1
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Johnson BP, Mandal PS, Brown SM, Thomas LM, Singh S. Ternary complexes of isopentenyl phosphate kinase from Thermococcus paralvinellae reveal molecular determinants of non-natural substrate specificity. Proteins 2024; 92:808-818. [PMID: 38333996 PMCID: PMC11147733 DOI: 10.1002/prot.26674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Isopentenyl phosphate kinases (IPKs) have recently garnered attention for their central role in biocatalytic "isoprenol pathways," which seek to reduce the synthesis of the isoprenoid precursors to two enzymatic steps. Furthermore, the natural promiscuity of IPKs toward non-natural alkyl-monophosphates (alkyl-Ps) as substrates has hinted at the isoprenol pathways' potential to access novel isoprenoids with potentially useful activities. However, only a handful of IPK crystal structures have been solved to date, and even fewer of these contain non-natural substrates bound in the active site. The current study sought to elucidate additional ternary complexes bound to non-natural substrates using the IPK homolog from Thermococcus paralvinellae (TcpIPK). Four such structures were solved, each bound to a different non-natural alkyl-P and the phosphoryl donor substrate/product adenosine triphosphate (ATP)/adenosine diphosphate (ADP). As expected, the quaternary, tertiary, and secondary structures of TcpIPK closely resembled those of IPKs published previously, and kinetic analysis of a novel alkyl-P substrate highlighted the potentially dramatic effects of altering the core scaffold of the natural substrate. Even more interesting, though, was the discovery of a trend correlating the position of two α helices in the active site with the magnitude of an IPK homolog's reaction rate for the natural reaction. Overall, the current structures of TcpIPK highlight the importance of continued structural analysis of the IPKs to better understand and optimize their activity with both natural and non-natural substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryce P Johnson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Prashant S Mandal
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Sara M Brown
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Leonard M Thomas
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Shanteri Singh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, USA
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2
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Filgueiras JPC, Zámocký M, Turchetto-Zolet AC. Unraveling the evolutionary origin of the P5CS gene: a story of gene fusion and horizontal transfer. Front Mol Biosci 2024; 11:1341684. [PMID: 38693917 PMCID: PMC11061531 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2024.1341684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The accumulation of proline in response to the most diverse types of stress is a widespread defense mechanism. In prokaryotes, fungi, and certain unicellular eukaryotes (green algae), the first two reactions of proline biosynthesis occur through two distinct enzymes, γ-glutamyl kinase (GK E.C. 2.7.2.11) and γ-glutamyl phosphate reductase (GPR E.C. 1.2.1.41), encoded by two different genes, ProB and ProA, respectively. Plants, animals, and a few unicellular eukaryotes carry out these reactions through a single bifunctional enzyme, the Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthase (P5CS), which has the GK and GPR domains fused. To better understand the origin and diversification of the P5CS gene, we use a robust phylogenetic approach with a broad sampling of the P5CS, ProB and ProA genes, including species from all three domains of life. Our results suggest that the collected P5CS genes have arisen from a single fusion event between the ProA and ProB gene paralogs. A peculiar fusion event occurred in an ancestral eukaryotic lineage and was spread to other lineages through horizontal gene transfer. As for the diversification of this gene family, the phylogeny of the P5CS gene in plants shows that there have been multiple independent processes of duplication and loss of this gene, with the duplications being related to old polyploidy events.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Pedro Carmo Filgueiras
- Graduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Department of Genetics, Institute of Biosciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Marcel Zámocký
- Laboratory of Phylogenomic Ecology, Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Andreia Carina Turchetto-Zolet
- Graduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Department of Genetics, Institute of Biosciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
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3
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Wang Y, Li Y, Lv L, Zhu L, Hong L, Wang X, Zhang Y, Wang X, Diao H. Faecal hsa-miR-7704 inhibits the growth and adhesion of Bifidobacterium longum by suppressing ProB and aggravates hepatic encephalopathy. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes 2024; 10:13. [PMID: 38396001 PMCID: PMC10891095 DOI: 10.1038/s41522-024-00487-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Both gut microbiome and microRNAs (miRNAs) play a role in the development of hepatic encephalopathy (HE). However, the functional link between the microbiome and host-derived miRNAs in faeces remains poorly understood. In the present study, patients with HE had an altered gut microbiome and faecal miRNAs compared with patients with chronic hepatitis B. Transferring faeces and faecal miRNAs from patients with HE to the recipient mice aggravated thioacetamide-induced HE. Oral gavage of hsa-miR-7704, a host-derived miRNA highly enriched in faeces from patients with HE, aggravated HE in mice in a microbiome-dependent manner. Mechanistically, hsa-miR-7704 inhibited the growth and adhesion of Bifidobacterium longum by suppressing proB. B. longum and its metabolite acetate alleviated HE by inhibiting microglial activation and ammonia production. Our findings reveal the role of miRNA-microbiome axis in HE and suggest that faecal hsa-miR-7704 are potential regulators of HE progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchong Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Yuyu Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Longxian Lv
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Liying Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Liang Hong
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Xueyao Wang
- Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Hongyan Diao
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, China.
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4
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Naz S, Liu P, Farooq U, Ma H. Insight into de-regulation of amino acid feedback inhibition: a focus on structure analysis method. Microb Cell Fact 2023; 22:161. [PMID: 37612753 PMCID: PMC10464499 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-023-02178-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulation of amino acid's biosynthetic pathway is of significant importance to maintain homeostasis and cell functions. Amino acids regulate their biosynthetic pathway by end-product feedback inhibition of enzymes catalyzing committed steps of a pathway. Discovery of new feedback resistant enzyme variants to enhance industrial production of amino acids is a key objective in industrial biotechnology. Deregulation of feedback inhibition has been achieved for various enzymes using in vitro and in silico mutagenesis techniques. As enzyme's function, its substrate binding capacity, catalysis activity, regulation and stability are dependent on its structural characteristics, here, we provide detailed structural analysis of all feedback sensitive enzyme targets in amino acid biosynthetic pathways. Current review summarizes information regarding structural characteristics of various enzyme targets and effect of mutations on their structures and functions especially in terms of deregulation of feedback inhibition. Furthermore, applicability of various experimental as well as computational mutagenesis techniques to accomplish feedback resistance has also been discussed in detail to have an insight into various aspects of research work reported in this particular field of study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadia Naz
- Biodesign Center, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China
| | - Pi Liu
- Biodesign Center, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China
| | - Umar Farooq
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Islamabad, 22060, Pakistan
| | - Hongwu Ma
- Biodesign Center, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China.
