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Antibody Fragments and Their Purification by Protein L Affinity Chromatography. Antibodies (Basel) 2015. [DOI: 10.3390/antib4030259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Kim DY, To R, Kandalaft H, Ding W, van Faassen H, Luo Y, Schrag JD, St-Amant N, Hefford M, Hirama T, Kelly JF, MacKenzie R, Tanha J. Antibody light chain variable domains and their biophysically improved versions for human immunotherapy. MAbs 2014; 6:219-35. [PMID: 24423624 PMCID: PMC3929445 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.26844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
We set out to gain deeper insight into the potential of antibody light chain variable domains (VLs) as immunotherapeutics. To this end, we generated a naïve human VL phage display library and, by using a method previously shown to select for non-aggregating antibody heavy chain variable domains (VHs), we isolated a diversity of VL domains by panning the library against B cell super-antigen protein L. Eight domains representing different germline origins were shown to be non-aggregating at concentrations as high as 450 µM, indicating VL repertoires are a rich source of non-aggregating domains. In addition, the VLs demonstrated high expression yields in E. coli, protein L binding and high reversibility of thermal unfolding. A side-by-side comparison with a set of non-aggregating human VHs revealed that the VLs had similar overall profiles with respect to melting temperature (Tm), reversibility of thermal unfolding and resistance to gastrointestinal proteases. Successful engineering of a non-canonical disulfide linkage in the core of VLs did not compromise the non-aggregation state or protein L binding properties. Furthermore, the introduced disulfide bond significantly increased their Tms, by 5.5–17.5 °C, and pepsin resistance, although it somewhat reduced expression yields and subtly changed the structure of VLs. Human VLs and engineered versions may make suitable therapeutics due to their desirable biophysical features. The disulfide linkage-engineered VLs may be the preferred therapeutic format because of their higher stability, especially for oral therapy applications that necessitate high resistance to the stomach’s acidic pH and pepsin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae Young Kim
- Human Health Therapeutics; National Research Council Canada; Ottawa, ON Canada
| | - Rebecca To
- Human Health Therapeutics; National Research Council Canada; Ottawa, ON Canada
| | - Hiba Kandalaft
- Human Health Therapeutics; National Research Council Canada; Ottawa, ON Canada
| | - Wen Ding
- Human Health Therapeutics; National Research Council Canada; Ottawa, ON Canada
| | - Henk van Faassen
- Human Health Therapeutics; National Research Council Canada; Ottawa, ON Canada
| | - Yan Luo
- Human Health Therapeutics; National Research Council Canada; Ottawa, ON Canada
| | - Joseph D Schrag
- Human Health Therapeutics; National Research Council Canada; Montréal, QC Canada
| | - Nadereh St-Amant
- Centre for Vaccine Evaluation; Biologics and Genetic Therapies Directorate;, Health Canada; Ottawa, ON Canada
| | - Mary Hefford
- Centre for Vaccine Evaluation; Biologics and Genetic Therapies Directorate;, Health Canada; Ottawa, ON Canada
| | - Tomoko Hirama
- Human Health Therapeutics; National Research Council Canada; Ottawa, ON Canada
| | - John F Kelly
- Human Health Therapeutics; National Research Council Canada; Ottawa, ON Canada
| | - Roger MacKenzie
- Human Health Therapeutics; National Research Council Canada; Ottawa, ON Canada; School of Environmental Sciences; Ontario Agricultural College; University of Guelph; Guelph, ON Canada
| | - Jamshid Tanha
- Human Health Therapeutics; National Research Council Canada; Ottawa, ON Canada; School of Environmental Sciences; Ontario Agricultural College; University of Guelph; Guelph, ON Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology; University of Ottawa; Ottawa, ON Canada
