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Milchevskiy YV, Milchevskaya VY, Nikitin AM, Kravatsky YV. Effective Local and Secondary Protein Structure Prediction by Combining a Neural Network-Based Approach with Extensive Feature Design and Selection without Reliance on Evolutionary Information. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15656. [PMID: 37958639 PMCID: PMC10648199 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein structure prediction continues to pose multiple challenges despite outstanding progress that is largely attributable to the use of novel machine learning techniques. One of the widely used representations of local 3D structure-protein blocks (PBs)-can be treated in a similar way to secondary structure classes. Here, we present a new approach for predicting local conformation in terms of PB classes solely from amino acid sequences. We apply the RMSD metric to ensure unambiguous future 3D protein structure recovery. The selection of statistically assessed features is a key component of the proposed method. We suggest that ML input features should be created from the statistically significant predictors that are derived from the amino acids' physicochemical properties and the resolved structures' statistics. The statistical significance of the suggested features was assessed using a stepwise regression analysis that permitted the evaluation of the contribution and statistical significance of each predictor. We used the set of 380 statistically significant predictors as a learning model for the regression neural network that was trained using the PISCES30 dataset. When using the same dataset and metrics for benchmarking, our method outperformed all other methods reported in the literature for the CB513 nonredundant dataset (for the PBs, Q16 = 81.01%, and for the DSSP, Q3 = 85.99% and Q8 = 79.35%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yury V. Milchevskiy
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Str., 32, 119991 Moscow, Russia (Y.V.K.)
| | - Vladislava Y. Milchevskaya
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Str., 32, 119991 Moscow, Russia (Y.V.K.)
- Institute of Medical Statistics and Bioinformatics, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Alexei M. Nikitin
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Str., 32, 119991 Moscow, Russia (Y.V.K.)
| | - Yury V. Kravatsky
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Str., 32, 119991 Moscow, Russia (Y.V.K.)
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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2
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Lu W, Bueno C, Schafer NP, Moller J, Jin S, Chen X, Chen M, Gu X, Davtyan A, de Pablo JJ, Wolynes PG. OpenAWSEM with Open3SPN2: A fast, flexible, and accessible framework for large-scale coarse-grained biomolecular simulations. PLoS Comput Biol 2021; 17:e1008308. [PMID: 33577557 PMCID: PMC7906472 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
We present OpenAWSEM and Open3SPN2, new cross-compatible implementations of coarse-grained models for protein (AWSEM) and DNA (3SPN2) molecular dynamics simulations within the OpenMM framework. These new implementations retain the chemical accuracy and intrinsic efficiency of the original models while adding GPU acceleration and the ease of forcefield modification provided by OpenMM’s Custom Forces software framework. By utilizing GPUs, we achieve around a 30-fold speedup in protein and protein-DNA simulations over the existing LAMMPS-based implementations running on a single CPU core. We showcase the benefits of OpenMM’s Custom Forces framework by devising and implementing two new potentials that allow us to address important aspects of protein folding and structure prediction and by testing the ability of the combined OpenAWSEM and Open3SPN2 to model protein-DNA binding. The first potential is used to describe the changes in effective interactions that occur as a protein becomes partially buried in a membrane. We also introduced an interaction to describe proteins with multiple disulfide bonds. Using simple pairwise disulfide bonding terms results in unphysical clustering of cysteine residues, posing a problem when simulating the folding of proteins with many cysteines. We now can computationally reproduce Anfinsen’s early Nobel prize winning experiments by using OpenMM’s Custom Forces framework to introduce a multi-body disulfide bonding term that prevents unphysical clustering. Our protein-DNA simulations show that the binding landscape is funneled towards structures that are quite similar to those found using experiments. In summary, this paper provides a simulation tool for the molecular biophysics community that is both easy to use and sufficiently efficient to simulate large proteins and large protein-DNA systems that are central to many cellular processes. These codes should facilitate the interplay between molecular simulations and cellular studies, which have been hampered by the large mismatch between the time and length scales accessible to molecular simulations and those relevant to cell biology. The cell’s most important pieces of machinery are large complexes of proteins often along with nucleic acids. From the ribosome, to CRISPR-Cas9, to transcription factors and DNA-wrangling proteins like the SMC-Kleisins, these complexes allow organisms to replicate and enable cells to respond to environmental cues. Computer simulation is a key technology that can be used to connect physical theories with biological reality. Unfortunately, the time and length scales accessible to molecular simulation have not kept pace with our ambition to study the cell’s molecular factories. Many simulation codes also unfortunately remain effectively locked away from the user community who need to modify them as more of the underlying physics is learned. In this paper, we present OpenAWSEM and Open3SPN2, two new easy-to-use and easy to modify implementations of efficient and accurate coarse-grained protein and DNA simulation forcefields that can now be run hundreds of times faster than before, thereby making studies of large biomolecular machines more facile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Lu
- Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Physics, Rice University, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Carlos Bueno
- Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Nicholas P. Schafer
- Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Schafer Science, LLC, Houston, Texas United States of America
| | - Joshua Moller
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Shikai Jin
- Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Biosciences, Rice University, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Xun Chen
- Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Mingchen Chen
- Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Xinyu Gu
- Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Aram Davtyan
- Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Juan J. de Pablo
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Peter G. Wolynes
- Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Physics, Rice University, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Biosciences, Rice University, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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3
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Sidar A, Albuquerque ED, Voshol GP, Ram AFJ, Vijgenboom E, Punt PJ. Carbohydrate Binding Modules: Diversity of Domain Architecture in Amylases and Cellulases From Filamentous Microorganisms. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:871. [PMID: 32850729 PMCID: PMC7410926 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzymatic degradation of abundant renewable polysaccharides such as cellulose and starch is a field that has the attention of both the industrial and scientific community. Most of the polysaccharide degrading enzymes are classified into several glycoside hydrolase families. They are often organized in a modular manner which includes a catalytic domain connected to one or more carbohydrate-binding modules. The carbohydrate-binding modules (CBM) have been shown to increase the proximity of the enzyme to its substrate, especially for insoluble substrates. Therefore, these modules are considered to enhance enzymatic hydrolysis. These properties have played an important role in many biotechnological applications with the aim to improve the efficiency of polysaccharide degradation. The domain organization of glycoside hydrolases (GHs) equipped with one or more CBM does vary within organisms. This review comprehensively highlights the presence of CBM as ancillary modules and explores the diversity of GHs carrying one or more of these modules that actively act either on cellulose or starch. Special emphasis is given to the cellulase and amylase distribution within the filamentous microorganisms from the genera of Streptomyces and Aspergillus that are well known to have a great capacity for secreting a wide range of these polysaccharide degrading enzyme. The potential of the CBM and other ancillary domains for the design of improved polysaccharide decomposing enzymes is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andika Sidar
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden, Netherlands.,Department of Food Science and Agricultural Product Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Erica D Albuquerque
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden, Netherlands.,Sun Pharmaceutical Industries Europe BV., Hoofddorp, Netherlands
| | - Gerben P Voshol
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden, Netherlands.,Dutch DNA Biotech B.V., Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Arthur F J Ram
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Erik Vijgenboom
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Peter J Punt
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden, Netherlands.,Dutch DNA Biotech B.V., Utrecht, Netherlands
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4
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Shimagaki K, Koga R, Fujino H, Ahagon A, Tateishi H, Otsuka M, Yamaguchi Y, Fujita M. The stability of HIV-2 Vpx and Vpr proteins is regulated by the presence or absence of zinc-binding sites and poly-proline motifs with distinct roles. J Gen Virol 2020; 101:997-1007. [PMID: 32553018 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Vpx and Vpr proteins of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) are important for virus replication. Although these proteins are homologous, Vpx is expressed at much higher levels than Vpr. Previous studies demonstrated that this difference results from the presence of an HHCC zinc-binding site in Vpx that is absent in Vpr. Vpx has another unique region, a poly-proline motif (PPM) of seven consecutive prolines at the C-terminus. Using PPM point mutants of Vpx, this study demonstrated that these seven consecutive prolines are critical for suppressing proteasome degradation of Vpx in the absence of Gag. Both the PPM and the zinc-binding site stabilize Vpx but do so via different mechanisms. PPM and zinc-binding site mutants overexpressed in Escherichia coli aggregated readily, indicating that these motifs normally prevent exposure of the hydrophobic region outside the structure. Furthermore, introduction of the zinc-binding site and the PPM into Vpr increased the level of Vpr expression so that it was as high as that of Vpx. Intriguingly, HIV-2 has evolved to express Vpx at high levels and Vpr at low levels based on the presence and absence of these two motifs with distinct roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazunori Shimagaki
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Ryoko Koga
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Haruna Fujino
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Ami Ahagon
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Tateishi
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Masami Otsuka
- Science Farm Ltd, Kumamoto, Japan.,Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | | | - Mikako Fujita
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
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5
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Synthetic peptides to produce antivenoms against the Cys-rich toxins of arachnids. Toxicon X 2020; 6:100038. [PMID: 32550593 PMCID: PMC7285918 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxcx.2020.100038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Scorpion and spider envenomation is treated with the appropriate antivenoms, prepared as described by Césaire Auguste Phisalix and Albert Calmette in 1894. Such treatment requires the acquisition and manipulation of arachnid venoms, both very complicated procedures. Most of the toxins in the venoms of spiders and scorpions are extremely stable cysteine-rich peptide neurotoxins. Many strategies have been developed to obtain synthetic immunogens to facilitate the production of antivenoms against these toxins. For example, whole peptide toxins can be synthesized by solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS). Also, epitopes of the toxins can be identified and after the chemical synthesis of these peptide epitopes by SPPS, they can be coupled to protein carriers to develop efficient immunogens. Moreover, multiple antigenic peptides with a polylysine core can be designed and synthesized. This review focuses on the strategies developed to obtain synthetic immunogens for the production of antivenoms against the toxic Cys-rich peptides of scorpions and spiders.