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5
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Klein T, Funke F, Rossbach O, Lehmann G, Vockenhuber M, Medenbach J, Suess B, Meister G, Babinger P. Investigating the Prevalence of RNA-Binding Metabolic Enzymes in E. coli. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11536. [PMID: 37511294 PMCID: PMC10380284 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
An open research field in cellular regulation is the assumed crosstalk between RNAs, metabolic enzymes, and metabolites, also known as the REM hypothesis. High-throughput assays have produced extensive interactome data with metabolic enzymes frequently found as hits, but only a few examples have been biochemically validated, with deficits especially in prokaryotes. Therefore, we rationally selected nineteen Escherichia coli enzymes from such datasets and examined their ability to bind RNAs using two complementary methods, iCLIP and SELEX. Found interactions were validated by EMSA and other methods. For most of the candidates, we observed no RNA binding (12/19) or a rather unspecific binding (5/19). Two of the candidates, namely glutamate-5-kinase (ProB) and quinone oxidoreductase (QorA), displayed specific and previously unknown binding to distinct RNAs. We concentrated on the interaction of QorA to the mRNA of yffO, a grounded prophage gene, which could be validated by EMSA and MST. Because the physiological function of both partners is not known, the biological relevance of this interaction remains elusive. Furthermore, we found novel RNA targets for the MS2 phage coat protein that served us as control. Our results indicate that RNA binding of metabolic enzymes in procaryotes is less frequent than suggested by the results of high-throughput studies, but does occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Klein
- Institute of Biophysics and Physical Biochemistry, Regensburg Center for Biochemistry, University of Regensburg, D-93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Franziska Funke
- Institute of Biophysics and Physical Biochemistry, Regensburg Center for Biochemistry, University of Regensburg, D-93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Oliver Rossbach
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, University of Giessen, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Gerhard Lehmann
- Institute of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Regensburg Center for Biochemistry, University of Regensburg, D-93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Michael Vockenhuber
- Centre for Synthetic Biology, Technical University of Darmstadt, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Jan Medenbach
- Institute of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Regensburg Center for Biochemistry, University of Regensburg, D-93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Beatrix Suess
- Centre for Synthetic Biology, Technical University of Darmstadt, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Gunter Meister
- Institute of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Regensburg Center for Biochemistry, University of Regensburg, D-93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Patrick Babinger
- Institute of Biophysics and Physical Biochemistry, Regensburg Center for Biochemistry, University of Regensburg, D-93040 Regensburg, Germany
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6
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Zhong J, Guo CJ, Zhou X, Chang CC, Yin B, Zhang T, Hu H, Lu GM, Liu JL. Structural basis of dynamic P5CS filaments. eLife 2022; 11:76107. [PMID: 35286254 PMCID: PMC8963878 DOI: 10.7554/elife.76107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The bifunctional enzyme Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthase (P5CS) is vital to the synthesis of proline and ornithine, playing an essential role in human health and agriculture. Pathogenic mutations in the P5CS gene (ALDH18A1) lead to neurocutaneous syndrome and skin relaxation connective tissue disease in humans, and P5CS deficiency seriously damages the ability to resist adversity in plants. We have recently found that P5CS forms cytoophidia in vivo and filaments in vitro. However, it is difficult to appreciate the function of P5CS filamentation without precise structures. Using cryo-electron microscopy, here we solve the structures of Drosophila full-length P5CS in three states at resolution from 3.1 to 4.3 Å. We observe distinct ligand-binding states and conformational changes for the GK and GPR domains, respectively. Divergent helical filaments are assembled by P5CS tetramers and stabilized by multiple interfaces. Point mutations disturbing those interfaces prevent P5CS filamentation and greatly reduce the enzymatic activity. Our findings reveal that filamentation is crucial for the coordination between the GK and GPR domains, providing a structural basis for the catalytic function of P5CS filaments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiale Zhong
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen-Jun Guo
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xian Zhou
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chia-Chun Chang
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Boqi Yin
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tianyi Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huanhuan Hu
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guang-Ming Lu
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ji-Long Liu
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
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7
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Discovery of 3H-pyrrolo[2,3-c]quinolines with activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis by allosteric inhibition of the glutamate-5-kinase enzyme. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 232:114206. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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8
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Liu J, Liu M, Shi T, Sun G, Gao N, Zhao X, Guo X, Ni X, Yuan Q, Feng J, Liu Z, Guo Y, Chen J, Wang Y, Zheng P, Sun J. CRISPR-assisted rational flux-tuning and arrayed CRISPRi screening of an L-proline exporter for L-proline hyperproduction. Nat Commun 2022; 13:891. [PMID: 35173152 PMCID: PMC8850433 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28501-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Development of hyperproducing strains is important for biomanufacturing of biochemicals and biofuels but requires extensive efforts to engineer cellular metabolism and discover functional components. Herein, we optimize and use the CRISPR-assisted editing and CRISPRi screening methods to convert a wild-type Corynebacterium glutamicum to a hyperproducer of L-proline, an amino acid with medicine, feed, and food applications. To facilitate L-proline production, feedback-deregulated variants of key biosynthetic enzyme γ-glutamyl kinase are screened using CRISPR-assisted single-stranded DNA recombineering. To increase the carbon flux towards L-proline biosynthesis, flux-control genes predicted by in silico analysis are fine-tuned using tailored promoter libraries. Finally, an arrayed CRISPRi library targeting all 397 transporters is constructed to discover an L-proline exporter Cgl2622. The final plasmid-, antibiotic-, and inducer-free strain produces L-proline at the level of 142.4 g/L, 2.90 g/L/h, and 0.31 g/g. The CRISPR-assisted strain development strategy can be used for engineering industrial-strength strains for efficient biomanufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China.,National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, 300308, China
| | - Moshi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China.,National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, 300308, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Tuo Shi
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China.,National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, 300308, China
| | - Guannan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China.,National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, 300308, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ning Gao
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China.,National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, 300308, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiaojia Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China.,National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, 300308, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xuan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China.,National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, 300308, China
| | - Xiaomeng Ni
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China.,National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, 300308, China
| | - Qianqian Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China.,National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, 300308, China
| | - Jinhui Feng
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China.,National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, 300308, China
| | - Zhemin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China.,National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, 300308, China
| | - Yanmei Guo
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China.,National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, 300308, China
| | - Jiuzhou Chen
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China.,National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, 300308, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China. .,National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, 300308, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Ping Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China. .,National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, 300308, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Jibin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China.,National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, 300308, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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9
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Johnson BP, Kumar V, Scull EM, Thomas LM, Bourne CR, Singh S. Molecular Basis for the Substrate Promiscuity of Isopentenyl Phosphate Kinase from Candidatus methanomethylophilus alvus. ACS Chem Biol 2022; 17:85-102. [PMID: 34905349 PMCID: PMC9745668 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.1c00655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Isopentenyl phosphate kinases (IPKs) catalyze the ATP-dependent phosphorylation of isopentenyl monophosphate (IP) to isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) in the alternate mevalonate pathways of the archaea and plant cytoplasm. In recent years, IPKs have also been employed in artificial biosynthetic pathways called "(iso) prenol pathways" that utilize promiscuous kinases to sequentially phosphorylate (iso) prenol and generate the isoprenoid precursors IPP and dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP). Furthermore, IPKs have garnered attention for their impressive substrate promiscuity toward non-natural alkyl-monophosphates (alkyl-Ps), which has prompted their utilization as biocatalysts for the generation of novel isoprenoids. However, none of the IPK crystal structures currently available contain non-natural substrates, leaving the roles of active-site residues in substrate promiscuity ambiguous. To address this, we present herein the high-resolution crystal structures of an IPK from Candidatus methanomethylophilus alvus (CMA) in the apo form and bound to natural and non-natural substrates. Additionally, we describe active-site engineering studies leading to enzyme variants with broadened substrate scope, as well as structure determination of two such variants (Ile74Ala and Ile146Ala) bound to non-natural alkyl-Ps. Collectively, our crystallographic studies compare six structures of CMA variants in different ligand-bound forms and highlight contrasting structural dynamics of the two substrate-binding sites. Furthermore, the structural and mutational studies confirm a novel role of the highly conserved DVTGG motif in catalysis, both in CMA and in IPKs at large. As such, the current study provides a molecular basis for the substrate-binding modes and catalytic performance of CMA toward the goal of developing IPKs into useful biocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryce P. Johnson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Stephenson Life Sciences Research Center, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Vikas Kumar
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Stephenson Life Sciences Research Center, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Erin M. Scull
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Stephenson Life Sciences Research Center, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Leonard M. Thomas
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Stephenson Life Sciences Research Center, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Christina R. Bourne
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Stephenson Life Sciences Research Center, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Shanteri Singh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Stephenson Life Sciences Research Center, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
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10
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Nishimura A, Takasaki Y, Isogai S, Toyokawa Y, Tanahashi R, Takagi H. Role of Gln79 in Feedback Inhibition of the Yeast γ-Glutamyl Kinase by Proline. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9091902. [PMID: 34576795 PMCID: PMC8472793 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9091902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Revised: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Awamori, the traditional distilled alcoholic beverage of Okinawa, Japan, is brewed with the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. During the distillation process after the fermentation, enormous quantities of distillation residues containing yeast cells must be disposed of, and this has recently been recognized as a major problem both environmentally and economically. Proline, a multifunctional amino acid, has the highest water retention capacity among amino acids. Therefore, distillation residues with large amounts of proline could be useful in cosmetics. Here, we isolated a yeast mutant with high levels of intracellular proline and found a missense mutation (Gln79His) on the PRO1 gene encoding the γ-glutamyl kinase Pro1, a limiting enzyme in proline biosynthesis. The amino acid change of Gln79 to His in Pro1 resulted in desensitization to the proline-mediated feedback inhibition of GK activity, leading to the accumulation of proline in cells. Biochemical and in silico analyses showed that the amino acid residue at position 79 is involved in the stabilization of the proline binding pocket in Pro1 via a hydrogen-bonding network, which plays an important role in feedback inhibition. Our current study, therefore, proposed a possible mechanism underlying the feedback inhibition of γ-glutamyl kinase activity. This mechanism can be applied to construct proline-accumulating yeast strains to effectively utilize distillation residues.
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11
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Gollub MG, Kaltenbach HM, Stelling J. Probabilistic thermodynamic analysis of metabolic networks. Bioinformatics 2021; 37:2938-2945. [PMID: 33755125 PMCID: PMC8479673 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btab194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
MOTIVATION Random sampling of metabolic fluxes can provide a comprehensive description of the capabilities of a metabolic network. However, current sampling approaches do not model thermodynamics explicitly, leading to inaccurate predictions of an organism's potential or actual metabolic operations. RESULTS We present a probabilistic framework combining thermodynamic quantities with steady-state flux constraints to analyze the properties of a metabolic network. It includes methods for probabilistic metabolic optimization and for joint sampling of thermodynamic and flux spaces. Applied to a model of Escherichia coli, we use the methods to reveal known and novel mechanisms of substrate channeling, and to accurately predict reaction directions and metabolite concentrations. Interestingly, predicted flux distributions are multimodal, leading to discrete hypotheses on E.coli's metabolic capabilities. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION Python and MATLAB packages available at https://gitlab.com/csb.ethz/pta. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia G Gollub
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering and SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, ETH Zurich, Basel 4058, Switzerland
| | - Hans-Michael Kaltenbach
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering and SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, ETH Zurich, Basel 4058, Switzerland
| | - Jörg Stelling
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering and SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, ETH Zurich, Basel 4058, Switzerland,To whom correspondence should be addressed.