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Dudak FC, Soykut EA, Oğuz ME, Yaşar F, Boyaci IH. Thermodynamic and structural analysis of interactions between peptide ligands and SEB. J Mol Recognit 2010; 23:369-78. [PMID: 19941320 DOI: 10.1002/jmr.1003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) is an exotoxin produced by Staphylococcus aureus and commonly associated with food poisoning. In this study, SEB-binding peptides were identified by screening a phage displayed peptide library. The binding of peptides to SEB was tested with isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) and of the five selected peptides, three showed affinity to SEB, with one measured to have the highest affinity constant (10(5) M(-1)). ITC revealed that the interaction of peptide ligands with SEB was driven entropically and the binding was dominated by hydrophobic interactions. Circular dichroism (CD) measurements and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, together, give a structural insight into the interaction of peptides with SEB. While SEB binding peptides showed random coil structure before binding, after complex formation they had more ordered structures. The peptide with highest affinity to SEB showed stable conformation during MD simulation. Taken together, our approach about thermodynamic and structural characterization of peptide ligands can be used to develop aptamers, with high affinity and selectivity, for biosensor applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahriye Ceyda Dudak
- Department of Food Engineering, Hacettepe University, Beytepe 06800, Ankara, Turkey
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Kim YJ, Kim NY, Lee MK, Choi HJ, Baek HJ, Nam CH. Overexpression and unique rearrangement of VH2 transcripts in immunoglobulin variable heavy chain genes in ankylosing spondylitis patients. Exp Mol Med 2010; 42:319-26. [PMID: 20177145 DOI: 10.3858/emm.2010.42.5.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
To identify immunoglobulin variable heavy chain (VH) gene usages in Korean ankylosing spondylitis (AS) patients, expression level of VH2 genes from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of 8 AS patients and 9 healthy donors was analysed by quantitative real-time PCR (Q-PCR). Q-PCR results demonstrated VH2 genes were overexpressed in AS patients (Relative amount of mRNA of VH2 genes to a house-keeping gene, 7.13+/-7.77 vs, 0.68+/-0.55; P<0.0001). The sequence analysis revealed the majority of them contained CDC42 binding protein kinase Beta (CDC42 BPB) genes. The insertion of CDC42 BPB gene was confirmed by PCR with primers corresponding CDC42 BPB and CH genes. Our study revealed VH2 overexpression and unique rearrangement in Ig VH genes from peripheral blood of AS patients. This may imply aberrant immunoglobulin gene rearrangement in B cell occurs in Korean AS patients, which requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeon Joo Kim
- Korea Institute of Science and Technology - Europe Forschungsges. mbH Saarbücken, Germany
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Kim HW, Greenburg AG. Toward 21st Century Blood Component Replacement Therapeutics: Artificial Oxygen Carriers, Platelet Substitutes, Recombinant Clotting Factors, and Others. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 34:537-50. [PMID: 17090427 DOI: 10.1080/10731190600973725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
In this brief overview, recent progress and current status of blood substitute research and development is summarized. Current blood substitute development efforts are focused on red blood cell substitutes but substitutes for platelets and other blood components are also in progress. Red cell substitutes currently in various stages of development are semi-synthetic or synthetic oxygen carriers that include "stealth" or "masked" red cells, hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers and perfluorocarbon-based oxygen carriers. Artificial platelets (or platelet substitutes) are in early stages of development and include human platelet fragments or particles of synthetic/semi-synthetic materials or recombinant human serum albumin coupled with platelet surface receptor fragments. Of note, some recombinant clotting factors (Factors VII, VIII, IX) have already been successfully developed and licensed for treatment of hemophilia. In addition, some future approaches and prospects of blood component replacement therapeutics are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hae Won Kim
- Brown University Medical School and The Miriam Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island, USA.