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6
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Tombling BJ, Wang CK, Craik DJ. EGF‐artige und andere disulfidreiche Mikrodomänen als therapeutische Molekülgerüste. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201913809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J. Tombling
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience The University of Queensland Brisbane QLD 4072 Australien
| | - Conan K. Wang
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience The University of Queensland Brisbane QLD 4072 Australien
| | - David J. Craik
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience The University of Queensland Brisbane QLD 4072 Australien
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7
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Tombling BJ, Wang CK, Craik DJ. EGF-like and Other Disulfide-rich Microdomains as Therapeutic Scaffolds. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:11218-11232. [PMID: 31867866 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201913809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Disulfide bonds typically introduce conformational constraints into peptides and proteins, conferring improved biopharmaceutical properties and greater therapeutic potential. In our opinion, disulfide-rich microdomains from proteins are potentially a rich and under-explored source of drug leads. A survey of the UniProt protein database shows that these domains are widely distributed throughout the plant and animal kingdoms, with the EGF-like domain being the most abundant of these domains. EGF-like domains exhibit large diversity in their disulfide bond topologies and calcium binding modes, which we classify in detail here. We found that many EGF-like domains are associated with disease phenotypes, and the interactions they mediate are potential therapeutic targets. Indeed, EGF-based therapeutic leads have been identified, and we further propose that these domains can be optimized to expand their therapeutic potential using chemical design strategies. This Review highlights the potential of disulfide-rich microdomains as future peptide therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J Tombling
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Conan K Wang
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - David J Craik
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
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8
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Deplazes E, Chin YKY, King GF, Mancera RL. The unusual conformation of cross-strand disulfide bonds is critical to the stability of β-hairpin peptides. Proteins 2019; 88:485-502. [PMID: 31589791 DOI: 10.1002/prot.25828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The cross-strand disulfides (CSDs) found in β-hairpin antimicrobial peptides (β-AMPs) show a unique disulfide geometry that is characterized by unusual torsion angles and a short Cα-Cα distance. While the sequence and disulfide bond connectivity of disulfide-rich peptides is well studied, much less is known about the disulfide geometry found in CSDs and their role in the stability of β-AMPs. To address this, we solved the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) structure of the β-AMP gomesin (Gm) at 278, 298, and 310 K, examined the disulfide bond geometry of over 800 disulfide-rich peptides, and carried out extensive molecular dynamics (MD) simulation of the peptides Gm and protegrin. The NMR data suggests Cα-Cα distances characteristic for CSDs are independent of temperature. Analysis of disulfide-rich peptides from the Protein Data Bank revealed that right-handed and left-handed rotamers are equally likely in CSDs. The previously reported preference for right-handed rotamers was likely biased by restricting the analysis to peptides and proteins solved using X-ray crystallography. Furthermore, data from MD simulations showed that the short Cα-Cα distance is critical for the stability of these peptides. The unique disulfide geometry of CSDs poses a challenge to biomolecular force fields and to retain the stability of β-hairpin fold over long simulation times, restraints on the torsion angles might be required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyne Deplazes
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute and Curtin Institute for Computation, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Yanni K-Y Chin
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Glenn F King
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ricardo L Mancera
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute and Curtin Institute for Computation, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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9
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Dong H, Meng X, Zheng X, Cheng X, Zheng Y, Zhao Y, Wu C. Design and Synthesis of Cross-Link-Dense Peptides by Manipulating Regioselective Bisthioether Cross-Linking and Orthogonal Disulfide Pairing. J Org Chem 2019; 84:5187-5194. [PMID: 30895794 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b00164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Existing disulfide-rich peptides, both naturally occurring and de novo designed, only represent a tiny amount of the possible sequence space because natural evolution and de novo design only keep sequences that are structurally approachable by correct disulfide pairings. To bypass this limitation for designing new peptide scaffolds beyond the natural sequence space, we dedicate to developing novel disulfide-rich peptides with predefined disulfide pairing patterns irrelevant to primary sequences. However, most of these designed peptides still suffer from disulfide rearrangements to at least one to three possible isomers. Here, we report a general and reliable strategy for the design and synthesis of a range of structurally diverse cross-link-dense peptide (CDP) scaffolds with two orthogonal disulfide bonds and a bisthioether bridge that are not subject to disulfide isomerizations. Altering the pattern of cysteine and penicillamine generates hundreds of different CDP scaffolds tolerant to extensive sequence manipulations. This work thus provides many useful scaffolds for the design of functional molecules such as protein binders with improved proteolytic stability (e.g., designed by epitope grafting).
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Affiliation(s)
- Huilei Dong
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation , Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005 , P.R. China
| | - Xiaoting Meng
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation , Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005 , P.R. China
| | - Xiaoli Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation , Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005 , P.R. China
| | - Xueting Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation , Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005 , P.R. China
| | - Yiwu Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation , Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005 , P.R. China
| | - Yibing Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation , Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005 , P.R. China
| | - Chuanliu Wu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation , Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005 , P.R. China
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10
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Nielsen LD, Foged MM, Albert A, Bertelsen AB, Søltoft CL, Robinson SD, Petersen SV, Purcell AW, Olivera BM, Norton RS, Vasskog T, Safavi-Hemami H, Teilum K, Ellgaard L. The three-dimensional structure of an H-superfamily conotoxin reveals a granulin fold arising from a common ICK cysteine framework. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:8745-8759. [PMID: 30975904 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.007491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Venomous marine cone snails produce peptide toxins (conotoxins) that bind ion channels and receptors with high specificity and therefore are important pharmacological tools. Conotoxins contain conserved cysteine residues that form disulfide bonds that stabilize their structures. To gain structural insight into the large, yet poorly characterized conotoxin H-superfamily, we used NMR and CD spectroscopy along with MS-based analyses to investigate H-Vc7.2 from Conus victoriae, a peptide with a VI/VII cysteine framework. This framework has CysI-CysIV/CysII-CysV/CysIII-CysVI connectivities, which have invariably been associated with the inhibitor cystine knot (ICK) fold. However, the solution structure of recombinantly expressed and purified H-Vc7.2 revealed that although it displays the expected cysteine connectivities, H-Vc7.2 adopts a different fold consisting of two stacked β-hairpins with opposing β-strands connected by two parallel disulfide bonds, a structure homologous to the N-terminal region of the human granulin protein. Using structural comparisons, we subsequently identified several toxins and nontoxin proteins with this "mini-granulin" fold. These findings raise fundamental questions concerning sequence-structure relationships within peptides and proteins and the key determinants that specify a given fold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lau D Nielsen
- From the Department of Biology, Linderstrøm-Lang Centre for Protein Science, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N., Denmark
| | - Mads M Foged
- From the Department of Biology, Linderstrøm-Lang Centre for Protein Science, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N., Denmark
| | | | - Andreas B Bertelsen
- From the Department of Biology, Linderstrøm-Lang Centre for Protein Science, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N., Denmark
| | - Cecilie L Søltoft
- From the Department of Biology, Linderstrøm-Lang Centre for Protein Science, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N., Denmark
| | - Samuel D Robinson
- the Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112.,Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Steen V Petersen
- the Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Anthony W Purcell
- the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia, and
| | | | - Raymond S Norton
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Terje Vasskog
- the Norut Northern Research Institute, 9294 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Helena Safavi-Hemami
- From the Department of Biology, Linderstrøm-Lang Centre for Protein Science, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N., Denmark.,the Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112
| | - Kaare Teilum
- From the Department of Biology, Linderstrøm-Lang Centre for Protein Science, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N., Denmark
| | - Lars Ellgaard
- From the Department of Biology, Linderstrøm-Lang Centre for Protein Science, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N., Denmark,
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11
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Dong J, Finn JA, Larsen PA, Smith TPL, Crowe JE. Structural Diversity of Ultralong CDRH3s in Seven Bovine Antibody Heavy Chains. Front Immunol 2019; 10:558. [PMID: 30967877 PMCID: PMC6440498 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Antigen recognition by mammalian antibodies represents the most diverse setting for protein-protein interactions, because antibody variable regions contain exceptionally diverse variable gene repertoires of DNA sequences containing combinatorial, non-templated junctional mutational diversity. Some animals use additional strategies to achieve structural complexity in the antibody combining site, and one of the most interesting of these is the formation of ultralong heavy chain complementarity determining region 3 loops in cattle. Repertoire sequencing studies of bovine antibody heavy chain variable sequences revealed that bovine antibodies can contain heavy chain complementarity determining region 3 (CDRH3) loops with 60 or more amino acids, with complex structures stabilized by multiple disulfide bonds. It is clear that bovine antibodies can achieve long, peculiarly structured CDR3s, but the range of diversity and complexity of those structures is poorly understood. We determined the atomic resolution structure of seven ultralong bovine CDRH3 loops. The studies, combined with five previous structures, reveal a large diversity of cysteine pairing variations, and highly diverse globular domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhui Dong
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Jessica A Finn
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Peter A Larsen
- Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, U. S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE, United States
| | - Timothy P L Smith
- Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, U. S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE, United States
| | - James E Crowe
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States.,Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
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12
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Mansbach RA, Travers T, McMahon BH, Fair JM, Gnanakaran S. Snails In Silico: A Review of Computational Studies on the Conopeptides. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:E145. [PMID: 30832207 PMCID: PMC6471681 DOI: 10.3390/md17030145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine cone snails are carnivorous gastropods that use peptide toxins called conopeptides both as a defense mechanism and as a means to immobilize and kill their prey. These peptide toxins exhibit a large chemical diversity that enables exquisite specificity and potency for target receptor proteins. This diversity arises in terms of variations both in amino acid sequence and length, and in posttranslational modifications, particularly the formation of multiple disulfide linkages. Most of the functionally characterized conopeptides target ion channels of animal nervous systems, which has led to research on their therapeutic applications. Many facets of the underlying molecular mechanisms responsible for the specificity and virulence of conopeptides, however, remain poorly understood. In this review, we will explore the chemical diversity of conopeptides from a computational perspective. First, we discuss current approaches used for classifying conopeptides. Next, we review different computational strategies that have been applied to understanding and predicting their structure and function, from machine learning techniques for predictive classification to docking studies and molecular dynamics simulations for molecular-level understanding. We then review recent novel computational approaches for rapid high-throughput screening and chemical design of conopeptides for particular applications. We close with an assessment of the state of the field, emphasizing important questions for future lines of inquiry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael A Mansbach
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA.