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12
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Zhao L, Gao Y, Guo S, Lu X, Yu S, Ge Z, Zhu H, Li Y. Prognosis of Patients with Sepsis and Non-Hepatic Hyperammonemia: A Cohort Study. Med Sci Monit 2020; 26:e928573. [PMID: 33373333 PMCID: PMC7777151 DOI: 10.12659/msm.928573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hyperammonemia has been reported in some critically ill patients with sepsis who do not have hepatic failure. A significant proportion of patients with non-hepatic hyperammonemia have underlying sepsis, but the association between non-hepatic hyperammonemia and prognosis is unclear. Material/Methods Information about patients with sepsis and non-hepatic hyperammonemia was retrieved from the Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care-III database. Survival rates were analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier method. Multivariate logistic regression models were employed to identify prognostic factors. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to measure the predictive ability of ammonia in terms of patient mortality. Results A total of 265 patients with sepsis were enrolled in this study. Compared with the non-hyperammonemia group, the patients with hyperammonemia had significantly higher rates of hospital (59.8% vs. 43.0%, P=0.007), 30-day (47.7% vs. 34.8%, P=0.036), 90-day (61.7% vs. 43.7%, P=0.004), and 1-year mortality (67.3% vs. 49.4%, P=0.004). In the survival analysis, hyperammonemia was associated with these outcomes. Serum ammonia level was an independent predictor of hospital mortality. The area under the ROC curve for the ammonia levels had poor discriminative capacity. The hyperammonemia group also had significantly lower Glasgow Coma Scale scores (P=0.020) and higher incidences of delirium (15.9% vs. 8.2%, P=0.034) and encephalopathy (37.4% vs. 19.6%, P=0.001). Intestinal infection and urinary tract infection with organisms such as Escherichia coli may be risk factors for hyperammonemia in patients who have sepsis. Conclusions Higher ammonia levels are associated with poorer prognosis in patients with sepsis. Ammonia also may be associated with sepsis-associated encephalopathy. Therefore, we recommend that serum ammonia levels be measured in patients who are suspected of having sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Zhao
- Department of Emergency, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China (mainland)
| | - Yanxia Gao
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China (mainland)
| | - Shigong Guo
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Xin Lu
- Department of Emergency, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China (mainland)
| | - Shiyuan Yu
- Department of Emergency, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China (mainland)
| | - Zengzheng Ge
- Department of Emergency, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China (mainland)
| | - Huadong Zhu
- Department of Emergency, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China (mainland)
| | - Yi Li
- Department of Emergency, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China (mainland)
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13
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Yang Z, Zhao X, Shang W, Liu Y, Ji JF, Liu JP, Tong C. Pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthase senses cellular stress and modulates metabolism by regulating mitochondrial respiration. Cell Death Differ 2020; 28:303-319. [PMID: 32770108 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-020-0601-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthase (P5CS) catalyzes the synthesis of pyrroline-5-carboxylate (P5C), a key precursor for the synthesis of proline and ornithine. P5CS malfunction leads to multiple human diseases; however, the molecular mechanism underlying these diseases is unknown. We found that P5CS localizes in mitochondria in rod- and ring-like patterns but diffuses inside the mitochondria upon cellular starvation or exposure to oxidizing agents. Some of the human disease-related mutant forms of P5CS also exhibit diffused distribution. Multimerization (but not the catalytic activity) of P5CS regulates its localization. P5CS mutant cells have a reduced proliferation rate and are sensitive to cellular stresses. Flies lacking P5CS have reduced eclosion rates. Lipid droplets accumulate in the eyes of the newly eclosed P5CS mutant flies, which degenerate with aging. The loss of P5CS in cells leads to abnormal purine metabolism and lipid-droplet accumulation. The reduced lipid-droplet consumption is likely due to decreased expression of the fatty acid transporter, CPT1, and few β-oxidation-related genes following P5CS knockdown. Surprisingly, we found that P5CS is required for mitochondrial respiratory complex organization and that the respiration defects in P5CS knockout cells likely contribute to the metabolic defects in purine synthesis and lipid consumption. This study links amino acid synthesis with mitochondrial respiration and other key metabolic processes, whose imbalance might contribute to P5CS-related disease conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoying Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Biosystems Homeostasis and Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaocui Zhao
- MOE Key Laboratory for Biosystems Homeostasis and Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Weina Shang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Biosystems Homeostasis and Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Centre of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jun-Feng Ji
- Centre of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jun-Ping Liu
- Institute of Ageing Research, Hangzhou Normal University College of Medicine, Hangzhou, 311121, China
| | - Chao Tong
- MOE Key Laboratory for Biosystems Homeostasis and Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China. .,Institute of Ageing Research, Hangzhou Normal University College of Medicine, Hangzhou, 311121, China. .,The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China.
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14
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Murakami N, Kotaka A, Isogai S, Ashida K, Nishimura A, Matsumura K, Hata Y, Ishida H, Takagi H. Effects of a novel variant of the yeast γ-glutamyl kinase Pro1 on its enzymatic activity and sake brewing. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 47:715-723. [PMID: 32748014 PMCID: PMC7658068 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-020-02297-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Sake is a traditional Japanese alcoholic beverage brewed with the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Sake taste is affected by sugars, organic acids, and amino acids. We previously isolated mutants resistant to the proline analogue azetidine-2-carboxylate derived from a diploid sake yeast strain. Some of the mutants produced a greater amount of proline in the brewed sake. One of them (strain K-9-AZC) carried a novel mutation in the PRO1 gene encoding the Gln79His variant of the γ-glutamyl kinase Pro1, a key enzyme in proline biosynthesis in S. cerevisiae. This mutation resulted in extreme desensitization to feedback inhibition by proline, leading to proline overproduction. Interestingly, sake brewed with K-9-AZC contained 3.7-fold more proline, but only 25% less succinate than sake brewed with the parent strain. Metabolome analysis suggests that the decrease in succinate was attributable to a lower level of 2-oxoglutarate, which is converted into glutamate. The approach here could be a practical method for breeding of yeast strains involved in the diversity of sake taste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoyuki Murakami
- Research Institute, Gekkeikan Sake Co. Ltd., 101 Shimotoba-koyanagi-cho, Fushimi-ku, Kyoto, 612-8385, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kotaka
- Research Institute, Gekkeikan Sake Co. Ltd., 101 Shimotoba-koyanagi-cho, Fushimi-ku, Kyoto, 612-8385, Japan
| | - Shota Isogai
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192, Japan
| | - Keiko Ashida
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192, Japan
| | - Akira Nishimura
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192, Japan
| | - Kengo Matsumura
- Research Institute, Gekkeikan Sake Co. Ltd., 101 Shimotoba-koyanagi-cho, Fushimi-ku, Kyoto, 612-8385, Japan
| | - Yoji Hata
- Research Institute, Gekkeikan Sake Co. Ltd., 101 Shimotoba-koyanagi-cho, Fushimi-ku, Kyoto, 612-8385, Japan
| | - Hiroki Ishida
- Research Institute, Gekkeikan Sake Co. Ltd., 101 Shimotoba-koyanagi-cho, Fushimi-ku, Kyoto, 612-8385, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Takagi
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192, Japan.
