US National Poultry Research Center, Athens, GA 30605, USA
| | - Maria Rukan
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Haripur, Haripur 22620, Pakistan
| | - Shahzad Ali
- One Health Research Group, Discipline of Zoology, Department of Wildlife and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | | | - Tiffanie A Woodley
- Bacterial Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Resistance Research Unit, USDA-ARS, US National Poultry Research Center, Athens, GA 30605, USA
| | - Charlene R Jackson
- Bacterial Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Resistance Research Unit, USDA-ARS, US National Poultry Research Center, Athens, GA 30605, USA
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Genomic Investigation of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus ST113 Strains Isolated from Tertiary Care Hospitals in Pakistan. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10091121. [PMID: 34572703 PMCID: PMC8465543 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10091121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a multi-drug resistant and opportunistic pathogen. The emergence of new clones of MRSA in both healthcare settings and the community warrants serious attention and epidemiological surveillance. However, epidemiological data of MRSA isolates from Pakistan are limited. We performed a whole-genome-based comparative analysis of two (P10 and R46) MRSA strains isolated from two provinces of Pakistan to understand the genetic diversity, sequence type (ST), and distribution of virulence and antibiotic-resistance genes. The strains belong to ST113 and harbor the SCCmec type IV encoding mecA gene. Both the strains contain two plasmids, and three and two complete prophage sequences are present in P10 and R46, respectively. The specific antibiotic resistance determinants in P10 include two aminoglycoside-resistance genes, aph(3’)-IIIa and aad(6), a streptothrin-resistance gene sat-4, a tetracycline-resistance gene tet(K), a mupirocin-resistance gene mupA, a point mutation in fusA conferring resistance to fusidic acid, and in strain R46 a specific plasmid associated gene ant(4’)-Ib. The strains harbor many virulence factors common to MRSA. However, no Panton-Valentine leucocidin (lukF-PV/lukS-PV) or toxic shock syndrome toxin (tsst) genes were detected in any of the genomes. The phylogenetic relationship of P10 and R46 with other prevailing MRSA strains suggests that ST113 strains are closely related to ST8 strains and ST113 strains are a single-locus variant of ST8. These findings provide important information concerning the emerging MRSA clone ST113 in Pakistan and the sequenced strains can be used as reference strains for the comparative genomic analysis of other MRSA strains in Pakistan and ST113 strains globally.
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Silva V, Gabriel SI, Borrego SB, Tejedor-Junco MT, Manageiro V, Ferreira E, Reis L, Caniça M, Capelo JL, Igrejas G, Poeta P. Antimicrobial Resistance and Genetic Lineages of Staphylococcus aureus from Wild Rodents: First Report of mecC-Positive Methicillin-Resistant S. aureus (MRSA) in Portugal. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:1537. [PMID: 34070357 PMCID: PMC8229929 DOI: 10.3390/ani11061537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The frequent carriage of Staphylococcus aureus, including methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), by wild animals along with its zoonotic potential poses a public health problem. Furthermore, the repeated detection of the mecA gene homologue, mecC, in wildlife raises the question whether these animals may be a reservoir for mecC-MRSA. Thus, we aimed to isolate S. aureus and MRSA from wild rodents living in port areas and to characterize their antimicrobial resistance and genetic lineages. Mouth and rectal swab samples were recovered from 204 wild rodents. The samples were incubated in BHI broth with 6.5% of NaCl and after 24 h at 37 °C the inoculum was seeded onto Baird-Parker agar, Mannitol Salt agar and ORSAB (supplemented with 2 mg/L of oxacillin) plates. Species identification was confirmed by MALDI-TOF MS. The antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method against 14 antibiotics. The presence of virulence and resistance genes was performed by PCR. The immune evasion cluster (IEC) system was investigated in all S. aureus. All isolates were characterized by MLST, spa- and agr typing. From 204 samples, 38 S. aureus were isolated of which six MRSA were detected. Among the six MRSA isolates, three harbored the mecC gene and the other three, the mecA gene. All mecC-MRSA isolates were ascribed to sequence type (ST) 1945 (which belongs to CC130) and spa-type t1535 whereas the mecA isolates belonged to ST22 and ST36 and spa-types t747 and t018. Twenty-five S. aureus were susceptible to all antibiotics tested. S. aureus isolates were ascribed to 11 MLST and 12 spa-types. S. aureus presents a great diversity of genetic lineages in wild rodents. This is the first report of mecC-MRSA in Portugal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Silva
- Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance Team (MicroART), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Functional Genomics and Proteomics’ Unit, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics Unit, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV-REQUIMTE), University NOVA of Lisbon, 2829-516 Lisbon, Portugal
- Veterinary and Animal Research Centre, Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Science (AL4AnimalS), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Sofia I. Gabriel
- CESAM—Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar, Departamento de Biologia da Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal;
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Sofia B. Borrego
- Direção Regional da Agricultura, Secretaria Regional da Agricultura e Desenvolvimento Rural, Quinta de São Gonçalo, 9500-343 Ponta Delgada, Portugal;
| | - Maria Teresa Tejedor-Junco
- Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35001 Canary Islands, Spain;
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35001 Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Vera Manageiro
- National Reference Laboratory of Antibiotic Resistances and Healthcare Associated Infections (NRL-AMR/HAI), Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health Dr Ricardo Jorge, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal; (V.M.); (E.F.); (L.R.); (M.C.)
