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Li Z, Kaur P, Lo CY, Chopra N, Smith J, Wang H, Gao Y. Structural and dynamic basis of DNA capture and translocation by mitochondrial Twinkle helicase. Nucleic Acids Res 2022; 50:11965-11978. [PMID: 36400570 PMCID: PMC9723800 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkac1089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Twinkle is a mitochondrial replicative helicase which can self-load onto and unwind mitochondrial DNA. Nearly 60 mutations on Twinkle have been linked to human mitochondrial diseases. Using cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) and high-speed atomic force microscopy (HS-AFM), we obtained the atomic-resolution structure of a vertebrate Twinkle homolog with DNA and captured in real-time how Twinkle is self-loaded onto DNA. Our data highlight the important role of the non-catalytic N-terminal domain of Twinkle. The N-terminal domain directly contacts the C-terminal helicase domain, and the contact interface is a hotspot for disease-related mutations. Mutations at the interface destabilize Twinkle hexamer and reduce helicase activity. With HS-AFM, we observed that a highly dynamic Twinkle domain, which is likely to be the N-terminal domain, can protrude ∼5 nm to transiently capture nearby DNA and initialize Twinkle loading onto DNA. Moreover, structural analysis and subunit doping experiments suggest that Twinkle hydrolyzes ATP stochastically, which is distinct from related helicases from bacteriophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Li
- BioSciences Department, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Parminder Kaur
- Physics Department, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
- Center for Human Health and the Environment, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Chen-Yu Lo
- BioSciences Department, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Neil Chopra
- BioSciences Department, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Jamie Smith
- BioSciences Department, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Hong Wang
- Physics Department, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
- Center for Human Health and the Environment, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
- Toxicology Program, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Yang Gao
- BioSciences Department, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
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2
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The helicase core accessory regions of the phage BFK20 DnaB-like helicase gp43 significantly affect its activity, oligomeric state and DNA binding properties. Virology 2021; 558:96-109. [PMID: 33744744 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2021.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The multifunctional phage replication protein gp43 is composed of an N-terminal prim-pol domain and a C-terminal domain similar to the SF4-type replicative helicases. We prepared four mutants all missing the prim-pol domain with the helicase core flanked by accessory N- and C-terminal regions truncated to varying extents. The shortest fragment still possessing strong ssDNA-dependent ATPase activity and helicase activity was gp43HEL519-983. The other proteins tested were gp43HEL557-983, gp43HEL519-855 and gp43HEL519-896. Removal of the 38 N-terminal residues in gp43HEL557-983, or the 128 and 87 C-terminal residues in gp43HEL519-855 and gp43HEL519-896, resulted in a significant decrease in the ATPase activities. The 38-amino acid N-terminal region has probably a function in modulating DNA binding and protein oligomerization. Deletion of the 87 C-terminal residues resulted in a twofold increase in the unwinding rate. This region is likely indispensable for binding to DNA substrates.
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3
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The Revisited Genome of Bacillus subtilis Bacteriophage SPP1. Viruses 2018; 10:v10120705. [PMID: 30544981 PMCID: PMC6316719 DOI: 10.3390/v10120705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacillus subtilis bacteriophage SPP1 is a lytic siphovirus first described 50 years ago [1]. Its complete DNA sequence was reported in 1997 [2]. Here we present an updated annotation of the 44,016 bp SPP1 genome and its correlation to different steps of the viral multiplication process. Five early polycistronic transcriptional units encode phage DNA replication proteins and lysis functions together with less characterized, mostly non-essential, functions. Late transcription drives synthesis of proteins necessary for SPP1 viral particles assembly and for cell lysis, together with a short set of proteins of unknown function. The extensive genetic, biochemical and structural biology studies on the molecular mechanisms of SPP1 DNA replication and phage particle assembly rendered it a model system for tailed phages research. We propose SPP1 as the reference species for a new SPP1-like viruses genus of the Siphoviridae family.
