A correlation of the lower flammability limit for hybrid mixtures

Mitigation of Risks Associated with Gas Pipeline Failure by Using Quantitative Risk Management Approach: A Descriptive Study on Gas Industry

Risk assessment is one of the main tools that oil and gas industries use to assess the hazards and risks in their facilities worldwide. Qualitative and quantitative risk assessments are carried out at various phases of the process industry: conceptual stage, design stage, construction stage, operational stage, decommissioning stage, etc. The quantitative risk assessment is directed during the detailed design stage to decide the spacing and layout out of equipment for safe operation and maintenance of oil and gas industries. The equipment layout and spacing are based on the safe distances are to be carried out on various design safety studies. In this work, a study was carried out on upstream onshore natural gas gathering stations and associated equipment and pipeline networks. The fire, explosion assessment, and toxic gas dispersion are conducted to evaluate how it affects people, assets, and the environment. Whether the design protection systems are adequate to mitigate the consequences or any additional measures to reduce risk to an acceptable level is analyzed.

The Evolution of Process Safety: Current Status and Future Direction

The advent of the industrial revolution in the nineteenth century increased the volume and variety of manufactured goods and enriched the quality of life for society as a whole. However, industrialization was also accompanied by new manufacturing and complex processes that brought about the use of hazardous chemicals and difficult-to-control operating conditions. Moreover, human-process-equipment interaction plus on-the-job learning resulted in further undesirable outcomes and associated consequences. These problems gave rise to many catastrophic process safety incidents that resulted in thousands of fatalities and injuries, losses of property, and environmental damages. These events led eventually to the necessity for a gradual development of a new multidisciplinary field, referred to as process safety. From its inception in the early 1970s to the current state of the art, process safety has come to represent a wide array of issues, including safety culture, process safety management systems, process safety engineering, loss prevention, risk assessment, risk management, and inherently safer technology. Governments and academic/research organizations have kept pace with regulatory programs and research initiatives, respectively. Understanding how major incidents impact regulations and contribute to industrial and academic technology development provides a firm foundation to address new challenges, and to continue applying science and engineering to develop and implement programs to keep hazardous materials within containment. Here the most significant incidents in terms of their impact on regulations and the overall development of the field of process safety are described.