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Weisser NE, Hall JC. Applications of single-chain variable fragment antibodies in therapeutics and diagnostics. Biotechnol Adv 2009; 27:502-20. [PMID: 19374944 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2009.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2008] [Revised: 03/03/2009] [Accepted: 04/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies (Abs) are some of the most powerful tools in therapy and diagnostics and are currently one of the fastest growing classes of therapeutic molecules. Recombinant antibody (rAb) fragments are becoming popular therapeutic alternatives to full length monoclonal Abs since they are smaller, possess different properties that are advantageous in certain medical applications, can be produced more economically and are easily amendable to genetic manipulation. Single-chain variable fragment (scFv) Abs are one of the most popular rAb format as they have been engineered into larger, multivalent, bi-specific and conjugated forms for many clinical applications. This review will show the tremendous versatility and importance of scFv fragments as they provide the basic antigen binding unit for a multitude of engineered Abs for use as human therapeutics and diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina E Weisser
- Department of Environmental Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G2W1, Canada
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Soykut EA, Dudak FC, Boyaci IH. Selection of staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB)-binding peptide using phage display technology. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008; 370:104-8. [PMID: 18359289 PMCID: PMC7117543 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.03.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2008] [Accepted: 03/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this study, peptides were selected to recognize staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) which cause food intoxication and can be used as a biological war agent. By using commercial M13 phage library, single plaque isolation of 38 phages was done and binding affinities were investigated with phage-ELISA. The specificities of the selected phage clones showing high affinity to SEB were checked by using different protein molecules which can be found in food samples. Furthermore, the affinities of three selected phage clones were determined by using surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensors. Sequence analysis was realized for three peptides showing high binding affinity to SEB and WWRPLTPESPPA, MNLHDYHRLFWY, and QHPQINQTLYRM amino acid sequences were obtained. The peptide sequence with highest affinity to SEB was synthesized with solid phase peptide synthesis technique and thermodynamic constants of the peptide-SEB interaction were determined by using isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) and compared with those of antibody-SEB interaction. The binding constant of the peptide was determined as 4.2+/-0.7 x 10(5)M(-1) which indicates a strong binding close to that of antibody.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esra Acar Soykut
- Department of Food Engineering, Hacettepe University, Beytepe 06532, Ankara, Turkey
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Weisser NE, Almquist KC, Hall JC. A rAb screening method for improving the probability of identifying peptide mimotopes of carbohydrate antigens. Vaccine 2007; 25:4611-22. [PMID: 17481782 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2006] [Revised: 03/09/2007] [Accepted: 03/20/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Peptide mimotopes have been investigated as surrogate antigens of carbohydrate (CHO) targets on pathogen and tumor cells in vaccine and therapeutic discovery. One of the main bottlenecks in peptide mimotope discovery is the inability of initial screening regimes to differentiate between true mimotopes and non-mimotopes. As a result, subsequent in vivo analysis of putative peptide mimotopes is often inefficient requiring the use of experimental animals during a lengthy in vivo immunization process. Here, we demonstrate a rapid preliminary screening method to identify putative mimotopes using a recombinant antibody (rAb) library, which may increase the probability of identifying peptides that will elicit a CHO-cross-reactive response in vivo. A human naïve rAb library was screened against both an established peptide mimotope and a non-mimotope of the Group B Streptococcus (GBS) type III polysaccharide to determine if selected antibodies cross-reacted with the original GBS polysaccharide. We were able to differentiate between these two peptides because peptide-binding Abs that cross-reacted to GBS was isolated only with the peptide mimotope. We discuss the feasibility of using this method to significantly increase the breadth of screening and reduce the discovery time for peptide mimotopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina E Weisser
- Department of Environmental Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ont., Canada N1G 2W1
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Zouali M. Exploitation of host signaling pathways by B cell superantigens--potential strategies for developing targeted therapies in systemic autoimmunity. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2007; 1095:342-54. [PMID: 17404047 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1397.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Some infectious agents produce molecules capable of interacting specifically with the immunoglobulin heavy- or light-chain variable regions, independently of the conventional-binding site. They are referred to as B cell superantigens (SAgs) and include protein A of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), gp120 of HIV-1, and protein L of Peptostreptococcus magnus (P. magnus). In contrast to conventional antigens, B cell superantigens interact with conserved framework regions of immunoglobulins and can target a large proportion of B cells. In experimental models, they have been demonstrated to deplete B cell subsets responsible for innate functions, namely B-1a and marginal zone (MZ) B cells. As a result, the interactions of these superantigens with host cells impair the humoral immune response. In addition to providing clues toward understanding host-pathogen interactions and microbial pathogenesis, B cell superantigens represent potential therapeutic agents that could be used to specifically modulate expansion of B cell subsets in diseased subjects. In systemic autoimmune diseases, for example, there is activation and expansion of B cells that secrete pathogenic autoantibodies. Their depletion results in clinical improvement in both experimental animals and patients. Currently, attempts are being made to specifically deplete pathogenic autoantibody-producing B cells. Since B-1a and MZ B cells have been found to be expanded in autoimmune disorders, B cell superantigens, used alone or in combination with other biological agents, may have beneficial effects in autoimmune disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moncef Zouali
- Inserm U606, Centre Viggo Petersen, Hôpital Lariboisière, 2, rue Ambroise Paré, F-75475 Paris Cedex 10, France.
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Abstract
In this brief review, basic principles and recent progresses on the development of therapeutic substitutes for major blood components are briefly discussed with primary focus on the red cell substitutes.