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Bhowmik P, Das Gupta SK. Biochemical Characterization of a Mycobacteriophage Derived DnaB Ortholog Reveals New Insight into the Evolutionary Origin of DnaB Helicases. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0134762. [PMID: 26237048 PMCID: PMC4523182 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The bacterial replicative helicases known as DnaB are considered to be members of the RecA superfamily. All members of this superfamily, including DnaB, have a conserved C- terminal domain, known as the RecA core. We unearthed a series of mycobacteriophage encoded proteins in which the RecA core domain alone was present. These proteins were phylogenetically related to each other and formed a distinct clade within the RecA superfamily. A mycobacteriophage encoded protein, Wildcat Gp80 that roots deep in the DnaB family, was found to possess a core domain having significant sequence homology (Expect value < 10-5) with members of this novel cluster. This indicated that Wildcat Gp80, and by extrapolation, other members of the DnaB helicase family, may have evolved from a single domain RecA core polypeptide belonging to this novel group. Biochemical investigations confirmed that Wildcat Gp80 was a helicase. Surprisingly, our investigations also revealed that a thioredoxin tagged truncated version of the protein in which the N-terminal sequences were removed was fully capable of supporting helicase activity, although its ATP dependence properties were different. DnaB helicase activity is thus, primarily a function of the RecA core although additional N-terminal sequences may be necessary for fine tuning its activity and stability. Based on sequence comparison and biochemical studies we propose that DnaB helicases may have evolved from single domain RecA core proteins having helicase activities of their own, through the incorporation of additional N-terminal sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Bhowmik
- Department of Microbiology, Bose Institute, P1/12 C.I.T. Scheme VIIM, Kolkata 700054, West Bengal, India
| | - Sujoy K. Das Gupta
- Department of Microbiology, Bose Institute, P1/12 C.I.T. Scheme VIIM, Kolkata 700054, West Bengal, India
- * E-mail:
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Zhang Y, Okada R, Isaka M, Tatsuno I, Isobe KI, Hasegawa T. Analysis of the roles of NrdR and DnaB from Streptococcus pyogenes in response to host defense. APMIS 2014; 123:252-9. [PMID: 25469586 DOI: 10.1111/apm.12340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Toxic shock syndrome caused by Streptococcus pyogenes (S. pyogenes) is a re-emerging infectious disease. Many virulence-associated proteins play important roles in its pathogenesis and the production of these proteins is controlled by many regulatory factors. CovS is one of the most important two-component sensor proteins in S. pyogenes, and it has been analyzed extensively. Our recent analyses revealed the existence of a transposon between covS and nrdR in several strains, and we speculated that this insertion has some importance. Hence, we examined the significances of the NrdR stand-alone regulator and DnaB, which is encoded by the gene located immediately downstream of nrdR in S. pyogenes infection. We established an nrdR-only knockout strain, and both nrdR and partial dnaB knockout strain. These established knockout strains exhibited a deteriorated response to H2 O2 exposure. nrdR and partial dnaB knockout strain was more easily killed by human polynuclear blood cells, but the nrdR-only knockout strain had no significant difference compared to wild type in contrast to the combined knockout strain. In addition, the mouse infection model experiment illustrated that nrdR and partial dnaB knockout strain, but not the nrdR-only knockout strain, was less virulent compared with the parental strain. These results suggest that DnaB is involved in response to host defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Department of Bacteriology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan; Department of Immunology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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6
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Liu B, Eliason WK, Steitz TA. Structure of a helicase-helicase loader complex reveals insights into the mechanism of bacterial primosome assembly. Nat Commun 2013; 4:2495. [PMID: 24048025 PMCID: PMC3791466 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
During the assembly of the bacterial loader-dependent primosome, helicase loader proteins bind to the hexameric helicase ring, deliver it onto the oriC DNA and then dissociate from the complex. Here, to provide a better understanding of this key process, we report the crystal structure of the ~570-kDa prepriming complex between the Bacillus subtilis loader protein and the Bacillus stearothermophilus helicase, as well as the helicase-binding domain of primase with a molar ratio of 6:6:3 at 7.5 Å resolution. The overall architecture of the complex exhibits a three-layered ring conformation. Moreover, the structure combined with the proposed model suggests that the shift from the 'open-ring' to the 'open-spiral' and then the 'closed-spiral' state of the helicase ring due to the binding of single-stranded DNA may be the cause of the loader release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Liu
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
| | - William K. Eliason
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
| | - Thomas A. Steitz
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA,Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA,
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7
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Seco EM, Zinder JC, Manhart CM, Lo Piano A, McHenry CS, Ayora S. Bacteriophage SPP1 DNA replication strategies promote viral and disable host replication in vitro. Nucleic Acids Res 2012; 41:1711-21. [PMID: 23268446 PMCID: PMC3561973 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gks1290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Complex viruses that encode their own initiation proteins and subvert the host’s elongation apparatus have provided valuable insights into DNA replication. Using purified bacteriophage SPP1 and Bacillus subtilis proteins, we have reconstituted a rolling circle replication system that recapitulates genetically defined protein requirements. Eleven proteins are required: phage-encoded helicase (G40P), helicase loader (G39P), origin binding protein (G38P) and G36P single-stranded DNA-binding protein (SSB); and host-encoded PolC and DnaE polymerases, processivity factor (β2), clamp loader (τ-δ-δ′) and primase (DnaG). This study revealed a new role for the SPP1 origin binding protein. In the presence of SSB, it is required for initiation on replication forks that lack origin sequences, mimicking the activity of the PriA replication restart protein in bacteria. The SPP1 replisome is supported by both host and viral SSBs, but phage SSB is unable to support B. subtilis replication, likely owing to its inability to stimulate the PolC holoenzyme in the B. subtilis context. Moreover, phage SSB inhibits host replication, defining a new mechanism by which bacterial replication could be regulated by a viral factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena M Seco