| | - Timothy Travers
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA.
- Center for Nonlinear Studies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA.
| | - Benjamin H McMahon
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA.
| | - Jeanne M Fair
- Biosecurity and Public Health Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA.
| | - S Gnanakaran
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA.
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13
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Mass Spectrometry- and Computational Structural Biology-Based Investigation of Proteins and Peptides. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1140:265-287. [PMID: 31347053 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-15950-4_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Recent developments of mass spectrometry (MS) allow us to identify, estimate, and characterize proteins and protein complexes. At the same time, structural biology helps to determine the protein structure and its structure-function relationship. Together, they aid to understand the protein structure, property, function, protein-complex assembly, protein-protein interaction, and dynamics. The present chapter is organized with illustrative results to demonstrate how experimental mass spectrometry can be combined with computational structural biology for detailed studies of protein's structures. We have used tumor differentiation factor protein/peptide as ligand and Hsp70/Hsp90 as receptor protein as examples to study ligand-protein interaction. To investigate possible protein conformation, we will describe two proteins-lysozyme and myoglobin. As an application of MS-based assignment of disulfide bridges, the case of the spider venom polypeptide Phα1β will also be discussed.
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14
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Structure and Synthesis of Antifungal Disulfide β-Strand Proteins from Filamentous Fungi. Microorganisms 2018; 7:microorganisms7010005. [PMID: 30591636 PMCID: PMC6352176 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The discovery and understanding of the mode of action of new antimicrobial agents is extremely urgent, since fungal infections cause 1.5 million deaths annually. Antifungal peptides and proteins represent a significant group of compounds that are able to kill pathogenic fungi. Based on phylogenetic analyses the ascomycetous, cysteine-rich antifungal proteins can be divided into three different groups: Penicillium chrysogenum antifungal protein (PAF), Neosartorya fischeri antifungal protein 2 (NFAP2) and “bubble-proteins” (BP) produced, for example, by P. brevicompactum. They all dominantly have β-strand secondary structures that are stabilized by several disulfide bonds. The PAF group (AFP antifungal protein from Aspergillus giganteus, PAF and PAFB from P. chrysogenum,Neosartorya fischeri antifungal protein (NFAP)) is the best characterized with their common β-barrel tertiary structure. These proteins and variants can efficiently be obtained either from fungi production or by recombinant expression. However, chemical synthesis may be a complementary aid for preparing unusual modifications, e.g., the incorporation of non-coded amino acids, fluorophores, or even unnatural disulfide bonds. Synthetic variants up to ca. 6–7 kDa can also be put to good use for corroborating structure determination. A short overview of the structural peculiarities of antifungal β-strand disulfide bridged proteins will be given. Here, we describe the structural propensities of some known antifungal proteins from filamentous fungi which can also be prepared with modern synthetic chemistry methods.
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15
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Maxwell M, Undheim EAB, Mobli M. Secreted Cysteine-Rich Repeat Proteins "SCREPs": A Novel Multi-Domain Architecture. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:1333. [PMID: 30524283 PMCID: PMC6262176 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Peptide toxins isolated from animal venom secretions have proven to be useful pharmacological tools for probing the structure and function of a number of molecular receptors. Their molecular structures are stabilized by posttranslational formation of multiple disulfide bonds formed between sidechain thiols of cysteine residues, resulting in high thermal and chemical stability. Many of these peptides have been found to be potent modulators of ion channels, making them particularly influential in this field. Recently, several peptide toxins have been described that have an unusual tandem repeat organization, while also eliciting a unique pharmacological response toward ion channels. Most of these are two-domain peptide toxins from spider venoms, such as the double-knot toxin (DkTx), isolated from the Earth Tiger tarantula (Haplopelma schmidti). The unusual pharmacology of DkTx is its high avidity for its receptor (TRPV1), a property that has been attributed to a bivalent mode-of-action. DkTx has subsequently proven a powerful tool for elucidating the structural basis for the function of the TRPV1 channel. Interestingly, all tandem repeat peptides functionally characterized to date share this high avidity to their respective binding targets, suggesting they comprise an unrecognized structural class of peptides with unique structural features that result in a characteristic set of pharmacological properties. In this article, we explore the prevalence of this emerging class of peptides, which we have named Secreted, Cysteine-rich REpeat Peptides, or “SCREPs.” To achieve this, we have employed data mining techniques to extract SCREP-like sequences from the UniProtKB database, yielding approximately sixty thousand candidates. These results indicate that SCREPs exist within a diverse range of species with greatly varying sizes and predicted fold types, and likely include peptides with novel structures and unique modes of action. We present our approach to mining this database for discovery of novel ion-channel modulators and discuss a number of “hits” as promising leads for further investigation. Our database of SCREPs thus constitutes a novel resource for biodiscovery and highlights the value of a data-driven approach to the identification of new bioactive pharmacological tools and therapeutic lead molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Maxwell
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Eivind A B Undheim
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Mehdi Mobli
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
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16
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Abstract
Jawed vertebrates (Gnathostomes) have 4 tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs), multifunctional proteins that all inhibit members of the large matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) family but differ in their other roles, including the regulation of pro-MMP activation, cell growth, apoptosis and angiogenesis, and the structure of extracellular matrices (ECMs). Molecular phylogeny analyses indicate that vertebrate TIMP genes arose from an invertebrate ancestor through 3 successive duplications, possibly including 2 whole genome duplications, during early vertebrate phylogeny. TIMPs from invertebrates also inhibit metalloproteinases, bind to pro-MMPs, and contribute to ECM structures but are not orthologs of any particular vertebrate TIMP. The most ancient vertebrate superclass, the Agnatha (jawless fish), seems to provide a snapshot of a stage in TIMP evolution preceding the third gene duplication. This review examines the structures of TIMPs from different vertebrate orders using information relating to the structural basis of their various functions. Provisional conclusions are that during their evolutionary divergence, various TIMPs lost inhibitory activity toward some metalloproteinases, specialized in effects on different pro-MMPs, and developed new interactions with discrete targets (including integrins and receptors), while recapitulating a role in ECM structure. The analysis is limited by the sparse information available regarding the functional properties of nonmammalian TIMPs.-Brew, K. Reflections on the evolution of the vertebrate tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith Brew
- Department of Biomedical Science, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida, USA
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17
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Islam SMA, Kearney CM, Baker EJ. Assigning biological function using hidden signatures in cystine-stabilized peptide sequences. Sci Rep 2018; 8:9049. [PMID: 29899538 PMCID: PMC5998126 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27177-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystine-stabilized peptides have great utility as they naturally block ion channels, inhibit acetylcholine receptors, or inactivate microbes. However, only a tiny fraction of these peptides has been characterized. Exploration for novel peptides most efficiently starts with the identification of candidates from genome sequence data. Unfortunately, though cystine-stabilized peptides have shared structures, they have low DNA sequence similarity, restricting the utility of BLAST and even more powerful sequence alignment-based annotation algorithms, such as PSI-BLAST and HMMER. In contrast, a supervised machine learning approach may improve discovery and function assignment of these peptides. To this end, we employed our previously described m-NGSG algorithm, which utilizes hidden signatures embedded in peptide primary sequences that define and categorize structural or functional classes of peptides. From the generalized m-NGSG framework, we derived five specific models that categorize cystine-stabilized peptide sequences into specific functional classes. When compared with PSI-BLAST, HMMER and existing function-specific models, our novel approach (named CSPred) consistently demonstrates superior performance in discovery and function-assignment. We also report an interactive version of CSPred, available through download ( https://bitbucket.org/sm_islam/cystine-stabilized-proteins/src ) or web interface (watson.ecs.baylor.edu/cspred), for the discovery of cystine-stabilized peptides of specific function from genomic datasets and for genome annotation. We fully describe, in the Availability section following the Discussion, the quick and simple usage of the CsPred website to automatically deliver function assignments for batch submissions of peptide sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Ashiqul Islam
- Institute of Biomedical Studies, Baylor University, Waco, 76798, USA
| | - Christopher Michel Kearney
- Institute of Biomedical Studies, Baylor University, Waco, 76798, USA.,Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, 76798, USA
| | - Erich J Baker
- Institute of Biomedical Studies, Baylor University, Waco, 76798, USA. .,Department of Computer Science, Baylor University, Waco, 76798, USA.
