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Huang C, Zheng Y, Zhang W, Chen Z, Huang Z, Fang Y. Case Report: A Chinese Family of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Caused by a Novel Splicing Mutation in the FLNC Gene. Front Genet 2022; 13:894791. [PMID: 35795207 PMCID: PMC9251305 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.894791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a type of primary cardiomyopathy with genetic etiology, and it carries a high risk of diastolic dysfunction, heart failure, and malignant arrhythmias. We reported the first familial HCM in China, caused by a novel FLNC splicing mutation. We performed duo exome sequencing (ES) to examine the genome of the proband and his mother. For 10 days, a 15-year-old boy was presented to our hospital due to non–exercise-associated chest tightness and asthma. He was diagnosed with HCM [end-diastolic interventricular septal thickness was about 18 mm by transthoracic echocardiography (TTE)]. His mother and sister performed TTE to screen familial cardiomyopathy, which revealed hypertrophic cardiomyopathy only in the proband’s mother. In ES of the mother–son duo, we identified a novel heterozygous mutation of the FLNC gene (chr7:128492808, NM_001127487, c.5905+2T>C, rs1808874360) as the candidate cause of autosomal dominant HCM. Sanger sequencing confirmed this novel mutation in the proband and his mother but absent in the proband’s sister. The potential impact of the novel mutation was predicted by MutationTaster, dbscSNV_ADA_SCORE, dbscSNV_RF_SCORE, CADD_phred, PhyloP20way_mammalian, PhyloP100way_vertebrate, SiPhy_29way_logOdds, and GERP++_RS software. After the administration of furosemide, spironolactone, and metoprolol, the proband’s heart function was improved, and symptoms were alleviated. We presented the first familial HCM caused by a novel FLNC splicing mutation via exome sequencing in China. Therefore, it is necessary that familial screening for patients with HCM should be performed for the early detection of HCM intervention in malignant cardiac events in advance and block genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhui Huang
- Department of Cardiology, Liyang City Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Liyang, China
| | - Yonghong Zheng
- Department of Cardiology, Liyang City Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Liyang, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Liyang City Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Liyang, China
| | - Zhigang Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Liyang City Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Liyang, China
| | - Zhixin Huang
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Liyang City Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Liyang, China
| | - Yuan Fang
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Yuan Fang,
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Fibrosis in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: role of novel echo techniques and multi-modality imaging assessment. Heart Fail Rev 2021; 26:1297-1310. [PMID: 33990907 DOI: 10.1007/s10741-020-10058-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) represents one of the primary cardiomyopathies and may lead to heart failure and sudden cardiac death. Among various histologic features of the disease examined, assessment of myocardial fibrosis may offer valuable information, since it may be considered the common nominator for all HCM connected complications. Late gadolinium-enhanced cardiac magnetic resonance (LGE-CMR) has emerged as the reference noninvasive method for visualizing and quantifying myocardial fibrosis in patients with HCM. T1 mapping, a promising new CMR technique, may provide an advantage over conventional LGE-CMR, by permitting a more valid quantification of diffuse fibrosis. On the other hand, echocardiography offers a significantly more portable, affordable, and easily accessible solution for the study of fibrosis. Various echocardiographic techniques ranging from integrated backscatter and contrast-enhanced ultrasound to two- (2D) or three-dimensional (3D) deformation and shear wave imaging may offer new insights into substrate characterization in HCM. The aim of this review is to describe thoroughly all different modalities that may be used in everyday clinical practice for HCM fibrosis evaluation (with special focus on echocardiographic techniques), to concisely present available evidence and to argue in favor of multi-modality imaging application. It is essential to understand that the role of various imaging modalities is not competitive but complementary, since the information provided by each one is necessary to illuminate the complex pathophysiologic pathways of HCM, offering a personalized approach and treatment in every patient.