- Departamento de Biotecnología Microbiana, Centro Nacional, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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8
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Characterization of the Holliday junction resolving enzyme encoded by the Bacillus subtilis bacteriophage SPP1. PLoS One 2012; 7:e48440. [PMID: 23119018 PMCID: PMC3485210 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2012] [Accepted: 09/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombination-dependent DNA replication, which is a central component of viral replication restart, is poorly understood in Firmicutes bacteriophages. Phage SPP1 initiates unidirectional theta DNA replication from a discrete replication origin (oriL), and when replication progresses, the fork might stall by the binding of the origin binding protein G38P to the late replication origin (oriR). Replication restart is dependent on viral recombination proteins to synthesize a linear head-to-tail concatemer, which is the substrate for viral DNA packaging. To identify new functions involved in this process, uncharacterized genes from phage SPP1 were analyzed. Immediately after infection, SPP1 transcribes a number of genes involved in recombination and replication from PE2 and PE3 promoters. Resequencing the region corresponding to the last two hypothetical genes transcribed from the PE2 operon (genes 44 and 45) showed that they are in fact a single gene, re-annotated here as gene 44, that encodes a single polypeptide, named gene 44 product (G44P, 27.5 kDa). G44P shares a low but significant degree of identity in its C-terminal region with virus-encoded RusA-like resolvases. The data presented here demonstrate that G44P, which is a dimer in solution, binds with high affinity but without sequence specificity to several double-stranded DNA recombination intermediates. G44P preferentially cleaves Holliday junctions, but also, with lower efficiency, replicated D-loops. It also partially complemented the loss of RecU resolvase activity in B. subtilis cells. These in vitro and in vivo data suggest a role for G44P in replication restart during the transition to concatemeric viral replication.
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9
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Itsathitphaisarn O, Wing RA, Eliason WK, Wang J, Steitz TA. The hexameric helicase DnaB adopts a nonplanar conformation during translocation. Cell 2012; 151:267-77. [PMID: 23022319 PMCID: PMC3597440 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2012.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2012] [Revised: 04/24/2012] [Accepted: 09/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
DNA polymerases can only synthesize nascent DNA from single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) templates. In bacteria, the unwinding of parental duplex DNA is carried out by the replicative DNA helicase (DnaB) that couples NTP hydrolysis to 5' to 3' translocation. The crystal structure of the DnaB hexamer in complex with GDP-AlF(4) and ssDNA reported here reveals that DnaB adopts a closed spiral staircase quaternary structure around an A-form ssDNA with each C-terminal domain coordinating two nucleotides of ssDNA. The structure not only provides structural insights into the translocation mechanism of superfamily IV helicases but also suggests that members of this superfamily employ a translocation mechanism that is distinct from other helicase superfamilies. We propose a hand-over-hand mechanism in which sequential hydrolysis of NTP causes a sequential 5' to 3' movement of the subunits along the helical axis of the staircase, resulting in the unwinding of two nucleotides per subunit.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Richard A. Wing
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - William K. Eliason
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA,Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Jimin Wang
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Thomas A. Steitz
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA,Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8114, USA,To whom correspondence should be addressed.
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10
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The stalk region of the RecU resolvase is essential for Holliday junction recognition and distortion. J Mol Biol 2011; 410:39-49. [PMID: 21600217 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2011.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2011] [Revised: 05/04/2011] [Accepted: 05/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The Bacillus subtilis RecU protein has two activities: to recognize, distort, and cleave four-stranded recombination intermediates and to modulate RecA activities. The RecU structure shows a mushroom-like appearance, with a cap and a stalk region. The RuvB interaction and the catalytic residues are located in the cap region of dimeric RecU. We report here that the stalk region is essential not only for RecA modulation but also for Holliday junction (HJ) recognition. Two recU mutants, which map in the stalk region, were isolated and characterized. In vivo, a RecU variant with a Phe81-to-Ala substitution (F81A) was as sensitive to DNA-damaging agents as a null recU strain, and a similar substitution at tyrosine 80 (Y80A) showed an intermediate phenotype. RecUY80A and RecUF81A poorly recognize and distort HJs. RecUY80A cleaves HJs with low efficiency, and RuvB modulates cleavage. At high concentrations, RecUF81A binds to HJs but fails to cleave them. Unlike wild-type RecU, RecUY80A and RecUF81A do not inhibit RecA dATPase and strand-exchange activities. The RecU stalk region is involved in RecA interaction, but once an HJ is bound, RecU fails to modulate RecA activities. Our biochemical study provides a mechanistic basis for the connections between these two mutually exclusive stages (i.e., RecA modulation and HJ resolution) of the recombination reaction.