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15
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Marco-Marín C, Escamilla-Honrubia JM, Llácer JL, Seri M, Panza E, Rubio V. Δ 1 -Pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase deficiency: An emergent multifaceted urea cycle-related disorder. J Inherit Metab Dis 2020; 43:657-670. [PMID: 32017139 DOI: 10.1002/jimd.12220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The bifunctional homooligomeric enzyme Δ1 -pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase (P5CS) and its encoding gene ALDH18A1 were associated with disease in 1998. Two siblings who presented paradoxical hyperammonemia (alleviated by protein), mental disability, short stature, cataracts, cutis laxa, and joint laxity, were found to carry biallelic ALDH18A1 mutations. They showed biochemical indications of decreased ornithine/proline synthesis, agreeing with the role of P5CS in the biosynthesis of these amino acids. Of 32 patients reported with this neurocutaneous syndrome, 21 familial ones hosted homozygous or compound heterozygous ALDH18A1 mutations, while 11 sporadic ones carried de novo heterozygous ALDH18A1 mutations. In 2015 to 2016, an upper motor neuron syndrome (spastic paraparesis/paraplegia SPG9) complicated with some traits of the neurocutaneous syndrome, although without report of cutis laxa, joint laxity, or herniae, was associated with monoallelic or biallelic ALDH18A1 mutations with, respectively, dominant and recessive inheritance. Of 50 SPG9 patients reported, 14 and 36 (34/2 familial/sporadic) carried, respectively, biallelic and monoallelic mutations. Thus, two neurocutaneous syndromes (recessive and dominant cutis laxa 3, abbreviated ARCL3A and ADCL3, respectively) and two SPG9 syndromes (recessive SPG9B and dominant SPG9A) are caused by essentially different spectra of ALDH18A1 mutations. On the bases of the clinical data (including our own prior patients' reports), the ALDH18A1 mutations spectra, and our knowledge on the P5CS protein, we conclude that the four syndromes share the same pathogenic mechanisms based on decreased P5CS function. Thus, these syndromes represent a continuum of increasing severity (SPG9A < SPG9B < ADCL3 ≤ ARCL3A) of the same disease, P5CS deficiency, in which the dominant mutations cause loss-of-function by dominant-negative mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Marco-Marín
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia of the CSIC, Valencia, Spain
- Centro para Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Raras CIBERER-ISCIII, Valencia, Spain
| | - Juan M Escamilla-Honrubia
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia of the CSIC, Valencia, Spain
- Centro para Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Raras CIBERER-ISCIII, Valencia, Spain
| | - José L Llácer
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia of the CSIC, Valencia, Spain
- Centro para Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Raras CIBERER-ISCIII, Valencia, Spain
| | - Marco Seri
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Medical Genetics Unit, S. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Emanuele Panza
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Vicente Rubio
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia of the CSIC, Valencia, Spain
- Centro para Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Raras CIBERER-ISCIII, Valencia, Spain
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16
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He YU, Wang S, Yin X, Sun F, He B, Liu X. Comparison of Extracellular Proteins from Virulent and Avirulent Vibrio parahaemolyticus Strains To Identify Potential Virulence Factors. J Food Prot 2020; 83:155-162. [PMID: 31860395 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-19-188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a leading seafood-borne pathogen that causes gastroenteritis, septicemia, and serious wound infections due to the actions of virulence-associated proteins. We compared the extracellular proteins of nonvirulent JHY20 and virulent ATCC 33847 V. parahaemolyticus reference strains. Eighteen extracellular proteins were identified from secretory profiles, and 11 (68.75%) of the 16 proteins in ATCC 33847 are associated with virulence and/or protection against adverse conditions: trigger factor, chaperone SurA, aspartate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase, 4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-en-1-yl diphosphate synthase, glutamate 5-kinase, alanine dehydrogenase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, outer membrane protein OmpV, ribosome-associated inhibitor A, chaperone protein Skp, and universal stress protein. Two nontoxic-related proteins, amino acid ABC transporter substrate-binding protein and an uncharacterized protein, were identified in JHY20. The results provide a theoretical basis for supporting safety risk assessment of aquatic foods, illuminate the pathogenic mechanisms of V. parahaemolyticus, and assist the identification of novel vaccine candidates for foodborne pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y U He
- College of Food (Biotechnology) Engineering.,Key Construction Laboratory of Food Resources Development and the Quality Safety, Xuzhou University of Technology, Jiangsu, Xuzhou 221018, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuai Wang
- College of Food (Biotechnology) Engineering.,Key Construction Laboratory of Food Resources Development and the Quality Safety, Xuzhou University of Technology, Jiangsu, Xuzhou 221018, People's Republic of China
| | | | - Fengjiao Sun
- Logistics & Security Department, Shanghai Civil Aviation College, Shanghai 201300, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin He
- Environment Monitoring Station, Zaozhuang Municipal Bureau of Ecology and Environment, Shandong 277100, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Liu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cold Chain Food Quality and Safety Control, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450001, People's Republic of China
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17
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Oke M, Oni O, Bello R, Samuel-Omoyajowo K, Senbadejo T. Structure-function relationships of the 5-oxoprolinase subunit A: Guiding biological sciences students down the path less traveled. BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY EDUCATION : A BIMONTHLY PUBLICATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL UNION OF BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 47:620-631. [PMID: 31520514 DOI: 10.1002/bmb.21300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Bioinformatics was recently introduced as a module for both undergraduate and postgraduate biological sciences students at our institution. Our experience shows that inquiry-based hands-on exercises provide the most efficient approach to bioinformatic straining. In this article, we report a structural bioinformatics project carried out by Master degree students to determine structure-function relationships of the uncharacterized prokaryotic 5-oxoprolinase subunit A (PxpA). PxpA associates with the PxpBC complex to form a functional 5-oxoprolinase enzyme for conversion of 5-oxoproline to L-glutamate. Although the exact role of PxpA is yet to be determined, it has been demonstrated that PxpBC catalyses the first step of the reaction, which is phosphorylation of 5-oxoproline. Here, we provide evidence that PxpA is involved in the last two steps of the reaction:decyclization of the labile phosphorylated 5-oxoproline to the equally labile γ-glutamylphosphate, and subsequent dephosphorylation to L-glutamate. Structural bioinformatics analysis of four putative PxpA structures revealed that PxpA adopts a non-canonical TIM barrel fold with well-characterized TIM barrel enzyme features. These include a C-terminal groove comprising potentially essential conserved amino acid residues organized into putative motifs. Phylogenetic analysis suggests a relationship between taxonomic grouping and PxpA oligomerization. PxpA forms a tunnel upon ligand binding, thus suggesting that the PxpABC complex employs the mechanism of substrate channeling to protect labile intermediates. Ultimately, students were able to form a testable hypothesis on the function of PxpA, an achievement we consider encouraging other students to emulate. © 2019 International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 47(6):620-631, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muse Oke
- Department of Biological Sciences, Fountain University, Osogbo, Nigeria
| | - Omobukola Oni
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Fountain University, Osogbo, Nigeria
| | - Ronke Bello
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Fountain University, Osogbo, Nigeria
| | | | - Tosin Senbadejo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Fountain University, Osogbo, Nigeria
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18
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Shi D, Caldovic L, Tuchman M. Sources and Fates of Carbamyl Phosphate: A Labile Energy-Rich Molecule with Multiple Facets. BIOLOGY 2018; 7:biology7020034. [PMID: 29895729 PMCID: PMC6022934 DOI: 10.3390/biology7020034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Carbamyl phosphate (CP) is well-known as an essential intermediate of pyrimidine and arginine/urea biosynthesis. Chemically, CP can be easily synthesized from dihydrogen phosphate and cyanate. Enzymatically, CP can be synthesized using three different classes of enzymes: (1) ATP-grasp fold protein based carbamyl phosphate synthetase (CPS); (2) Amino-acid kinase fold carbamate kinase (CK)-like CPS (anabolic CK or aCK); and (3) Catabolic transcarbamylase. The first class of CPS can be further divided into three different types of CPS as CPS I, CPS II, and CPS III depending on the usage of ammonium or glutamine as its nitrogen source, and whether N-acetyl-glutamate is its essential co-factor. CP can donate its carbamyl group to the amino nitrogen of many important molecules including the most well-known ornithine and aspartate in the arginine/urea and pyrimidine biosynthetic pathways. CP can also donate its carbamyl group to the hydroxyl oxygen of a variety of molecules, particularly in many antibiotic biosynthetic pathways. Transfer of the carbamyl group to the nitrogen group is catalyzed by the anabolic transcarbamylase using a direct attack mechanism, while transfer of the carbamyl group to the oxygen group is catalyzed by a different class of enzymes, CmcH/NodU CTase, using a different mechanism involving a three-step reaction, decomposition of CP to carbamate and phosphate, transfer of the carbamyl group from carbamate to ATP to form carbamyladenylate and pyrophosphate, and transfer of the carbamyl group from carbamyladenylate to the oxygen group of the substrate. CP is also involved in transferring its phosphate group to ADP to generate ATP in the fermentation of many microorganisms. The reaction is catalyzed by carbamate kinase, which may be termed as catabolic CK (cCK) in order to distinguish it from CP generating CK. CP is a thermally labile molecule, easily decomposed into phosphate and cyanate, or phosphate and carbamate depending on the pH of the solution, or the presence of enzyme. Biological systems have developed several mechanisms including channeling between enzymes, increased affinity of CP to enzymes, and keeping CP in a specific conformation to protect CP from decomposition. CP is highly important for our health as both a lack of, or decreased, CP production and CP accumulation results in many disease conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dashuang Shi
- Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC 20010, USA.
- Department of Genomics and Precision Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20010, USA.
| | - Ljubica Caldovic
- Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC 20010, USA.
- Department of Genomics and Precision Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20010, USA.
| | - Mendel Tuchman
- Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC 20010, USA.
- Department of Genomics and Precision Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20010, USA.