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Weissler‐Snir A, Hindieh W, Spears DA, Adler A, Rakowski H, Chan RH. The relationship between the quantitative extent of late gadolinium enhancement and burden of nonsustained ventricular tachycardia in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: A delayed contrast‐enhanced magnetic resonance study. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2019; 30:651-657. [DOI: 10.1111/jce.13855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Adaya Weissler‐Snir
- Division of CardiologyPeter Munk Cardiac Centre, Toronto General Hospital, University Health NetworkToronto Ontario Canada
| | - Waseem Hindieh
- Division of CardiologyPeter Munk Cardiac Centre, Toronto General Hospital, University Health NetworkToronto Ontario Canada
| | - Danna A. Spears
- Division of CardiologyPeter Munk Cardiac Centre, Toronto General Hospital, University Health NetworkToronto Ontario Canada
| | - Arnon Adler
- Division of CardiologyPeter Munk Cardiac Centre, Toronto General Hospital, University Health NetworkToronto Ontario Canada
| | - Harry Rakowski
- Division of CardiologyPeter Munk Cardiac Centre, Toronto General Hospital, University Health NetworkToronto Ontario Canada
| | - Raymond H. Chan
- Division of CardiologyPeter Munk Cardiac Centre, Toronto General Hospital, University Health NetworkToronto Ontario Canada
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Wang J, Wan K, Sun J, Li W, Liu H, Han Y, Chen Y. Phenotypic diversity identified by cardiac magnetic resonance in a large hypertrophic cardiomyopathy family with a single MYH7 mutation. Sci Rep 2018; 8:973. [PMID: 29343710 PMCID: PMC5772531 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-19372-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Limited data is available on phenotypic variations with the same genotype in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). The present study aims to explore the relationship between genotype and phenotype characterized by cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) in a large Chinese family. A proband diagnosed with HCM from a multigenerational family underwent next-generation sequencing based on a custom sureSelect panel, including 117 candidate pathogenic genes associated with cardiomyopathies. All genetic results were confirmed by the Sanger sequencing method. All confirmed mutation carriers underwent CMR exam and myocardial tissue characterization using T1 mapping and late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) on a 3T scanner (Siemens Trio, Gemany). After clinical and genetic screening of 36 (including the proband) members of a large Chinese family, nineteen family members are determined to carry the single p.T1377M (c.4130C>T) mutation in the MYH7 gene. Of these 19 mutation carriers, eight are diagnosed with HCM, one was considered as borderline affected and ten are not clinically or phenotypically affected. Different HCM phenotypes are present in the nine affected individuals in this family. In addition, we have found different tissue characteristics assessed by T1 mapping and LGE in these individuals. We describe a family that demonstrates the diverse HCM phenotypes associated with a single MYH7 mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wang
- Department of Cardiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Ke Wan
- Department of Cardiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Jiayu Sun
- Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan Province, P. R. China
| | - Weihao Li
- Department of Cardiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Hong Liu
- Department of Cardiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Yuchi Han
- Department of Medicine (Cardiovascular Division), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yucheng Chen
- Department of Cardiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China.
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Yuki H, Utsunomiya D, Shiraishi S, Takashio S, Sakamoto F, Tsuda N, Oda S, Kidoh M, Nakaura T, Tsujita K, Yamashita Y. Correlation of left ventricular dyssynchrony on gated myocardial perfusion SPECT analysis with extent of late gadolinium enhancement on cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Heart Vessels 2017; 33:623-629. [DOI: 10.1007/s00380-017-1104-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Tanaka Y, Konno T, Tamura Y, Tsuda T, Furusho H, Takamura M, Sakata K, Yamagishi M, Hayashi K. Impact of T wave amplitude in lead aVR on predicting cardiac events in ischemic and nonischemic cardiomyopathy patients with an implantable cardioverter defibrillator. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol 2017; 22. [PMID: 28440568 DOI: 10.1111/anec.12452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND T wave amplitudes during ventricular repolarization in the lead aVR (TAaVR) are shown to be associated with adverse cardiac events in patients with several cardiovascular diseases, such as postmyocardial infarction. However, the utility of TAaVR has not been previously evaluated in patients with cardiomyopathy who have received implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICD). Patients with ischemic or nonischemic cardiomyopathy (ICM or NICM, respectively) and who received an ICD may experience worsening of their condition due to the introduction of electric shock during treatment. This study aimed to investigate the utility of TAaVR in the prediction of cardiac events in ICM or NICM patients with ICD. METHODS Ninety-three consecutive ICM or NICM patients with ICD were retrospectively analyzed (median age: 64 years; male: 77.4%; ICD for secondary prevention: 76.3%; NICM: 64.5%). The median follow-up period was 31 months. The primary endpoint was defined as composite cardiac events, including cardiac death, major ventricular arrhythmic events (MVAE), or hospitalization due to heart failure (HHF). RESULTS Multivariate Cox regression analysis demonstrated that less negative TAaVR (-0.1 mV ≤ TAaVR <0 mV and 0 mV ≤ TAaVR) was independently associated with the primary endpoint (HR: 3.75; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.09-23.7; p = .04). Kaplan-Meier curve also revealed that the event free survival rate in the less negative TAaVR group was significantly lower than that in the normal TAaVR group (<-0.1 mV) (p < .01). CONCLUSIONS TAaVR is useful in risk stratification for cardiac events in ICM or NICM patients with ICD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Tanaka