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18
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Wormwood KL, Ngounou Wetie AG, Gomez MV, Ju Y, Kowalski P, Mihasan M, Darie CC. Structural Characterization and Disulfide Assignment of Spider Peptide Phα1β by Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2018; 29:827-841. [PMID: 29663255 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-018-1904-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Native Phα1β is a peptide purified from the venom of the armed spider Phoneutria nigriventer that has been shown to have an extensive analgesic effect with fewer side effects than ω-conotoxin MVIIA. Recombinant Phα1β mimics the effects of the native Phα1β. Because of this, it has been suggested that Phα1β may have potential to be used as a therapeutic for controlling persistent pathological pain. The amino acid sequence of Phα1β is known; however, the exact structure and disulfide arrangement has yet to be determined. Determination of the disulfide linkages and exact structure could greatly assist in pharmacological analysis and determination of why this peptide is such an effective analgesic. Here, we used biochemical and mass spectrometry approaches to determine the disulfide linkages present in the recombinant Phα1β peptide. Using a combination of MALDI-MS, direct infusion ESI-MS, and nanoLC-MS/MS analysis of the undigested recombinant Phα1β peptide and digested with AspN, trypsin, or AspN/trypsin, we were able to identify and confirm all six disulfide linkages present in the peptide as Cys1-2, Cys3-4, Cys5-6, Cys7-8, Cys9-10, and Cys11-12. These results were also partially confirmed in the native Phα1β peptide. These experiments provide essential structural information about Phα1β and may assist in providing insight into the peptide's analgesic effect with very low side effects. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly L Wormwood
- Biochemistry & Proteomics Group, Department of Chemistry & Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, 8 Clarkson Ave., Box 5810, Potsdam, NY, 13699, USA
| | - Armand Gatien Ngounou Wetie
- Biochemistry & Proteomics Group, Department of Chemistry & Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, 8 Clarkson Ave., Box 5810, Potsdam, NY, 13699, USA
| | - Marcus Vinicius Gomez
- Institute of Education and Research Santa Casa Belo Horizonte-Laboratory of Toxins, Rua Domingos Vieira 590, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 30150-240, Brazil
| | - Yue Ju
- Bruker Daltonics, 40 Manning Road Manning Park, Billerica, MA, 01821, USA
| | - Paul Kowalski
- Bruker Daltonics, 40 Manning Road Manning Park, Billerica, MA, 01821, USA
| | - Marius Mihasan
- Biochemistry & Proteomics Group, Department of Chemistry & Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, 8 Clarkson Ave., Box 5810, Potsdam, NY, 13699, USA
- Department of Biology, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, Carol I Bvd. no 11, 700506, Iasi, Romania
| | - Costel C Darie
- Biochemistry & Proteomics Group, Department of Chemistry & Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, 8 Clarkson Ave., Box 5810, Potsdam, NY, 13699, USA.
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19
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Karabıyık H, Kırılmış C, Karabıyık H. Geometry dependence of electron donating or accepting abilities of amine groups in 4,4′-disulfanediylbis(methylene)dithiazol-2-amine: Pyramidal versus planar. J Mol Struct 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2017.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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20
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Abstract
Cysteine thiols are among the most reactive functional groups in proteins, and their pairing in disulfide linkages is a common post-translational modification in proteins entering the secretory pathway. This modest amino acid alteration, the mere removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms from juxtaposed cysteine residues, contrasts with the substantial changes that characterize most other post-translational reactions. However, the wide variety of proteins that contain disulfides, the profound impact of cross-linking on the behavior of the protein polymer, the numerous and diverse players in intracellular pathways for disulfide formation, and the distinct biological settings in which disulfide bond formation can take place belie the simplicity of the process. Here we lay the groundwork for appreciating the mechanisms and consequences of disulfide bond formation in vivo by reviewing chemical principles underlying cysteine pairing and oxidation. We then show how enzymes tune redox-active cofactors and recruit oxidants to improve the specificity and efficiency of disulfide formation. Finally, we discuss disulfide bond formation in a cellular context and identify important principles that contribute to productive thiol oxidation in complex, crowded, dynamic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Fass
- Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Colin Thorpe
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware , Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
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21
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Kini SG, Wong KH, Tan WL, Xiao T, Tam JP. Morintides: cargo-free chitin-binding peptides from Moringa oleifera. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 17:68. [PMID: 28359256 PMCID: PMC5374622 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-017-1014-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hevein-like peptides are a family of cysteine-rich and chitin-binding peptides consisting of 29-45 amino acids. Their chitin-binding property is essential for plant defense against fungi. Based on the number of cysteine residues in their sequences, they are divided into three sub-families: 6C-, 8C- and 10C-hevein-like peptides. All three subfamilies contain a three-domain precursor comprising a signal peptide, a mature hevein-like peptide and a C-terminal domain comprising a hinge region with protein cargo in 8C- and 10C-hevein-like peptides. RESULTS Here we report the isolation and characterization of two novel 8C-hevein-like peptides, designated morintides (mO1 and mO2), from the drumstick tree Moringa oleifera, a drought-resistant tree belonging to the Moringaceae family. Proteomic analysis revealed that morintides comprise 44 amino acid residues and are rich in cysteine, glycine and hydrophilic amino acid residues such as asparagine and glutamine. Morintides are resistant to thermal and enzymatic degradation, able to bind to chitin and inhibit the growth of phyto-pathogenic fungi. Transcriptomic analysis showed that they contain a three-domain precursor comprising an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) signal sequence, a mature peptide domain and a C-terminal domain. A striking feature distinguishing morintides from other 8C-hevein-like peptides is a short and protein-cargo-free C-terminal domain. Previously, a similar protein-cargo-free C-terminal domain has been observed only in ginkgotides, the 8C-hevein-like peptides from a gymnosperm Ginkgo biloba. Thus, morintides, with a cargo-free C-terminal domain, are a stand-alone class of 8C-hevein-like peptides from angiosperms. CONCLUSIONS Our results expand the existing library of hevein-like peptides and shed light on molecular diversity within the hevein-like peptide family. Our work also sheds light on the anti-fungal activity and stability of 8C-hevein-like peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shruthi G. Kini
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ka H. Wong
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wei Liang Tan
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tianshu Xiao
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - James P. Tam
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
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22
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Venomics: integrative venom proteomics and beyond*. Biochem J 2017; 474:611-634. [DOI: 10.1042/bcj20160577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 12/31/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Venoms are integrated phenotypes that evolved independently in, and are used for predatory and defensive purposes by, a wide phylogenetic range of organisms. The same principles that contribute to the evolutionary success of venoms, contribute to making the study of venoms of great interest in such diverse fields as evolutionary ecology and biotechnology. Evolution is profoundly contingent, and nature also reinvents itself continuosly. Changes in a complex phenotypic trait, such as venom, reflect the influences of prior evolutionary history, chance events, and selection. Reconstructing the natural history of venoms, particularly those of snakes, which will be dealt with in more detail in this review, requires the integration of different levels of knowledge into a meaningful and comprehensive evolutionary framework for separating stochastic changes from adaptive evolution. The application of omics technologies and other disciplines have contributed to a qualitative and quantitative advance in the road map towards this goal. In this review we will make a foray into the world of animal venoms, discuss synergies and complementarities of the different approaches used in their study, and identify current bottlenecks that prevent inferring the evolutionary mechanisms and ecological constraints that molded snake venoms to their present-day variability landscape.
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23
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Barkan DT, Cheng XL, Celino H, Tran TT, Bhandari A, Craik CS, Sali A, Smythe ML. Clustering of disulfide-rich peptides provides scaffolds for hit discovery by phage display: application to interleukin-23. BMC Bioinformatics 2016; 17:481. [PMID: 27881076 PMCID: PMC5120537 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-016-1350-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Disulfide-rich peptides (DRPs) are found throughout nature. They are suitable scaffolds for drug development due to their small cores, whose disulfide bonds impart extraordinary chemical and biological stability. A challenge in developing a DRP therapeutic is to engineer binding to a specific target. This challenge can be overcome by (i) sampling the large sequence space of a given scaffold through a phage display library and by (ii) panning multiple libraries encoding structurally distinct scaffolds. Here, we implement a protocol for defining these diverse scaffolds, based on clustering structurally defined DRPs according to their conformational similarity. RESULTS We developed and applied a hierarchical clustering protocol based on DRP structural similarity, followed by two post-processing steps, to classify 806 unique DRP structures into 81 clusters. The 20 most populated clusters comprised 85% of all DRPs. Representative scaffolds were selected from each of these clusters; the representatives were structurally distinct from one another, but similar to other DRPs in their respective clusters. To demonstrate the utility of the clusters, phage libraries were constructed for three of the representative scaffolds and panned against interleukin-23. One library produced a peptide that bound to this target with an IC50 of 3.3 μM. CONCLUSIONS Most DRP clusters contained members that were diverse in sequence, host organism, and interacting proteins, indicating that cluster members were functionally diverse despite having similar structure. Only 20 peptide scaffolds accounted for most of the natural DRP structural diversity, providing suitable starting points for seeding phage display experiments. Through selection of the scaffold surface to vary in phage display, libraries can be designed that present sequence diversity in architecturally distinct, biologically relevant combinations of secondary structures. We supported this hypothesis with a proof-of-concept experiment in which three phage libraries were constructed and panned against the IL-23 target, resulting in a single-digit μM hit and suggesting that a collection of libraries based on the full set of 20 scaffolds increases the potential to identify efficiently peptide binders to a protein target in a drug discovery program.