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19
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Sienkiewicz N, Ong HB, Fairlamb AH. Characterisation of a putative glutamate 5-kinase from Leishmania donovani. FEBS J 2018; 285:2662-2678. [PMID: 29777624 PMCID: PMC6099280 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Previous metabolic studies have demonstrated that leishmania parasites are able to synthesise proline from glutamic acid and threonine from aspartic acid. The first committed step in both biosynthetic pathways involves an amino acid kinase, either a glutamate 5‐kinase (G5K; http://www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/iubmb/enzyme/EC2/7/2/11.html) or an aspartokinase (http://www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/iubmb/enzyme/EC2/7/2/4.html). Bioinformatic analysis of multiple leishmania genomes identifies a single amino acid‐kinase gene (LdBPK 262740.1) variously annotated as either a putative glutamate or aspartate kinase. To establish the catalytic function of this Leishmania donovani gene product, we have determined the physical and kinetic properties of the recombinant enzyme purified from Escherichia coli. The findings indicate that the enzyme is a bona fide G5K with no activity as an aspartokinase. Tetrameric G5K displays kinetic behaviour similar to its bacterial orthologues and is allosterically regulated by proline, the end product of the pathway. The structure‐activity relationships of proline analogues as inhibitors are broadly similar to the bacterial enzyme. However, unlike G5K from E. coli, leishmania G5K lacks a C‐terminal PUA (pseudouridine synthase and archaeosine transglycosylase) domain and does not undergo higher oligomerisation in the presence of proline. Gene replacement studies are suggestive, but not conclusive that G5K is essential. Enzymes Glutamate 5‐kinase (http://www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/iubmb/enzyme/EC2/7/2/11.html); aspartokinase (http://www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/iubmb/enzyme/EC2/7/2/4.html).
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Sienkiewicz
- Division of Biological Chemistry & Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, UK
| | - Han B Ong
- Division of Biological Chemistry & Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, UK
| | - Alan H Fairlamb
- Division of Biological Chemistry & Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, UK
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20
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McClory J, Lin JT, Timson DJ, Zhang J, Huang M. Water-mediated network in the resistance mechanism of fosfomycin. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:21660-21667. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp02860e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Resistance mechanism of fosfomycin mediated by a water network.
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Affiliation(s)
- James McClory
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Queen's University Belfast
- David Keir Building
- Belfast
- UK
| | - Jun-Tang Lin
- Stem Cells and Biotheraphy Engineering Research Centre of Henan
- College of Biomedical Engineering
- Xinxiang Medical University
- Xinxiang 453003
- China
| | - David J. Timson
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences
- The University of Brighton, Huxley Building
- Brighton
- UK
| | - Jian Zhang
- Shanghai Jiaotong University
- Shanghai 200025
- China
| | - Meilan Huang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Queen's University Belfast
- David Keir Building
- Belfast
- UK
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21
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McClory J, Timson DJ, Singh W, Zhang J, Huang M. Reaction Mechanism of Isopentenyl Phosphate Kinase: A QM/MM Study. J Phys Chem B 2017; 121:11062-11071. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b08770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- James McClory
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen’s University Belfast, David Keir Building, Stranmillis Road, Belfast, BT9 5AG Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - David J. Timson
- School
of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of Brighton, Huxley Building, Lewes Road, Brighton BN2 4GJ, United Kingdom
| | - Warispreet Singh
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen’s University Belfast, David Keir Building, Stranmillis Road, Belfast, BT9 5AG Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
- Almac Sciences, Almac House, 20 Seagoe Industrial Estate, Craigavon, BT63 5QD Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Jian Zhang
- Shanghai Jiaotong University, 280 Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Meilan Huang
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen’s University Belfast, David Keir Building, Stranmillis Road, Belfast, BT9 5AG Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
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22
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Jiang Y, Qian F, Yang J, Liu Y, Dong F, Xu C, Sun B, Chen B, Xu X, Li Y, Wang R, Yang S. CRISPR-Cpf1 assisted genome editing of Corynebacterium glutamicum. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15179. [PMID: 28469274 PMCID: PMC5418603 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Corynebacterium glutamicum is an important industrial metabolite producer that is difficult to genetically engineer. Although the Streptococcus pyogenes (Sp) CRISPR-Cas9 system has been adapted for genome editing of multiple bacteria, it cannot be introduced into C. glutamicum. Here we report a Francisella novicida (Fn) CRISPR-Cpf1-based genome-editing method for C. glutamicum. CRISPR-Cpf1, combined with single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) recombineering, precisely introduces small changes into the bacterial genome at efficiencies of 86-100%. Large gene deletions and insertions are also obtained using an all-in-one plasmid consisting of FnCpf1, CRISPR RNA, and homologous arms. The two CRISPR-Cpf1-assisted systems enable N iterative rounds of genome editing in 3N+4 or 3N+2 days. A proof-of-concept, codon saturation mutagenesis at G149 of γ-glutamyl kinase relieves L-proline inhibition using Cpf1-assisted ssDNA recombineering. Thus, CRISPR-Cpf1-based genome editing provides a highly efficient tool for genetic engineering of Corynebacterium and other bacteria that cannot utilize the Sp CRISPR-Cas9 system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China.,Shanghai Research and Development Center of Industrial Biotechnology, Shanghai 201201, China
| | - Fenghui Qian
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China.,Shanghai Research and Development Center of Industrial Biotechnology, Shanghai 201201, China
| | - Junjie Yang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China.,Shanghai Research and Development Center of Industrial Biotechnology, Shanghai 201201, China
| | - Yingmiao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China.,Shanghai Research and Development Center of Industrial Biotechnology, Shanghai 201201, China.,Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing 200237, China.,College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Feng Dong
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China.,Shanghai Research and Development Center of Industrial Biotechnology, Shanghai 201201, China
| | - Chongmao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China.,Shanghai Research and Development Center of Industrial Biotechnology, Shanghai 201201, China
| | - Bingbing Sun
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China.,Shanghai Research and Development Center of Industrial Biotechnology, Shanghai 201201, China.,School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Biao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China.,Shanghai Research and Development Center of Industrial Biotechnology, Shanghai 201201, China
| | - Xiaoshu Xu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Renxiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Sheng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China.,Shanghai Research and Development Center of Industrial Biotechnology, Shanghai 201201, China.,Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing 200237, China
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Comparative and evolutionary studies of ALDH18A1 genes and proteins. Chem Biol Interact 2016; 276:2-8. [PMID: 27989597 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2016.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Revised: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Vertebrate ALDH18A1 genes encode a bifunctional mitochondrial enzyme, catalyzing a 2-step conversion of glutamate to glutamyl semialdehyde, subsequently converted into proline, ornithine and arginine. Bioinformatic analyses of vertebrate and invertebrate genomes were undertaken using known ALDH18A1 amino acid sequences. G5K (glutamyl kinase) and GPR (glutamyl phosphate reductase) domain sequences were identified for all vertebrate and invertebrate genomes examined, whereas bacterial sequences encoded separate enzymes. Vertebrate ALDH18A1 (also called P5CS) sequences were highly conserved throughout vertebrate evolution. A mechanism for generating two major vertebrate ALDH18A1 isoforms is proposed with 'a' isoform containing Asn239-Val240 with wide tissue expression, whereas the 'b' isoform lacking the dipeptide has been reported in gut tissues. Phylogenetic analyses describe the relationships and potential origins of the ALDH18A1 gene during vertebrate and invertebrate evolution and a proposal for generating the bifunctional vertebrate and invertebrate ALDH18A1 gene from a bacterial operon (proBA) encoding G5K and GPR. A more recent Aldh18a1 gene duplication event has apparently occurred with a primordial rat genome.
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24
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Isolation of baker's yeast mutants with proline accumulation that showed enhanced tolerance to baking-associated stresses. Int J Food Microbiol 2016; 238:233-240. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2016.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Revised: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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25
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A Synonymous Mutation Upstream of the Gene Encoding a Weak-Link Enzyme Causes an Ultrasensitive Response in Growth Rate. J Bacteriol 2016; 198:2853-63. [PMID: 27501982 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00262-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED When microbes are faced with an environmental challenge or opportunity, preexisting enzymes with promiscuous secondary activities can be recruited to provide newly important functions. Mutations that increase the efficiency of a new activity often compromise the original activity, resulting in an inefficient bifunctional enzyme. We have investigated the mechanisms by which growth of Escherichia coli can be improved when fitness is limited by such an enzyme, E383A ProA (ProA*). ProA* can serve the functions of both ProA (required for synthesis of proline) and ArgC (required for synthesis of arginine), albeit poorly. We identified four genetic changes that improve the growth rate by up to 6.2-fold. Two point mutations in the promoter of the proBA* operon increase expression of the entire operon. Massive amplification of a genomic segment around the proBA* operon also increases expression of the entire operon. Finally, a synonymous point mutation in the coding region of proB creates a new promoter for proA* This synonymous mutation increases the level of ProA* by 2-fold but increases the growth rate by 5-fold, an ultrasensitive response likely arising from competition between two substrates for the active site of the inefficient bifunctional ProA*. IMPORTANCE The high-impact synonymous mutation we discovered in proB is remarkable for two reasons. First, most polar effects documented in the literature are detrimental. This finding demonstrates that polar effect mutations can have strongly beneficial effects, especially when an organism is facing a difficult environmental challenge for which it is poorly adapted. Furthermore, the consequence of the synonymous mutation in proB is a 2-fold increase in the level of ProA* but a disproportionately large 5.1-fold increase in growth rate. While ultrasensitive responses are often found in signaling networks and genetic circuits, an ultrasensitive response to an adaptive mutation has not been previously reported.