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medicine, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Konno
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medicine, Kanazawa, Japan.,Research and Education Center for Innovative and Preventive Medicine, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Yudai Tamura
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medicine, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Toyonobu Tsuda
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medicine, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Furusho
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medicine, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Masayuki Takamura
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medicine, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Kenji Sakata
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medicine, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Masakazu Yamagishi
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medicine, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Kenshi Hayashi
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medicine, Kanazawa, Japan
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Minami Y, Haruki S, Yashiro B, Suzuki T, Ashihara K, Hagiwara N. Enlarged left atrium and sudden death risk in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy patients with or without atrial fibrillation. J Cardiol 2016; 68:478-484. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jjcc.2016.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Revised: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Klopotowski M, Kukula K, Malek LA, Spiewak M, Polanska-Skrzypczyk M, Jamiolkowski J, Dabrowski M, Baranowski R, Klisiewicz A, Kusmierczyk M, Jasinska A, Jarmus E, Kruk M, Ruzyllo W, Witkowski A, Chojnowska L. The value of cardiac magnetic resonance and distribution of late gadolinium enhancement for risk stratification of sudden cardiac death in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Cardiol 2016; 68:49-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jjcc.2015.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Revised: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Liu Y, Wang Y, Teng Z, Zhang X, Ding M, Zhang Z, Chen J, Xu Y. DNA Microarray Analysis in Screening Features of Genes Involved in Spinal Cord Injury. Med Sci Monit 2016; 22:1571-81. [PMID: 27160807 PMCID: PMC4913819 DOI: 10.12659/msm.895889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spinal cord injury (SCI) is the most critical complication of spinal injury. We aimed to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and to find associated pathways that may function as targets for SCI prognosis and therapy. MATERIAL AND METHODS Seven gene microarray expression profiles, downloaded from the GEO database (ID: GSE33886), were used to screen the DEGs of leg tissue and to compare these between SCI patients and corresponding normal specimens. Then, GO enrichment analysis was performed on these selected DEGs. Afterwards, interactions among these DEGs were analyzed by String database and then a PPI network was constructed to obtain topology character and modules in the PPI network. Finally, roles of the critical proteins in the pathway were explained by comparing the enrichment results of the genes in sub-modules and all the DEGs. RESULTS A total of 113 DEGs were determined. We found that 21 up-regulated genes were enriched in 7 biological processes, while 9 down-regulated genes were significantly enriched in 4 KEGG pathways. The PPI network was constructed, including 40 interacting genes and 73 interactions. Three obvious function modules were identified by exploring the PPI network, and ACTC1 was identified as the critical protein in the 3 enriched signal pathways. However, no obvious difference was found in the signal pathway in which both the 11 genes in module 1 and all 113 DEGs participated. CONCLUSIONS Core proteins in the signal pathway associated with spinal cord injury may serve as potential prognostic and predictive markers for the diagnosis and treatment of spinal cord injury in clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yugang Liu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, Hebei, China (mainland)
| | - Ying Wang
- , Medical College of Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, Hebei, China (mainland)
| | - Zhaowei Teng
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The 6th Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical College, Yuxi, Yunan, China (mainland)
| | - Xiufeng Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, Hebei, China (mainland)
| | - Min Ding
- , Medical College of Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, Hebei, China (mainland)
| | - Zhaojun Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, General Hospital of Jizhong Energy Fengfeng Group, Handan, Hebei, China (mainland)