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Affiliation(s)
- David T Barkan
- Protagonist Therapeutics, Inc., 521 Cottonwood Drive, Suite 100, Milpitas, CA, 95035-74521, USA
| | - Xiao-Li Cheng
- Protagonist Therapeutics, Inc., 521 Cottonwood Drive, Suite 100, Milpitas, CA, 95035-74521, USA
| | - Herodion Celino
- Protagonist Therapeutics, Inc., 521 Cottonwood Drive, Suite 100, Milpitas, CA, 95035-74521, USA
| | - Tran T Tran
- Protagonist Therapeutics, Inc., 521 Cottonwood Drive, Suite 100, Milpitas, CA, 95035-74521, USA
| | - Ashok Bhandari
- Protagonist Therapeutics, Inc., 521 Cottonwood Drive, Suite 100, Milpitas, CA, 95035-74521, USA
| | - Charles S Craik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.,California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences (QB3), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Andrej Sali
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.,California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences (QB3), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Mark L Smythe
- Protagonist Therapeutics, Inc., 521 Cottonwood Drive, Suite 100, Milpitas, CA, 95035-74521, USA. .,Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Qld, 4072, Australia.
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24
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Rong M, Liu J, Zhang M, Wang G, Zhao G, Wang G, Zhang Y, Hu K, Lai R. A sodium channel inhibitor ISTX-I with a novel structure provides a new hint at the evolutionary link between two toxin folds. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29691. [PMID: 27407029 PMCID: PMC4942781 DOI: 10.1038/srep29691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of arachnida, such as spiders and scorpions, commonly produce venom with specialized venom glands, paralyzing their prey with neurotoxins that specifically target ion channels. Two well-studied motifs, the disulfide-directed hairpin (DDH) and the inhibitor cystine knot motif (ICK), are both found in scorpion and spider toxins. As arachnids, ticks inject a neurotoxin-containing cocktail from their salivary glands into the host to acquire a blood meal, but peptide toxins acting on ion channels have not been observed in ticks. Here, a new neurotoxin (ISTX-I) that acts on sodium channels was identified from the hard tick Ixodes scapularis and characterized. ISTX-I exhibits a potent inhibitory function with an IC50 of 1.6 μM for sodium channel Nav1.7 but not other sodium channel subtypes. ISTX-I adopts a novel structural fold and is distinct from the canonical ICK motif. Analysis of the ISTX-I, DDH and ICK motifs reveals that the new ISTX-I motif might be an intermediate scaffold between DDH and ICK, and ISTX-I is a clue to the evolutionary link between the DDH and ICK motifs. These results provide a glimpse into the convergent evolution of neurotoxins from predatory and blood-sucking arthropods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingqiang Rong
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences &Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming Yunnan 650223, China
| | - Jiangxin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
| | - Meilin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences &Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming Yunnan 650223, China
| | - Gan Wang
- Life Sciences College of Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Gang Zhao
- Yunnan Academy of Grassland and Animal Science, Xiaoshao, Kunming 650212, China
| | - Guodong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, and Yunnan Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Domestic Animals, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China
| | - Yaping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, and Yunnan Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Domestic Animals, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China
| | - Kaifeng Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
| | - Ren Lai
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences &Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming Yunnan 650223, China.,Life Sciences College of Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
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25
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Shafee TMA, Lay FT, Hulett MD, Anderson MA. The Defensins Consist of Two Independent, Convergent Protein Superfamilies. Mol Biol Evol 2016; 33:2345-56. [DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msw106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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26
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Cheng TC, Long RW, Wu YQ, Guo YB, Liu DL, Peng L, Li DQ, Yang DW, Xu X, Liu FX, Xia QY. Identification and characterization of toxins in the venom gland of the Chinese bird spider, Haplopelma hainanum, by transcriptomic analysis. INSECT SCIENCE 2016; 23:487-499. [PMID: 26678257 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Tarantula venoms provide a model system for studying toxin selectivity, structure-activity relationships and molecular evolution of peptide toxins. Previous studies have identified a large number of peptide toxins in the venom of the Chinese bird spider Haplopelma hainanum, generally regarded as a highly venomous spider. However, the lack of available RNA-seq transcriptomic and genomic data is an obstacle to understanding its venom at the molecular level. In this study, we investigated the venom gland transcriptome of H. hainanum by RNA-seq, in the absence of an available genomic sequence. We identified 201 potential toxins among 57 181 de novo assembled transcripts, including knottins, Kunitz-type toxins, enzymes and other proteins. We systematically identified most of the knottins and Kunitz-type toxins, some of which showed strongly biased expression in the venom gland, including members of the huwentoxin-1, huwentoxin-2 and magi-1 families. We also discovered several novel potential toxins. These data demonstrate the high molecular and structural diversity in the venom toxins of H. hainanum. This study offers a useful strategy for exploring the complex components of spider venoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Cai Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ren-Wen Long
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yu-Qian Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - You-Bing Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Duo-Lian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Li Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Dai-Qin Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Dai-Wen Yang
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xin Xu
- College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
- College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Feng-Xiang Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qing-You Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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Luporini P, Pedrini B, Alimenti C, Vallesi A. Revisiting fifty years of research on pheromone signaling in ciliates. Eur J Protistol 2016; 55:26-38. [PMID: 27345662 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejop.2016.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Among protists, pheromones have been identified in a great variety of algal species for their activity in driving gamete-gamete interactions for fertilization. Analogously in ciliates, pheromones have been identified for their activity in inducing the sexual phenomenon of conjugation. Although this identification was pioneered by Kimball more than fifty years ago, an effective isolation and chemical characterization of ciliate pheromones has remained confined to species of Blepharisma, Dileptus and Euplotes. In Euplotes species, in which the molecular structures have been determined, pheromones form species-specific families of structurally homologous helical, cysteine-rich, highly-stable proteins. Being structurally homologous, they can bind cells in competition with one another, raising interesting functional analogies with the families of growth factors and cytokines that regulate cell differentiation and development in higher organisms. In addition to inducing conjugation by binding cells in heterologous fashion, Euplotes pheromones act also as autocrine growth factors by binding to, and promoting the vegetative reproduction of the same cells from which they originate. This autocrine activity is most likely primary, providing a concrete example of how the original function of a molecule can be obscured during evolution by the acquisition of a new one.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierangelo Luporini
- Laboratory of Eukaryotic Microbiology and Animal Biology, School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, MC, Italy.