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Fischer-Zirnsak B, Escande-Beillard N, Ganesh J, Tan Y, Al Bughaili M, Lin A, Sahai I, Bahena P, Reichert S, Loh A, Wright G, Liu J, Rahikkala E, Pivnick E, Choudhri A, Krüger U, Zemojtel T, van Ravenswaaij-Arts C, Mostafavi R, Stolte-Dijkstra I, Symoens S, Pajunen L, Al-Gazali L, Meierhofer D, Robinson P, Mundlos S, Villarroel C, Byers P, Masri A, Robertson S, Schwarze U, Callewaert B, Reversade B, Kornak U. Recurrent De Novo Mutations Affecting Residue Arg138 of Pyrroline-5-Carboxylate Synthase Cause a Progeroid Form of Autosomal-Dominant Cutis Laxa. Am J Hum Genet 2015; 97:483-92. [PMID: 26320891 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2015.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Progeroid disorders overlapping with De Barsy syndrome (DBS) are collectively denoted as autosomal-recessive cutis laxa type 3 (ARCL3). They are caused by biallelic mutations in PYCR1 or ALDH18A1, encoding pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase 1 and pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthase (P5CS), respectively, which both operate in the mitochondrial proline cycle. We report here on eight unrelated individuals born to non-consanguineous families clinically diagnosed with DBS or wrinkly skin syndrome. We found three heterozygous mutations in ALDH18A1 leading to amino acid substitutions of the same highly conserved residue, Arg138 in P5CS. A de novo origin was confirmed in all six probands for whom parental DNA was available. Using fibroblasts from affected individuals and heterologous overexpression, we found that the P5CS-p.Arg138Trp protein was stable and able to interact with wild-type P5CS but showed an altered sub-mitochondrial distribution. A reduced size upon native gel electrophoresis indicated an alteration of the structure or composition of P5CS mutant complex. Furthermore, we found that the mutant cells had a reduced P5CS enzymatic activity leading to a delayed proline accumulation. In summary, recurrent de novo mutations, affecting the highly conserved residue Arg138 of P5CS, cause an autosomal-dominant form of cutis laxa with progeroid features. Our data provide insights into the etiology of cutis laxa diseases and will have immediate impact on diagnostics and genetic counseling.
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27
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Panza E, Escamilla-Honrubia JM, Marco-Marín C, Gougeard N, De Michele G, Morra VB, Liguori R, Salviati L, Donati MA, Cusano R, Pippucci T, Ravazzolo R, Németh AH, Smithson S, Davies S, Hurst JA, Bordo D, Rubio V, Seri M. ALDH18A1gene mutations cause dominant spastic paraplegia SPG9: loss of function effect and plausibility of a dominant negative mechanism. Brain 2015; 139:e3. [DOI: 10.1093/brain/awv247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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28
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The N-Acetylglutamate Synthase Family: Structures, Function and Mechanisms. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:13004-22. [PMID: 26068232 PMCID: PMC4490483 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160613004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Revised: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
N-acetylglutamate synthase (NAGS) catalyzes the production of N-acetylglutamate (NAG) from acetyl-CoA and l-glutamate. In microorganisms and plants, the enzyme functions in the arginine biosynthetic pathway, while in mammals, its major role is to produce the essential co-factor of carbamoyl phosphate synthetase 1 (CPS1) in the urea cycle. Recent work has shown that several different genes encode enzymes that can catalyze NAG formation. A bifunctional enzyme was identified in certain bacteria, which catalyzes both NAGS and N-acetylglutamate kinase (NAGK) activities, the first two steps of the arginine biosynthetic pathway. Interestingly, these bifunctional enzymes have higher sequence similarity to vertebrate NAGS than those of the classical (mono-functional) bacterial NAGS. Solving the structures for both classical bacterial NAGS and bifunctional vertebrate-like NAGS/K has advanced our insight into the regulation and catalytic mechanisms of NAGS, and the evolutionary relationship between the two NAGS groups.
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29
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Fichman Y, Gerdes SY, Kovács H, Szabados L, Zilberstein A, Csonka LN. Evolution of proline biosynthesis: enzymology, bioinformatics, genetics, and transcriptional regulation. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2014; 90:1065-99. [PMID: 25367752 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Revised: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Proline is not only an essential component of proteins but it also has important roles in adaptation to osmotic and dehydration stresses, redox control, and apoptosis. Here, we review pathways of proline biosynthesis in the three domains of life. Pathway reconstruction from genome data for hundreds of eubacterial and dozens of archaeal and eukaryotic organisms revealed evolutionary conservation and variations of this pathway across different taxa. In the most prevalent pathway of proline synthesis, glutamate is phosphorylated to γ-glutamyl phosphate by γ-glutamyl kinase, reduced to γ-glutamyl semialdehyde by γ-glutamyl phosphate reductase, cyclized spontaneously to Δ(1)-pyrroline-5-carboxylate and reduced to proline by Δ(1)-pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase. In higher plants and animals the first two steps are catalysed by a bi-functional Δ(1) -pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthase. Alternative pathways of proline formation use the initial steps of the arginine biosynthetic pathway to ornithine, which can be converted to Δ(1)-pyrroline-5-carboxylate by ornithine aminotransferase and then reduced to proline or converted directly to proline by ornithine cyclodeaminase. In some organisms, the latter pathways contribute to or could be fully responsible for the synthesis of proline. The conservation of proline biosynthetic enzymes and significance of specific residues for catalytic activity and allosteric regulation are analysed on the basis of protein structural data, multiple sequence alignments, and mutant studies, providing novel insights into proline biosynthesis in organisms. We also discuss the transcriptional control of the proline biosynthetic genes in bacteria and plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosef Fichman
- Department of Molecular Biology and Ecology of Plants, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997803, Israel
| | - Svetlana Y Gerdes
- Mathematics and Computer Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, 60439, U.S.A
| | - Hajnalka Kovács
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, 6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - László Szabados
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, 6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Aviah Zilberstein
- Department of Molecular Biology and Ecology of Plants, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997803, Israel
| | - Laszlo N Csonka
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, U.S.A
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30
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Liang X, Dickman MB, Becker DF. Proline biosynthesis is required for endoplasmic reticulum stress tolerance in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:27794-806. [PMID: 25112878 PMCID: PMC4183814 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.562827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Revised: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The amino acid proline is uniquely involved in cellular processes that underlie stress response in a variety of organisms. Proline is known to minimize protein aggregation, but a detailed study of how proline impacts cell survival during accumulation of misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) has not been performed. To address this we examined in Saccharomyces cerevisiae the effect of knocking out the PRO1, PRO2, and PRO3 genes responsible for proline biosynthesis. The null mutants pro1, pro2, and pro3 were shown to have increased sensitivity to ER stress relative to wild-type cells, which could be restored by proline or the corresponding genetic complementation. Of these mutants, pro3 was the most sensitive to tunicamycin and was rescued by anaerobic growth conditions or reduced thiol reagents. The pro3 mutant cells have higher intracellular reactive oxygen species, total glutathione, and a NADP(+)/NADPH ratio than wild-type cells under limiting proline conditions. Depletion of proline biosynthesis also inhibits the unfolded protein response (UPR) indicating proline protection involves the UPR. To more broadly test the role of proline in ER stress, increased proline biosynthesis was shown to partially rescue the ER stress sensitivity of a hog1 null mutant in which the high osmolality pathway is disrupted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinwen Liang
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Redox Biology Center, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588 and
| | - Martin B Dickman
- the Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Donald F Becker
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Redox Biology Center, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588 and
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31
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Tatehashi Y, Takagi H. Characterization of γ-glutamyl kinase mutants from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Biosci Bioeng 2013; 116:576-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2013.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Revised: 05/09/2013] [Accepted: 05/10/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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32