- Centre for the Studies of Animal Science, Institute of Agrarian and Agri-Food Sciences and Technologies, Oporto University, 4051-401 Oporto, Portugal
| | - Eugénia Ferreira
- National Reference Laboratory of Antibiotic Resistances and Healthcare Associated Infections (NRL-AMR/HAI), Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health Dr Ricardo Jorge, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal; (V.M.); (E.F.); (L.R.); (M.C.)
- Centre for the Studies of Animal Science, Institute of Agrarian and Agri-Food Sciences and Technologies, Oporto University, 4051-401 Oporto, Portugal
| | - Lígia Reis
- National Reference Laboratory of Antibiotic Resistances and Healthcare Associated Infections (NRL-AMR/HAI), Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health Dr Ricardo Jorge, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal; (V.M.); (E.F.); (L.R.); (M.C.)
| | - Manuela Caniça
- National Reference Laboratory of Antibiotic Resistances and Healthcare Associated Infections (NRL-AMR/HAI), Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health Dr Ricardo Jorge, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal; (V.M.); (E.F.); (L.R.); (M.C.)
- Centre for the Studies of Animal Science, Institute of Agrarian and Agri-Food Sciences and Technologies, Oporto University, 4051-401 Oporto, Portugal
| | - José L. Capelo
- BIOSCOPE Group, LAQV@REQUIMTE, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, 2825-466 Almada, Portugal;
- Proteomass Scientific Society, 2825-466 Costa de Caparica, Portugal
| | - Gilberto Igrejas
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Functional Genomics and Proteomics’ Unit, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics Unit, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV-REQUIMTE), University NOVA of Lisbon, 2829-516 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Poeta
- Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance Team (MicroART), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
- Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV-REQUIMTE), University NOVA of Lisbon, 2829-516 Lisbon, Portugal
- Veterinary and Animal Research Centre, Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Science (AL4AnimalS), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
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Yang X, Zhao J, Wang Y, Wu J, Wang X, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Li H. Molecular Epidemiology of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Hospitalized Patients in Eastern Heilongjiang Province, China. Infect Drug Resist 2021; 14:1635-1643. [PMID: 33953574 PMCID: PMC8089471 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s307856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recently, owing to antibiotic resistance, the incidence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) colonization among intensive care unit (ICU) patients has increased rapidly. So far, there are few studies on active screening of MRSA. The purpose of the current study was to verify the effectiveness of active screening and analyze the molecular epidemiological characteristics of MRSA in the region. Methods We collected 30 samples of the MRSA strains from a tertiary hospital in the Eastern Heilongjiang Province. Among them, 7 were retrieved through nasal vestibular swabs at the emergency ICU and 23 were obtained from clinical specimens. Additionally, relevant patient medical information was examined retrospectively and molecular epidemiology and risk factor analysis for MRSA were performed. Results Molecular epidemiology studies revealed that all strains of bacteria carried the mecA resistance gene. The Panton Valentine leukocidin (PVL), for instance, was detected at a rate of 13.33% (4/30). The Staphylococcus aureus protein A (spa) types, found amongst our samples, were mainly t324, t437, t034, etc., and we discovered a new spa type t19702. We also revealed 3 types of SCCmec, namely, SCCmec type II, SCCmec type IVa, and SCCmec type V, with the most prevalent clonotypes being ST72 and ST59. In addition, we also found 7 new ST types, namely, ST6567, ST6568, ST6569, ST6570, ST6571, ST6572, and ST6573. Using risk factor analysis, we also demonstrated that long, invasive procedures used in the ICU, such as tracheal intubation and ventilator usage, along with patients with cerebral infarction and other embolism are more susceptible to developing MRSA colonization and further infections. Conclusion We recommend the infection control department within hospitals to actively screen for MRSA and perform risk factor analysis in order to establish accurate preventive measures for controlling MRSA spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueying Yang
- Department of Microbiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, 154002, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Department of Microbiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, 154002, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Wang