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Silverman GJ, Goodyear CS. Confounding B-cell defences: lessons from a staphylococcal superantigen. Nat Rev Immunol 2006; 6:465-75. [PMID: 16724100 DOI: 10.1038/nri1853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Studies of microbial superantigens that target large clonal sets of B cells through conserved antigen-receptor-variable-region sites are providing new insights into the mechanisms of B-cell activation-induced cell death. These investigations have shown differences between the clonal regulation of follicular B cells (B2 cells) and the innate-like marginal-zone B cells and B1 cells, and have also shown how B-cell superantigens can affect specialized host defences against infection. Agents designed to emulate the properties of B-cell superantigens might also provide new approaches for the treatment of B-cell-mediated autoimmune and neoplastic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregg J Silverman
- Rheumatic Disease Core Center, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0663, USA.
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Almquist KC, McLean MD, Niu Y, Byrne G, Olea-Popelka FC, Murrant C, Barclay J, Hall JC. Expression of an anti-botulinum toxin A neutralizing single-chain Fv recombinant antibody in transgenic tobacco. Vaccine 2006; 24:2079-86. [PMID: 16337316 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2005.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2005] [Revised: 11/07/2005] [Accepted: 11/08/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are the most poisonous substances known and are thus classified as high-risk threats for use as bioterror agents. To examine the potential of transgenic plants as bioreactors for the production of BoNT antidotes, we transformed tobacco with an optimized, synthetic gene encoding a botulinum neurotoxin A (BoNT/A) neutralizing single-chain Fv (scFv) recombinant antibody fragment. In vitro mouse muscle twitch assays demonstrated the functional utility of this scFv extracted from tobacco for neutralizing the paralytic effects of BoNT/A at neuromuscular junctions. Based on the efficiency of the scFv capture process and the dose required to antidote a human being, 1-2 ha of this tobacco could yield up to 4 kg of scFv, which would be enough to contribute to the manufacture of 1,000,000 therapeutic doses of a monoclonal antibody (mAb) cocktail capable of neutralizing the effects of BoNT poisoning. Transgenic plants could provide an inexpensive production platform for expression of multiple mAbs toward the creation of polyclonal therapies (i.e. pooled mAbs) as the next improvement in recombinant antibody therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt C Almquist
- Department of Environmental Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ont., Canada N1G 2W1
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Abstract
We identified 1113 articles (103 reviews, 1010 primary research articles) published in 2005 that describe experiments performed using commercially available optical biosensors. While this number of publications is impressive, we find that the quality of the biosensor work in these articles is often pretty poor. It is a little disappointing that there appears to be only a small set of researchers who know how to properly perform, analyze, and present biosensor data. To help focus the field, we spotlight work published by 10 research groups that exemplify the quality of data one should expect to see from a biosensor experiment. Also, in an effort to raise awareness of the common problems in the biosensor field, we provide side-by-side examples of good and bad data sets from the 2005 literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Rich
- Center for Biomolecular Interaction Analysis, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
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Abstract
With 18 monoclonal antibody (mAb) products currently on the market and more than 100 in clinical trials, it is clear that engineered antibodies have come of age as biopharmaceuticals. In fact, by 2008, engineered antibodies are predicted to account for >30% of all revenues in the biotechnology market. Smaller recombinant antibody fragments (for example, classic monovalent antibody fragments (Fab, scFv)) and engineered variants (diabodies, triabodies, minibodies and single-domain antibodies) are now emerging as credible alternatives. These fragments retain the targeting specificity of whole mAbs but can be produced more economically and possess other unique and superior properties for a range of diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Antibody fragments have been forged into multivalent and multi-specific reagents, linked to therapeutic payloads (such as radionuclides, toxins, enzymes, liposomes and viruses) and engineered for enhanced therapeutic efficacy. Recently, single antibody domains have been engineered and selected as targeting reagents against hitherto immunosilent cavities in enzymes, receptors and infectious agents. Single-domain antibodies are anticipated to significantly expand the repertoire of antibody-based reagents against the vast range of novel biomarkers being discovered through proteomics. As this review aims to show, there is tremendous potential for all antibody fragments either as robust diagnostic reagents (for example in biosensors), or as nonimmunogenic in vivo biopharmaceuticals with superior biodistribution and blood clearance properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Holliger
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2QH, UK
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