| | - Bill Pedrini
- Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Claudio Alimenti
- Laboratory of Eukaryotic Microbiology and Animal Biology, School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, MC, Italy
| | - Adriana Vallesi
- Laboratory of Eukaryotic Microbiology and Animal Biology, School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, MC, Italy
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28
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Tsiamantas C, de Hatten X, Douat C, Kauffmann B, Maurizot V, Ihara H, Takafuji M, Metzler-Nolte N, Huc I. Selective Dynamic Assembly of Disulfide Macrocyclic Helical Foldamers with Remote Communication of Handedness. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:6848-52. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201601156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christos Tsiamantas
- University of Bordeaux, CBMN (UMR 5248); Institut Européen de Chimie et Biologie; 2 rue Escarpit 33600 Pessac France
- CNRS, CBMN (UMR 5248); France
| | - Xavier de Hatten
- University of Bordeaux, CBMN (UMR 5248); Institut Européen de Chimie et Biologie; 2 rue Escarpit 33600 Pessac France
- CNRS, CBMN (UMR 5248); France
| | - Céline Douat
- University of Bordeaux, CBMN (UMR 5248); Institut Européen de Chimie et Biologie; 2 rue Escarpit 33600 Pessac France
- CNRS, CBMN (UMR 5248); France
| | - Brice Kauffmann
- University of Bordeaux; Institut Européen de Chimie et Biologie (UMS3033); 2 rue Escarpit 33600 Pessac France
- CNRS, IECB (UMS 3033); Pessac France
- INSERM, IECB (US 001); Pessac France
| | - Victor Maurizot
- University of Bordeaux, CBMN (UMR 5248); Institut Européen de Chimie et Biologie; 2 rue Escarpit 33600 Pessac France
- CNRS, CBMN (UMR 5248); France
| | - Hirotaka Ihara
- Kumamoto University; Department of Applied Chemistry and Biochemistry; 2-39-1 Kurokami Kumamoto 860-8555 Japan
| | - Makoto Takafuji
- Kumamoto University; Department of Applied Chemistry and Biochemistry; 2-39-1 Kurokami Kumamoto 860-8555 Japan
| | - Nils Metzler-Nolte
- Ruhr University Bochum; Faculty for Chemistry and Biochemistry; Universitätstrasse 150 44801 Bochum Germany
| | - Ivan Huc
- University of Bordeaux, CBMN (UMR 5248); Institut Européen de Chimie et Biologie; 2 rue Escarpit 33600 Pessac France
- CNRS, CBMN (UMR 5248); France
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29
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Tsiamantas C, de Hatten X, Douat C, Kauffmann B, Maurizot V, Ihara H, Takafuji M, Metzler-Nolte N, Huc I. Selective Dynamic Assembly of Disulfide Macrocyclic Helical Foldamers with Remote Communication of Handedness. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201601156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christos Tsiamantas
- University of Bordeaux, CBMN (UMR 5248); Institut Européen de Chimie et Biologie; 2 rue Escarpit 33600 Pessac France
- CNRS, CBMN (UMR 5248); France
| | - Xavier de Hatten
- University of Bordeaux, CBMN (UMR 5248); Institut Européen de Chimie et Biologie; 2 rue Escarpit 33600 Pessac France
- CNRS, CBMN (UMR 5248); France
| | - Céline Douat
- University of Bordeaux, CBMN (UMR 5248); Institut Européen de Chimie et Biologie; 2 rue Escarpit 33600 Pessac France
- CNRS, CBMN (UMR 5248); France
| | - Brice Kauffmann
- University of Bordeaux; Institut Européen de Chimie et Biologie (UMS3033); 2 rue Escarpit 33600 Pessac France
- CNRS, IECB (UMS 3033); Pessac France
- INSERM, IECB (US 001); Pessac France
| | - Victor Maurizot
- University of Bordeaux, CBMN (UMR 5248); Institut Européen de Chimie et Biologie; 2 rue Escarpit 33600 Pessac France
- CNRS, CBMN (UMR 5248); France
| | - Hirotaka Ihara
- Kumamoto University; Department of Applied Chemistry and Biochemistry; 2-39-1 Kurokami Kumamoto 860-8555 Japan
| | - Makoto Takafuji
- Kumamoto University; Department of Applied Chemistry and Biochemistry; 2-39-1 Kurokami Kumamoto 860-8555 Japan
| | - Nils Metzler-Nolte
- Ruhr University Bochum; Faculty for Chemistry and Biochemistry; Universitätstrasse 150 44801 Bochum Germany
| | - Ivan Huc
- University of Bordeaux, CBMN (UMR 5248); Institut Européen de Chimie et Biologie; 2 rue Escarpit 33600 Pessac France
- CNRS, CBMN (UMR 5248); France
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30
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Zheng N, Zeng J, Manney A, Williams L, Aubry AF, Voronin K, Buzescu A, Zhang YJ, Allentoff A, Xu C, Shen H, Warner W, Arnold ME. Quantitation of a PEGylated protein in monkey serum by UHPLC-HRMS using a surrogate disulfide-containing peptide: A new approach to bioanalysis and in vivo stability evaluation of disulfide-rich protein therapeutics. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 916:42-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Revised: 02/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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31
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Wang CK, Swedberg JE, Northfield SE, Craik DJ. Effects of Cyclization on Peptide Backbone Dynamics. J Phys Chem B 2015; 119:15821-30. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.5b11085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Conan K. Wang
- Institute
for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Joakim E. Swedberg
- Institute
for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Susan E. Northfield
- Institute
for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - David J. Craik
- Institute
for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
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32
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Binding of the Extracellular Eight-Cysteine Motif of Opy2 to the Putative Osmosensor Msb2 Is Essential for Activation of the Yeast High-Osmolarity Glycerol Pathway. Mol Cell Biol 2015; 36:475-87. [PMID: 26598606 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00853-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
To adapt to environmental high osmolarity, the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae activates the Hog1 mitogen-activated protein kinase, which regulates diverse osmoadaptive responses. Hog1 is activated through the high-osmolarity glycerol (HOG) pathway, which consists of independent upstream signaling routes termed the SLN1 branch and the SHO1 branch. Here, we report that the extracellular cysteine-rich (CR) domain of the transmembrane-anchor protein Opy2 binds to the Hkr1-Msb2 homology (HMH) domain of the putative osmosensor Msb2 and that formation of the Opy2-Msb2 complex is essential for osmotic activation of Hog1 through the MSB2 subbranch of the SHO1 branch. By analyzing the phenotypes of mutants with Opy2 cysteine-to-alanine mutations, we deduced that the CR domain forms four intramolecular disulfide bonds. To probe for the potential induction of conformational changes in the Opy2-Msb2 complex by osmostress, we constructed mutants with a site-specific Cys-to-Ala mutation of the Opy2 CR domain and mutants with a Cys substitution of the Msb2 HMH domain. Each of these mutants had a reduced cysteine. These mutants were then combinatorially cross-linked using chemical cross-linkers of different lengths. Cross-linking between Opy2 Cys48 and Msb2 Cys1023 was sensitive to osmotic changes, suggesting that osmostress induced a conformational change. We therefore propose that the Opy2-Msb2 complex might serve as an osmosensor.
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33
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Shabelnikov S, Kiselev A. Cysteine-Rich Atrial Secretory Protein from the Snail Achatina achatina: Purification and Structural Characterization. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0138787. [PMID: 26444993 PMCID: PMC4596865 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite extensive studies of cardiac bioactive peptides and their functions in molluscs, soluble proteins expressed in the heart and secreted into the circulation have not yet been reported. In this study, we describe an 18.1-kDa, cysteine-rich atrial secretory protein (CRASP) isolated from the terrestrial snail Achatina achatina that has no detectable sequence similarity to any known protein or nucleotide sequence. CRASP is an acidic, 158-residue, N-glycosylated protein composed of eight alpha-helical segments stabilized with five disulphide bonds. A combination of fold recognition algorithms and ab initio folding predicted that CRASP adopts an all-alpha, right-handed superhelical fold. CRASP is most strongly expressed in the atrium in secretory atrial granular cells, and substantial amounts of CRASP are released from the heart upon nerve stimulation. CRASP is detected in the haemolymph of intact animals at nanomolar concentrations. CRASP is the first secretory protein expressed in molluscan atrium to be reported. We propose that CRASP is an example of a taxonomically restricted gene that might be responsible for adaptations specific for terrestrial pulmonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Shabelnikov
- Department of Cytology and Histology, Saint-Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
- Laboratory of Cell Morphology, Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Artem Kiselev
- Laboratory of Cell Morphology, Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Almazov Federal Medical Research Centre, St. Petersburg, Russia
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34
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Martínez-Oliván J, Fraga H, Arias-Moreno X, Ventura S, Sancho J. Intradomain Confinement of Disulfides in the Folding of Two Consecutive Modules of the LDL Receptor. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0132141. [PMID: 26168158 PMCID: PMC4500599 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0132141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The LDL receptor internalizes circulating LDL and VLDL particles for degradation. Its extracellular binding domain contains ten (seven LA and three EGF) cysteine-rich modules, each bearing three disulfide bonds. Despite the enormous number of disulfide combinations possible, LDLR oxidative folding leads to a single native species with 30 unique intradomain disulfides. Previous folding studies of the LDLR have shown that non native disulfides are initially formed that lead to compact species. Accordingly, the folding of the LDLR has been described as a "coordinated nonvectorial” reaction, and it has been proposed that early compaction funnels the reaction toward the native structure. Here we analyze the oxidative folding of LA4 and LA5, the modules critical for ApoE binding, isolated and in the LA45 tandem. Compared to LA5, LA4 folding is slow and inefficient, resembling that of LA5 disease-linked mutants. Without Ca++, it leads to a mixture of many two-disulfide scrambled species and, with Ca++, to the native form plus two three-disulfide intermediates. The folding of the LA45 tandem seems to recapitulate that of the individual repeats. Importantly, although the folding of the LA45 tandem takes place through formation of scrambled isomers, no interdomain disulfides are detected, i.e. the two adjacent modules fold independently without the assistance of interdomain covalent interactions. Reduction of incredibly large disulfide combinatorial spaces, such as that in the LDLR, by intradomain confinement of disulfide bond formation might be also essential for the efficient folding of other homologous disulfide-rich receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Martínez-Oliván
- Biocomputation and Complex Systems Physics Institute (BIFI)-Joint Unit BIFI-IQFR(CSIC), Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Hugo Fraga
- Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina and Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquimica, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Xabier Arias-Moreno
- Biocomputation and Complex Systems Physics Institute (BIFI)-Joint Unit BIFI-IQFR(CSIC), Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Salvador Ventura
- Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina and Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- * E-mail: (SV); (JS)
| | - Javier Sancho
- Biocomputation and Complex Systems Physics Institute (BIFI)-Joint Unit BIFI-IQFR(CSIC), Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- * E-mail: (SV); (JS)
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35
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Same same but different: sperm-activating EC1 and ECA1 gametogenesis-related family proteins. Biochem Soc Trans 2015; 42:401-7. [PMID: 24646251 DOI: 10.1042/bst20140039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
During double fertilization in Arabidopsis thaliana, the egg cell secretes small cysteine-rich EC1 (egg cell 1) proteins, which enable the arriving sperm pair to rapidly interact with the two female gametes. EC1 proteins are members of the large and unexplored group of ECA1 (early culture abundant 1) gametogenesis-related family proteins, characterized by a prolamin-like domain with six conserved cysteine residues that may form three pairs of disulfide bonds. The distinguishing marks of egg-cell-expressed EC1 proteins are, however, two short amino acid sequence motifs present in all EC1-like proteins. EC1 genes appear to encode the major CRPs (cysteine-rich proteins) expressed by the plant egg cell, and they are restricted to flowering plants, including the most basal extant flowering plant Amborella trichopoda. Many other ECA1 gametogenesis-related family genes are preferentially expressed in the synergid cell. Functional diversification among the ECA1 gametogenesis-related family is suggested by the different patterns of expression in the female gametophyte and the low primary sequence conservation.