- Department of Microbiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, 154002, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Wu
- Department of Biochemistry, Jiamusi Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Jiamusi, 154002, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohong Wang
- Department of Microbiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, 154002, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuchao Wang
- Department of Microbiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, 154002, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiru Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, 154002, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Huiling Li
- Department of Microbiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, 154002, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
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Prevalence of MecC Gene Among Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from Patients in Ain-Shams University Hospital. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.14.4.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is an important cause of healthcare associated infections globally. New mecA homologue (mecC), was first reported in the UK and Denmark. The mecC mediated MRSA is resistant only to Β-lactams antibiotics and is sensitive to other antibiotics. Detecting the prevalence of mecC MRSA provides more options in treatment of MRSA infections. The aim of this study was to prevalence of mecC gene in clinical isolates of MRSA in Ain-Shams university hospitals & to correlate Minimal Inhibitory concentration (MIC) of Oxacillin with the mecC gene expression in MRSA isolates. Fifty MRSA isolates were collected from different intensive care units (ICUs) of Ain-Shams university hospital from April-December 2018. Methicillin resistance was detected by Cefoxitin disc, and antimicrobial susceptibility testing was done for all isolates and its results were interpreted according to Clinical & Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines 2018. Minimal Inhibitory Concentration of Oxacillin was detected using Oxacillin E-test and the results were interpreted according to the manufacturer’s instructions, then Polymerase Chain Reaction was done to detect mecA and mecC genes among MRSA isolates. Fifty isolates were identified as MRSA by Cefoxitin disc out of 163 samples. Twelve isolates were sensitive to Oxacillin while 38 isolates were resistant to Oxacillin. All isolates were positive to mecA gene while only 3 isolates were positive to both mecA and mecC genes. MecC is a new emerging gene responsible for methicillin resistance in staphylococci and was detected in 6 % of the isolates in this study.
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12
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Goudarzi M, Navidinia M, Dadashi M, Hashemi A, Pouriran R. First report of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus carrying the mecC gene in human samples from Iran: prevalence and molecular characteristics. New Microbes New Infect 2020; 39:100832. [PMID: 33425366 PMCID: PMC7777544 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmni.2020.100832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a lack of information concerning mecC clinical methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains throughout the world. In the present survey, 345 MRSA strains were characterized by antimicrobial susceptibility testing and staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec element (SCCmec) typing. mecC-positive MRSA isolates were characterized by study of biofilm formability, adhesion and virulence analysis, multilocus sequence typing, accessory gene regulator (agr) typing, S. aureus protein A locus (spa) typing and staphylocoagulase typing. The present study found ten SCCmec types, with the majority being SCCmec type III (38.3%). The presence of mecC was confirmed in three isolates from skin wounds (two isolates) and burn wounds (one isolate). All the mecC-positive isolates carried SCCmec XI and belonged to coa type III. Molecular typing showed that these isolates belonged to clonal complex/ST130-spa type t843-agr type III (two isolates) and clonal complex/ST599-spa type 5930-agr type I. The presence of SCCmec type IV confirms the hypothesis of extensive infiltration from the community to the hospital. Detection of MRSA isolates harbouring the mecC gene highlights the need to perform routine detection methods and molecular investigations in order to identify these emerging strains and limit their transfer in hospitals and communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Goudarzi
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - M Navidinia
- School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - M Dadashi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - A Hashemi
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - R Pouriran
- School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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