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Molecular evolution of plant P5CS gene involved in proline biosynthesis. Mol Biol Rep 2013; 40:6429-35. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-013-2757-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Accepted: 09/14/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE The imino acid proline is utilized by different organisms to offset cellular imbalances caused by environmental stress. The wide use in nature of proline as a stress adaptor molecule indicates that proline has a fundamental biological role in stress response. Understanding the mechanisms by which proline enhances abiotic/biotic stress response will facilitate agricultural crop research and improve human health. RECENT ADVANCES It is now recognized that proline metabolism propels cellular signaling processes that promote cellular apoptosis or survival. Studies have shown that proline metabolism influences signaling pathways by increasing reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation in the mitochondria via the electron transport chain. Enhanced ROS production due to proline metabolism has been implicated in the hypersensitive response in plants, lifespan extension in worms, and apoptosis, tumor suppression, and cell survival in animals. CRITICAL ISSUES The ability of proline to influence disparate cellular outcomes may be governed by ROS levels generated in the mitochondria. Defining the threshold at which proline metabolic enzyme expression switches from inducing survival pathways to cellular apoptosis would provide molecular insights into cellular redox regulation by proline. Are ROS the only mediators of proline metabolic signaling or are other factors involved? FUTURE DIRECTIONS New evidence suggests that proline biosynthesis enzymes interact with redox proteins such as thioredoxin. An important future pursuit will be to identify other interacting partners of proline metabolic enzymes to uncover novel regulatory and signaling networks of cellular stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinwen Liang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
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34
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Martinelli D, Häberle J, Rubio V, Giunta C, Hausser I, Carrozzo R, Gougeard N, Marco-Marín C, Goffredo BM, Meschini MC, Bevivino E, Boenzi S, Colafati GS, Brancati F, Baumgartner MR, Dionisi-Vici C. Understanding pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase deficiency: clinical, molecular, functional, and expression studies, structure-based analysis, and novel therapy with arginine. J Inherit Metab Dis 2012; 35:761-76. [PMID: 22170564 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-011-9411-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2011] [Revised: 09/29/2011] [Accepted: 10/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Δ(1)-Pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase (P5CS) catalyzes the first two steps of ornithine/proline biosynthesis. P5CS deficiency has been reported in three families, with patients presenting with cutis/joint laxity, cataracts, and neurodevelopmental delay. Only one family exhibited metabolic changes consistent with P5CS deficiency (low proline/ornithine/citrulline/arginine; fasting hyperammonemia). Here we report a new P5CS-deficient patient presenting the complete clinical/metabolic phenotype and carrying p.G93R and p.T299I substitutions in the γ-glutamyl kinase (γGK) component of P5CS. The effects of these substitutions are (1) tested in mutagenesis/functional studies with E.coli γGK, (2) rationalized by structural modelling, and (3) reflected in decreased P5CS protein in patient fibroblasts (shown by immunofluorescence). Using optical/electron microscopy on skin biopsy, we show collagen/elastin fiber alterations that may contribute to connective tissue laxity and are compatible with our angio-MRI finding of kinky brain vessels in the patient. MR spectroscopy revealed decreased brain creatine, which normalized after sustained arginine supplementation, with improvement of neurodevelopmental and metabolic parameters, suggesting a pathogenic role of brain creatine decrease and the value of arginine therapy. Morphological and functional studies of fibroblast mitochondria show that P5CS deficiency is not associated with the mitochondrial alterations observed in Δ(1)-pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase deficiency (another proline biosynthesis defect presenting cutis laxa and neurological alterations).
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Martinelli
- Division of Metabolism, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Piazza Sant'Onofrio, 4, 00165 Rome, Italy.
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35
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Arentson BW, Sanyal N, Becker DF. Substrate channeling in proline metabolism. Front Biosci (Landmark Ed) 2012; 17:375-88. [PMID: 22201749 DOI: 10.2741/3932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Proline metabolism is an important pathway that has relevance in several cellular functions such as redox balance, apoptosis, and cell survival. Results from different groups have indicated that substrate channeling of proline metabolic intermediates may be a critical mechanism. One intermediate is pyrroline-5-carboxylate (P5C), which upon hydrolysis opens to glutamic semialdehyde (GSA). Recent structural and kinetic evidence indicate substrate channeling of P5C/GSA occurs in the proline catabolic pathway between the proline dehydrogenase and P5C dehydrogenase active sites of bifunctional proline utilization A (PutA). Substrate channeling in PutA is proposed to facilitate the hydrolysis of P5C to GSA which is unfavorable at physiological pH. The second intermediate, gamma-glutamyl phosphate, is part of the proline biosynthetic pathway and is extremely labile. Substrate channeling of gamma-glutamyl phosphate is thought to be necessary to protect it from bulk solvent. Because of the unfavorable equilibrium of P5C/GSA and the reactivity of gamma-glutamyl phosphate, substrate channeling likely improves the efficiency of proline metabolism. Here, we outline general strategies for testing substrate channeling and review the evidence for channeling in proline metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin W Arentson
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
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A novel N-acetylglutamate synthase architecture revealed by the crystal structure of the bifunctional enzyme from Maricaulis maris. PLoS One 2011; 6:e28825. [PMID: 22174908 PMCID: PMC3236213 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2011] [Accepted: 11/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel bifunctional N-acetylglutamate synthase/kinases (NAGS/K) that catalyze the first two steps of arginine biosynthesis and are homologous to vertebrate N-acetylglutamate synthase (NAGS), an essential cofactor-producing enzyme in the urea cycle, were identified in Maricaulis maris and several other bacteria. Arginine is an allosteric inhibitor of NAGS but not NAGK activity. The crystal structure of M. maris NAGS/K (mmNAGS/K) at 2.7 Å resolution indicates that it is a tetramer, in contrast to the hexameric structure of Neisseria gonorrhoeae NAGS. The quaternary structure of crystalline NAGS/K from Xanthomonas campestris (xcNAGS/K) is similar, and cross-linking experiments indicate that both mmNAGS/K and xcNAGS are tetramers in solution. Each subunit has an amino acid kinase (AAK) domain, which is likely responsible for N-acetylglutamate kinase (NAGK) activity and has a putative arginine binding site, and an N-acetyltransferase (NAT) domain that contains the putative NAGS active site. These structures and sequence comparisons suggest that the linker residue 291 may determine whether arginine acts as an allosteric inhibitor or activator in homologous enzymes in microorganisms and vertebrates. In addition, the angle of rotation between AAK and NAT domains varies among crystal forms and subunits within the tetramer. A rotation of 26° is sufficient to close the predicted AcCoA binding site, thus reducing enzymatic activity. Since mmNAGS/K has the highest degree of sequence homology to vertebrate NAGS of NAGS and NAGK enzymes whose structures have been determined, the mmNAGS/K structure was used to develop a structural model of human NAGS that is fully consistent with the functional effects of the 14 missense mutations that were identified in NAGS-deficient patients.
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Brill J, Hoffmann T, Bleisteiner M, Bremer E. Osmotically controlled synthesis of the compatible solute proline is critical for cellular defense of Bacillus subtilis against high osmolarity. J Bacteriol 2011; 193:5335-46. [PMID: 21784929 PMCID: PMC3187420 DOI: 10.1128/jb.05490-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2011] [Accepted: 07/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus subtilis is known to accumulate large amounts of the compatible solute proline via de novo synthesis as a stress protectant when it faces high-salinity environments. We elucidated the genetic determinants required for the osmoadaptive proline production from the precursor glutamate. This proline biosynthesis route relies on the proJ-encoded γ-glutamyl kinase, the proA-encoded γ-glutamyl phosphate reductase, and the proH-encoded Δ1-pyrroline-5-caboxylate reductase. Disruption of the proHJ operon abolished osmoadaptive proline production and strongly impaired the ability of B. subtilis to cope with high-osmolarity growth conditions. Disruption of the proA gene also abolished osmoadaptive proline biosynthesis but caused, in contrast to the disruption of proHJ, proline auxotrophy. Northern blot analysis demonstrated that the transcription of the proHJ operon is osmotically inducible, whereas that of the proBA operon is not. Reporter gene fusion studies showed that proHJ expression is rapidly induced upon an osmotic upshift. Increased expression is maintained as long as the osmotic stimulus persists and is sensitively linked to the prevalent osmolarity of the growth medium. Primer extension analysis revealed the osmotically controlled proHJ promoter, a promoter that resembles typical SigA-type promoters of B. subtilis. Deletion analysis of the proHJ promoter region identified a 126-bp DNA segment carrying all sequences required in cis for osmoregulated transcription. Our data disclose the presence of ProA-interlinked anabolic and osmoadaptive proline biosynthetic routes in B. subtilis and demonstrate that the synthesis of the compatible solute proline is a central facet of the cellular defense to high-osmolarity surroundings for this soil bacterium.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Monika Bleisteiner
- Philipps-University Marburg, Department of Biology, Laboratory for Microbiology, Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 8, D-35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Erhard Bremer
- Philipps-University Marburg, Department of Biology, Laboratory for Microbiology, Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 8, D-35032 Marburg, Germany
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38