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36
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Petras D, Heiss P, Süssmuth RD, Calvete JJ. Venom Proteomics of Indonesian King Cobra, Ophiophagus hannah: Integrating Top-Down and Bottom-Up Approaches. J Proteome Res 2015; 14:2539-56. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.5b00305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Petras
- Institut
für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Müller-Breslau-Straße
10, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Paul Heiss
- Institut
für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Müller-Breslau-Straße
10, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Roderich D. Süssmuth
- Institut
für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Müller-Breslau-Straße
10, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Juan J. Calvete
- Laboratorio
de Venómica Estructural y Funcional, Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, CSIC, 46010 Valencia, Spain
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37
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Luporini P, Alimenti C, Vallesi A. Ciliate pheromone structures and activity: a review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/11250003.2014.976282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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38
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Chen S, Gopalakrishnan R, Schaer T, Marger F, Hovius R, Bertrand D, Pojer F, Heinis C. Dithiol amino acids can structurally shape and enhance the ligand-binding properties of polypeptides. Nat Chem 2014; 6:1009-16. [PMID: 25343607 DOI: 10.1038/nchem.2043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The disulfide bonds that form between two cysteine residues are important in defining and rigidifying the structures of proteins and peptides. In polypeptides containing multiple cysteine residues, disulfide isomerization can lead to multiple products with different biological activities. Here, we describe the development of a dithiol amino acid (Dtaa) that can form two disulfide bridges at a single amino acid site. Application of Dtaas to a serine protease inhibitor and a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor inhibitor that contain disulfide constraints enhanced their inhibitory activities 40- and 7.6-fold, respectively. X-ray crystallographic and NMR structure analysis show that the peptide ligands containing Dtaas have retained their native tertiary structures. We furthermore show that replacement of two cysteines by Dtaas can avoid the formation of disulfide bond isomers. With these properties, Dtaas are likely to have broad application in the rational design or directed evolution of peptides and proteins with high activity and stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyu Chen
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ranganath Gopalakrishnan
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Ruud Hovius
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Florence Pojer
- Protein Crystallography Core Facility, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Christian Heinis
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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Reissner C, Stahn J, Breuer D, Klose M, Pohlentz G, Mormann M, Missler M. Dystroglycan binding to α-neurexin competes with neurexophilin-1 and neuroligin in the brain. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:27585-603. [PMID: 25157101 PMCID: PMC4183798 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.595413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
α-Neurexins (α-Nrxn) are mostly presynaptic cell surface molecules essential for neurotransmission that are linked to neuro-developmental disorders as autism or schizophrenia. Several interaction partners of α-Nrxn are identified that depend on alternative splicing, including neuroligins (Nlgn) and dystroglycan (αDAG). The trans-synaptic complex with Nlgn1 was extensively characterized and shown to partially mediate α-Nrxn function. However, the interactions of α-Nrxn with αDAG, neurexophilins (Nxph1) and Nlgn2, ligands that occur specifically at inhibitory synapses, are incompletely understood. Using site-directed mutagenesis, we demonstrate the exact binding epitopes of αDAG and Nxph1 on Nrxn1α and show that their binding is mutually exclusive. Identification of an unusual cysteine bridge pattern and complex type glycans in Nxph1 ensure binding to the second laminin/neurexin/sex hormone binding (LNS2) domain of Nrxn1α, but this association does not interfere with Nlgn binding at LNS6. αDAG, in contrast, interacts with both LNS2 and LNS6 domains without inserts in splice sites SS#2 or SS#4 mostly via LARGE (like-acetylglucosaminyltransferase)-dependent glycans attached to the mucin region. Unexpectedly, binding of αDAG at LNS2 prevents interaction of Nlgn at LNS6 with or without splice insert in SS#4, presumably by sterically hindering each other in the u-form conformation of α-Nrxn. Thus, expression of αDAG and Nxph1 together with alternative splicing in Nrxn1α may prevent or facilitate formation of distinct trans-synaptic Nrxn·Nlgn complexes, revealing an unanticipated way to contribute to the identity of synaptic subpopulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Reissner
- From the Institute of Anatomy and Molecular Neurobiology, Westfälische Wilhelms-University, Vesaliusweg 2-4, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Johanna Stahn
- From the Institute of Anatomy and Molecular Neurobiology, Westfälische Wilhelms-University, Vesaliusweg 2-4, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Dorothee Breuer
- From the Institute of Anatomy and Molecular Neurobiology, Westfälische Wilhelms-University, Vesaliusweg 2-4, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Martin Klose
- From the Institute of Anatomy and Molecular Neurobiology, Westfälische Wilhelms-University, Vesaliusweg 2-4, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Gottfried Pohlentz
- Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Westfälische Wilhelms-University, Robert-Koch Strasse 31, 48149 Münster, Germany, and
| | - Michael Mormann
- Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Westfälische Wilhelms-University, Robert-Koch Strasse 31, 48149 Münster, Germany, and
| | - Markus Missler
- From the Institute of Anatomy and Molecular Neurobiology, Westfälische Wilhelms-University, Vesaliusweg 2-4, 48149 Münster, Germany, Cluster of Excellence EXC 1003, Cells in Motion, 48149 Münster, Germany
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40
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Nguyen PQT, Wang S, Kumar A, Yap LJ, Luu TT, Lescar J, Tam JP. Discovery and characterization of pseudocyclic cystine-knot α-amylase inhibitors with high resistance to heat and proteolytic degradation. FEBS J 2014; 281:4351-66. [PMID: 25040200 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2014] [Revised: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Obesity and type 2 diabetes are chronic metabolic diseases, and those affected could benefit from the use of α-amylase inhibitors to manage starch intake. The pseudocyclics, wrightides Wr-AI1 to Wr-AI3, isolated from an Apocynaceae plant show promise for further development as orally active α-amylase inhibitors. These linear peptides retain the stability known for cystine-knot peptides in the presence of harsh treatment. They are resistant to heat treatment and endopeptidase and exopeptidase degradation, which is characteristic of cyclic cystine-knot peptides. Our NMR and crystallography analysis also showed that wrightides, which are currently the smallest proteinaceous α-amylase inhibitors reported, contain the backbone-twisting cis-proline, which is preceded by a nonaromatic residue rather than a conventional aromatic residue. The modeled structure and a molecular dynamics study of Wr-AI1 in complex with yellow mealworm α-amylase suggested that, despite having a similar structure and cystine-knot fold, the knottin-type α-amylase inhibitors may bind to insect α-amylase via a different set of interactions. Finally, we showed that the precursors of pseudocyclic cystine-knot α-amylase inhibitors and their biosynthesis in plants follow a secretory protein synthesis pathway. Together, our findings provide insights for the use of the pseudocyclic α-amylase inhibitors as useful leads for the development of orally active peptidyl bioactives, as well as an alternative scaffold for cyclic peptides for engineering metabolically stable human α-amylase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phuong Q T Nguyen
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
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Fraga H, Graña-Montes R, Illa R, Covaleda G, Ventura S. Association between foldability and aggregation propensity in small disulfide-rich proteins. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 21:368-83. [PMID: 24635049 PMCID: PMC4076991 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Disulfide-rich domains (DRDs) are small proteins whose native structure is stabilized by the presence of covalent disulfide bonds. These domains are versatile and can perform a wide range of functions. Many of these domains readily unfold on disulfide bond reduction, suggesting that in the absence of covalent bonding they might display significant disorder. RESULTS Here, we analyzed the degree of disorder in 97 domains representative of the different DRDs families and demonstrate that, in terms of sequence, many of them can be classified as intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) or contain predicted disordered regions. The analysis of the aggregation propensity of these domains indicates that, similar to IDPs, their sequences are more soluble and have less aggregating regions than those of other globular domains, suggesting that they might have evolved to avoid aggregation after protein synthesis and before they can attain its compact and covalently linked native structure. INNOVATION AND CONCLUSION DRDs, which resemble IDPs in the reduced state and become globular when their disulfide bonds are formed, illustrate the link between protein folding and aggregation propensities and how these two properties cannot be easily dissociated, determining the main traits of the folding routes followed by these small proteins to attain their native oxidized states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Fraga
- Departament de Bioquimica i Biologia Molecular, Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , Barcelona, Spain
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de Souza Cândido E, e Silva Cardoso MH, Sousa DA, Viana JC, de Oliveira-Júnior NG, Miranda V, Franco OL. The use of versatile plant antimicrobial peptides in agribusiness and human health. Peptides 2014; 55:65-78. [PMID: 24548568 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2014.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Revised: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Plant immune responses involve a wide diversity of physiological reactions that are induced by the recognition of pathogens, such as hypersensitive responses, cell wall modifications, and the synthesis of antimicrobial molecules including antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). These proteinaceous molecules have been widely studied, presenting peculiar characteristics such as conserved domains and a conserved disulfide bond pattern. Currently, many AMP classes with diverse modes of action are known, having been isolated from a large number of organisms. Plant AMPs comprise an interesting source of studies nowadays, and among these there are reports of different classes, including defensins, albumins, cyclotides, snakins and several others. These peptides have been widely used in works that pursue human disease control, including nosocomial infections, as well as for agricultural purposes. In this context, this review will focus on the relevance of the structural-function relations of AMPs derived from plants and their proper use in applications for human health and agribusiness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabete de Souza Cândido
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil; Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Marlon Henrique e Silva Cardoso
- Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Daniel Amaro Sousa
- Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Patologia Molecular, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Juliane Cançado Viana
- Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Patologia Molecular, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Nelson Gomes de Oliveira-Júnior
- Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Animal, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Vívian Miranda
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil; Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Octávio Luiz Franco
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil; Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Patologia Molecular, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil.