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Bailey S, Eliason WK, Steitz TA. Structure of hexameric DnaB helicase and its complex with a domain of DnaG primase. Science 2007; 318:459-63. [PMID: 17947583 DOI: 10.1126/science.1147353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The complex between the DnaB helicase and the DnaG primase unwinds duplex DNA at the eubacterial replication fork and synthesizes the Okazaki RNA primers. The crystal structures of hexameric DnaB and its complex with the helicase binding domain (HBD) of DnaG reveal that within the hexamer the two domains of DnaB pack with strikingly different symmetries to form a distinct two-layered ring structure. Each of three bound HBDs stabilizes the DnaB hexamer in a conformation that may increase its processivity. Three positive, conserved electrostatic patches on the N-terminal domain of DnaB may also serve as a binding site for DNA and thereby guide the DNA to a DnaG active site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Bailey
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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12
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Bailey S, Eliason WK, Steitz TA. The crystal structure of the Thermus aquaticus DnaB helicase monomer. Nucleic Acids Res 2007; 35:4728-36. [PMID: 17606462 PMCID: PMC1950529 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkm507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The ring-shaped hexameric DnaB helicase unwinds duplex DNA at the replication fork of eubacteria. We have solved the crystal structure of the full-length Thermus aquaticus DnaB monomer, or possibly dimer, at 2.9 A resolution. DnaB is a highly flexible two domain protein. The C-terminal domain exhibits a RecA-like core fold and contains all the conserved sequence motifs that are characteristic of the DnaB helicase family. The N-terminal domain contains an additional helical hairpin that makes it larger than previously appreciated. Several DnaB mutations that modulate its interaction with primase are found in this hairpin. The similarity in the fold of the DnaB N-terminal domain with that of the C-terminal helicase-binding domain (HBD) of the DnaG primase also includes this hairpin. Comparison of hexameric homology models of DnaB with the structure of the papillomavirus E1 helicase suggests the two helicases may function through different mechanisms despite their sharing a common ancestor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Bailey
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - William K. Eliason
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Thomas A. Steitz
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
- *To whom correspondence should be addressed.+1 203 432 5619+1 203 432 3282
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Nitharwal RG, Paul S, Dar A, Choudhury NR, Soni RK, Prusty D, Sinha S, Kashav T, Mukhopadhyay G, Chaudhuri TK, Gourinath S, Dhar SK. The domain structure of Helicobacter pylori DnaB helicase: the N-terminal domain can be dispensable for helicase activity whereas the extreme C-terminal region is essential for its function. Nucleic Acids Res 2007; 35:2861-74. [PMID: 17430964 PMCID: PMC1888833 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkm167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Hexameric DnaB type replicative helicases are essential for DNA strand unwinding along with the direction of replication fork movement. These helicases in general contain an amino terminal domain and a carboxy terminal domain separated by a linker region. Due to the lack of crystal structure of a full-length DnaB like helicase, the domain structure and function of these types of helicases are not clear. We have reported recently that Helicobacter pylori DnaB helicase is a replicative helicase in vitro and it can bypass Escherichia coli DnaC activity in vivo. Using biochemical, biophysical and genetic complementation assays, here we show that though the N-terminal region of HpDnaB is required for conformational changes between C6 and C3 rotational symmetry, it is not essential for in vitro helicase activity and in vivo function of the protein. Instead, an extreme carboxy terminal region and an adjacent unique 34 amino acid insertion region were found to be essential for HpDnaB activity suggesting that these regions are important for proper folding and oligomerization of this protein. These results confer great potential in understanding the domain structures of DnaB type helicases and their related function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ram Gopal Nitharwal
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi, India, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India and School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Subhankar Paul
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi, India, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India and School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Ashraf Dar
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi, India, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India and School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Nirupam Roy Choudhury
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi, India, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India and School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Rajesh K Soni
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi, India, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India and School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Dhaneswar Prusty
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi, India, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India and School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Sukrat Sinha
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi, India, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India and School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Tara Kashav
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi, India, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India and School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Gauranga Mukhopadhyay
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi, India, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India and School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Tapan Kumar Chaudhuri
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi, India, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India and School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Samudrala Gourinath
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi, India, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India and School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Suman Kumar Dhar
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi, India, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India and School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
- *To whom correspondence should be addressed. +91-11-26704559+91-11-26161781
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