| | - Junli Chen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, Hebei, China (mainland)
| | - Yanli Xu
- , Medical College of Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, Hebei, China (mainland)
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Kockova R, Kacer P, Pirk J, Maly J, Sukupova L, Sikula V, Kotrc M, Barciakova L, Honsova E, Maly M, Kautzner J, Sedmera D, Penicka M. Native T1 Relaxation Time and Extracellular Volume Fraction as Accurate Markers of Diffuse Myocardial Fibrosis in Heart Valve Disease – Comparison With Targeted Left Ventricular Myocardial Biopsy –. Circ J 2016; 80:1202-9. [DOI: 10.1253/circj.cj-15-1309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Radka Kockova
- Department of Cardiology, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine
- Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic
| | - Petr Kacer
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine
| | - Jan Pirk
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine
| | - Jiri Maly
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine
| | - Lucie Sukupova
- Department of Cardiology, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine
| | - Viktor Sikula
- Department of Cardiology, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine
| | - Martin Kotrc
- Department of Cardiology, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine
| | - Lucia Barciakova
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine
| | - Eva Honsova
- Clinical and Transplant Pathology Department, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine
| | | | - Josef Kautzner
- Department of Cardiology, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine
| | - David Sedmera
- First Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Anatomy, Charles University in Prague
- Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic
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Nomura A, Tada H, Teramoto R, Konno T, Hodatsu A, Won HH, Kathiresan S, Ino H, Fujino N, Yamagishi M, Hayashi K. Whole exome sequencing combined with integrated variant annotation prediction identifies a causative myosin essential light chain variant in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Cardiol 2015; 67:133-9. [PMID: 26443374 DOI: 10.1016/j.jjcc.2015.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The development of candidate gene approaches to enable molecular diagnosis of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) has required extensive and prolonged efforts. Whole exome sequencing (WES) technologies have already accelerated genetic studies of Mendelian disorders, yielding approximately 30% diagnostic success. As a result, there is great interest in extending the use of WES to any of Mendelian diseases. This study investigated the potential of WES for molecular diagnosis of HCM. METHODS WES was performed on seven relatives from a large HCM family with a clear HCM phenotype (five clinically affected and two unaffected) in the Kanazawa University Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Registry. Serial bioinformatics filtering methods as well as using combined annotation dependent depletion (CADD) score and high heart expression (HHE) gene data were applied to detect the causative variant. Moreover, additional carriers of the variant were investigated in the HCM registry, and clinical characteristics harboring the variant were collected and evaluated. RESULTS WES detected 60020 rare variants in the large HCM family. Of those, 3439 were missense, nonsense, splice-site, or frameshift variants. After genotype-phenotype matching, 13 putative variants remained. Using CADD score and HHE gene data, the number of candidates was reduced to one, a variant in the myosin essential light chain (MYL3, NM_000258.2:c.281G>A, p.Arg94His) that was shared by the five affected subjects. Additional screening of the HCM registry (n=600) identified two more subjects with this variant. Serial assessments of the variant carriers revealed the following phenotypic characteristics: (1) disease-penetrance of 88%; (2) all clinically affected carriers exhibited asymmetric septal hypertrophy with a substantial maximum left ventricular wall thickness of 18±3mm without any obstruction. CONCLUSIONS WES combined with CADD score and HHE gene data may be useful even in HCM. Furthermore, the MYL3 Arg94His variant was associated with high disease penetrance and substantial interventricular septal hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Nomura
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa, Japan; Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hayato Tada
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Ryota Teramoto
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Konno
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa, Japan; Research and Education Center for Innovative and Preventive Medicine, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.
| | - Akihiko Hodatsu
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Hong-Hee Won
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sekar Kathiresan
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hidekazu Ino
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Noboru Fujino
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Masakazu Yamagishi
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Kenshi Hayashi
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa, Japan
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Imaging in Deciphering Histological Substrates in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy. CURRENT CARDIOVASCULAR IMAGING REPORTS 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s12410-015-9355-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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