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Anand P, Grigoryan A, Bhuiyan MH, Ueberheide B, Russell V, Quinoñez J, Moy P, Chait BT, Poget SF, Holford M. Sample limited characterization of a novel disulfide-rich venom peptide toxin from terebrid marine snail Terebra variegata. PLoS One 2014; 9:e94122. [PMID: 24713808 PMCID: PMC3979744 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Disulfide-rich peptide toxins found in the secretions of venomous organisms such as snakes, spiders, scorpions, leeches, and marine snails are highly efficient and effective tools for novel therapeutic drug development. Venom peptide toxins have been used extensively to characterize ion channels in the nervous system and platelet aggregation in haemostatic systems. A significant hurdle in characterizing disulfide-rich peptide toxins from venomous animals is obtaining significant quantities needed for sequence and structural analyses. Presented here is a strategy for the structural characterization of venom peptide toxins from sample limited (4 ng) specimens via direct mass spectrometry sequencing, chemical synthesis and NMR structure elucidation. Using this integrated approach, venom peptide Tv1 from Terebra variegata was discovered. Tv1 displays a unique fold not witnessed in prior snail neuropeptides. The novel structural features found for Tv1 suggest that the terebrid pool of peptide toxins may target different neuronal agents with varying specificities compared to previously characterized snail neuropeptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prachi Anand
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, City University of New York- Hunter College and Graduate Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Alexandre Grigoryan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, City University of New York- Hunter College and Graduate Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Mohammed H. Bhuiyan
- Department of Chemistry, College of Staten Island and Graduate Center, City University of New York, Staten Island, New York, United States of America
| | - Beatrix Ueberheide
- NYU Langone Medical Center, New York University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Victoria Russell
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, City University of New York- Hunter College and Graduate Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Jose Quinoñez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, City University of New York- Hunter College and Graduate Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Patrick Moy
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, City University of New York- Hunter College and Graduate Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Brian T. Chait
- The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Sébastien F. Poget
- Department of Chemistry, College of Staten Island and Graduate Center, City University of New York, Staten Island, New York, United States of America
| | - Mandë Holford
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, City University of New York- Hunter College and Graduate Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- The American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Góngora-Benítez M, Tulla-Puche J, Albericio F. Multifaceted Roles of Disulfide Bonds. Peptides as Therapeutics. Chem Rev 2013; 114:901-26. [DOI: 10.1021/cr400031z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 388] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Góngora-Benítez
- Institute
for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Barcelona, 08028 Spain
- CIBER-BBN, Barcelona Science
Park, Barcelona, 08028 Spain
| | - Judit Tulla-Puche
- Institute
for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Barcelona, 08028 Spain
- CIBER-BBN, Barcelona Science
Park, Barcelona, 08028 Spain
| | - Fernando Albericio
- Institute
for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Barcelona, 08028 Spain
- CIBER-BBN, Barcelona Science
Park, Barcelona, 08028 Spain
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, 08028 Spain
- School of Chemistry & Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, 4001 Durban, South Africa
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Engineering chimeric thermostable GH7 cellobiohydrolases in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 98:2991-3001. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-5177-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Revised: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Wong ETC, Na D, Gsponer J. On the importance of polar interactions for complexes containing intrinsically disordered proteins. PLoS Comput Biol 2013; 9:e1003192. [PMID: 23990768 PMCID: PMC3749945 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a growing recognition for the importance of proteins with large intrinsically disordered (ID) segments in cell signaling and regulation. ID segments in these proteins often harbor regions that mediate molecular recognition. Coupled folding and binding of the recognition regions has been proposed to confer high specificity to interactions involving ID segments. However, researchers recently questioned the origin of the interaction specificity of ID proteins because of the overrepresentation of hydrophobic residues in their interaction interfaces. Here, we focused on the role of polar and charged residues in interactions mediated by ID segments. Making use of the extended nature of most ID segments when in complex with globular proteins, we first identified large numbers of complexes between globular proteins and ID segments by using radius-of-gyration-based selection criteria. Consistent with previous studies, we found the interfaces of these complexes to be enriched in hydrophobic residues, and that these residues contribute significantly to the stability of the interaction interface. However, our analyses also show that polar interactions play a larger role in these complexes than in structured protein complexes. Computational alanine scanning and salt-bridge analysis indicate that interfaces in ID complexes are highly complementary with respect to electrostatics, more so than interfaces of globular proteins. Follow-up calculations of the electrostatic contributions to the free energy of binding uncovered significantly stronger Coulombic interactions in complexes harbouring ID segments than in structured protein complexes. However, they are counter-balanced by even higher polar-desolvation penalties. We propose that polar interactions are a key contributing factor to the observed high specificity of ID segment-mediated interactions. Protein-protein interactions are essential to communication and signal integration in cells. For these processes to be precise, interactions between proteins have to be specific and well coordinated. In order to understand the specificity in protein interactions, researches have focused on interfaces between two or more folded proteins. It has been shown that specificity in interactions between folded proteins relies on shape complementarity, hydrogen bonding, and salt-bridge formation. However, many proteins lack a unique folded structure; the so-called intrinsically disordered proteins. These proteins fluctuate between different conformations in isolation but often adopt a single structure when interacting with partner proteins. As many intrinsically disordered proteins are involved in signaling and regulation, their interactions have to be highly specific. The finding that the interaction interfaces of intrinsically disordered proteins are enriched in hydrophobic residues has led to questions regarding the specificity of interactions mediated by this group of proteins. Here, we show that polar and charged residues play a larger role in interfaces that involve intrinsically disordered proteins compared to interfaces that involve only folded proteins. Our results suggest that polar interactions are key contributors to the specificity of interactions that involve intrinsically disordered proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric T. C. Wong
- Centre for High-Throughput Biology, University of British Columbia, East Mall, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Dokyun Na
- Centre for High-Throughput Biology, University of British Columbia, East Mall, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Jörg Gsponer
- Centre for High-Throughput Biology, University of British Columbia, East Mall, Vancouver, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Constella™(EU)-Linzess™(USA): the last milestone in the long journey of the peptide linaclotide and its implications for the future of peptide drugs. Future Med Chem 2013; 5:291-300. [PMID: 23464519 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.13.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Irritable bowel syndrome with constipation (IBS-C) and chronic idiopathic constipation (CIC) are highly prevalent gastrointestinal disorders associated with health, economical and social problems. Recently, after a long journey of preclinical studies and clinical trials, linaclotide, a first-in-class GC-C receptor peptide agonist, has received the approval in the USA and Europe for the treatment of IBS-C and CIC. This article provides an overview of clinical, economic and biological aspects of IBS-C and CIC and covers the current and emerging therapeutic agents for treating these conditions. Particularly, the pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties of linaclotide, a small, disulfide-rich peptide, and its implications in the future of peptide drug discovery and development are discussed.
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Caetano-Anollés G, Nasir A. Benefits of using molecular structure and abundance in phylogenomic analysis. Front Genet 2012; 3:172. [PMID: 22973296 PMCID: PMC3434437 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2012.00172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2012] [Accepted: 08/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Caetano-Anollés
- Evolutionary Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA
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Xue YL, Miyakawa T, Sawano Y, Tanokura M. Cloning of genes and enzymatic characterizations of novel dioscorin isoforms from Dioscorea japonica. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2012; 183:14-9. [PMID: 22195572 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2011.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2011] [Accepted: 10/27/2011] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Dioscorin, the major tuber storage protein of yam, has been shown to possess carbonic anhydrase, trypsin inhibitor, dehydroascorbate reductase, and monodehydroascorbate reductase activities. In the present study, dioscorin from Dioscorea japonica was confirmed as a glycoprotein using the enhanced concanavalin A-peroxidase staining method, and the protein was shown to have both N- and O-glycans. Following the gene cloning, four full-length isoforms of dioscorin were expressed in Escherichia coli and purified by affinity purification and anion-exchange chromatography for structural and biochemical experiments. It was clearly observed that the recombinant dioscorins had carbonic anhydrase, trypsin inhibitor, dehydroascorbate reductase, and monodehydroascorbate reductase activities. However, the dehydroascorbate reductase and monodehydroascorbate reductase activities were markedly decreased in recombinant dioscorins compared with native dioscorin. The decreased activities were closely related to the loss of the glycosylation from the protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- You-Lin Xue
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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