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Marcos E, Crehuet R, Bahar I. Changes in dynamics upon oligomerization regulate substrate binding and allostery in amino acid kinase family members. PLoS Comput Biol 2011; 7:e1002201. [PMID: 21980279 PMCID: PMC3182869 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2011] [Accepted: 08/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligomerization is a functional requirement for many proteins. The interfacial interactions and the overall packing geometry of the individual monomers are viewed as important determinants of the thermodynamic stability and allosteric regulation of oligomers. The present study focuses on the role of the interfacial interactions and overall contact topology in the dynamic features acquired in the oligomeric state. To this aim, the collective dynamics of enzymes belonging to the amino acid kinase family both in dimeric and hexameric forms are examined by means of an elastic network model, and the softest collective motions (i.e., lowest frequency or global modes of motions) favored by the overall architecture are analyzed. Notably, the lowest-frequency modes accessible to the individual subunits in the absence of multimerization are conserved to a large extent in the oligomer, suggesting that the oligomer takes advantage of the intrinsic dynamics of the individual monomers. At the same time, oligomerization stiffens the interfacial regions of the monomers and confers new cooperative modes that exploit the rigid-body translational and rotational degrees of freedom of the intact monomers. The present study sheds light on the mechanism of cooperative inhibition of hexameric N-acetyl-L-glutamate kinase by arginine and on the allosteric regulation of UMP kinases. It also highlights the significance of the particular quaternary design in selectively determining the oligomer dynamics congruent with required ligand-binding and allosteric activities. Protein function requires a three-dimensional structure with specific dynamic features for catalytic and binding events, and, in many cases, the structure results from the assembly of more than one polypeptide chain (also called monomer or subunit) to form an oligomer or multimer. Proteins such as hemoglobin or chaperonin GroEL are oligomers formed by 2 and 14 subunits, respectively, whereas virus capsids are multimers composed of hundreds of monomers. In these cases, the architecture of the interface between the subunits and the overall assembly geometry are essential in determining the functional motions that these sophisticated structures are able to perform under physiological conditions. Here we present results from our computational study of the large-amplitude motions of dimeric and hexameric proteins that belong to the Amino Acid Kinase family. Our study reveals that the monomers in these oligomeric proteins are arranged in such a way that the oligomer inherits the intrinsic dynamic features of its components. The packing geometry additionally confers the ability to perform highly cooperative conformational changes that involve all monomers and enable the biological activity of the multimer. The study highlights the significance of the quaternary design in favoring the oligomer dynamics that enables ligand-binding and allosteric regulation functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Marcos
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Modelling, IQAC-CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ramon Crehuet
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Modelling, IQAC-CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
- * E-mail: (RC) (RC); (IB) (IB)
| | - Ivet Bahar
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail: (RC) (RC); (IB) (IB)
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Pakhomova S, Bartlett SG, Doerner PA, Newcomer ME. Structural and biochemical insights into the mechanism of fosfomycin phosphorylation by fosfomycin resistance kinase FomA. Biochemistry 2011; 50:6909-19. [PMID: 21728358 DOI: 10.1021/bi2004334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We present here the crystal structures of fosfomycin resistance protein (FomA) complexed with MgATP, with ATP and fosfomycin, with MgADP and fosfomycin vanadate, with MgADP and the product of the enzymatic reaction, fosfomycin monophosphate, and with ADP at 1.87, 1.58, 1.85, 1.57, and 1.85 Å resolution, respectively. Structures of these complexes that approximate different reaction steps allowed us to distinguish the catalytically active conformation of ATP and to reconstruct the model of the MgATP·fosfomycin complex. According to the model, the triphosphate tail of the nucleotide is aligned toward the phosphonate moiety of fosfomycin, in contest to the previously published MgAMPPNP complex, with the attacking fosfomycin oxygen positioned 4 Å from the γ-phosphorus of ATP. Site-directed mutagenesis studies and comparison of these structures with that of homologous N-acetyl-l-glutamate and isopentenyl phosphate kinases allowed us to propose a model of phosphorylation of fosfomycin by FomA enzyme. A Mg cation ligates all three phosphate groups of ATP and together with positively charged K216, K9, K18, and H58 participates in the dissipation of negative charge during phosphoryl transfer, indicating that the transferred phosphate group is highly negatively charged, which would be expected for an associative mechanism. K216 polarizes the γ-phosphoryl group of ATP. K9, K18, and H58 participate in stabilization of the transition state. D150 and D208 play organizational roles in catalysis. S148, S149, and T210 participate in fosfomycin binding, with T210 being crucial for catalysis. Hence, it appears that as in the homologous enzymes, FomA-catalyzed phosphoryl transfer takes place by an in-line predominantly associative mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Pakhomova
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States.
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Veeravalli K, Boyd D, Iverson BL, Beckwith J, Georgiou G. Laboratory evolution of glutathione biosynthesis reveals natural compensatory pathways. Nat Chem Biol 2010; 7:101-5. [PMID: 21186348 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2010] [Accepted: 10/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The first and highly conserved step in glutathione (GSH) biosynthesis is formation of γ-glutamyl cysteine by the enzyme glutamate-cysteine ligase (GshA). However, bioinformatic analysis revealed that many prokaryotic species that encode GSH-dependent proteins lack the gene for this enzyme. To understand how bacteria cope without gshA, we isolated Escherichia coli ΔgshA multigenic suppressors that accumulated physiological levels of GSH. Mutations in both proB and proA, the first two genes in L-proline biosynthesis, provided a new pathway for γ-glutamyl cysteine formation via the selective interception of ProB-bound γ-glutamyl phosphate by amino acid thiols, likely through an S-to-N acyl shift mechanism. Bioinformatic analysis suggested that the L-proline biosynthetic pathway may have a second role in γ-glutamyl cysteine formation in prokaryotes. Also, we showed that this mechanism could be exploited to generate cytoplasmic redox buffers bioorthogonal to GSH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthik Veeravalli
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
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41
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Pérez-Arellano I, Carmona-Álvarez F, Gallego J, Cervera J. Molecular Mechanisms Modulating Glutamate Kinase Activity. Identification of the Proline Feedback Inhibitor Binding Site. J Mol Biol 2010; 404:890-901. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2010.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2010] [Revised: 10/13/2010] [Accepted: 10/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Interaction of transcriptional repressor ArgR with transcriptional regulator FarR at the argB promoter region in Corynebacterium glutamicum. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 77:711-8. [PMID: 21115700 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01610-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In Corynebacterium glutamicum, the ArgR protein, a transcriptional repressor, affects the expression level of the argB gene through binding to its promoter region. The argB promoter region (positions -77 to -25) has been found by in vitro electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) results and in silico analysis to be important for the DNA binding of ArgR. Proline supplementation prevented the DNA binding of ArgR to the argB promoter region and triggered an increase of the argB mRNA level. Additional mutational analyses of the argB promoter region found nucleotides critical for ArgR binding (G located at position -58, C at position -55, and A at position -41 of the argB promoter) in that region. Another transcriptional repressor, FarR, was also demonstrated to bind to the argB promoter region. This binding was delimited to positions -57 to -77 on the argB promoter. FarR has only one putative binding domain located at positions -57 to -77, but this region exactly overlapped with the binding region located from positions -55 to -77 for the binding of ArgR within the argB promoter; thus, if ArgR bound with the argB promoter first, the binding of FarR was not observed in this region. However, if FarR bound to the binding domain located at positions -57 to -77 first, ArgR could bind other binding sites located at positions -49 to -25 within the argB promoter. Finally, this study suggests that ArgR can affect FarR binding to the argB promoter region, as protein binding is dominated by the protein most able to do so.
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Dellas N, Noel JP. Mutation of archaeal isopentenyl phosphate kinase highlights mechanism and guides phosphorylation of additional isoprenoid monophosphates. ACS Chem Biol 2010; 5:589-601. [PMID: 20392112 PMCID: PMC2887675 DOI: 10.1021/cb1000313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
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The biosynthesis of isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) from either the mevalonate (MVA) or the 1-deoxy-d-xylulose 5-phosphate (DXP) pathway provides the key metabolite for primary and secondary isoprenoid biosynthesis. Isoprenoid metabolism plays crucial roles in membrane stability, steroid biosynthesis, vitamin production, protein localization, defense and communication, photoprotection, sugar transport, and glycoprotein biosynthesis. Recently, an alternative branch of the MVA pathway was discovered in the archaeon Methanocaldococcus jannaschii involving a small molecule kinase, isopentenyl phosphate kinase (IPK). IPK belongs to the amino acid kinase (AAK) superfamily. In vitro, IPK phosphorylates isopentenyl monophosphate (IP) in an ATP and Mg2+-dependent reaction producing IPP. Here, we describe crystal structures of IPK from M. jannaschii refined to nominal resolutions of 2.0−2.8 Å. Notably, an active site histidine residue (His60) forms a hydrogen bond with the terminal phosphate of both substrate and product. This His residue serves as a marker for a subset of the AAK family that catalyzes phosphorylation of phosphate or phosphonate functional groups; the larger family includes carboxyl-directed kinases, which lack this active site residue. Using steady-state kinetic analysis of H60A, H60N, and H60Q mutants, the protonated form of the Nε2 nitrogen of His60 was shown to be essential for catalysis, most likely through hydrogen bond stabilization of the transition state accompanying transphosphorylation. Moreover, the structures served as the starting point for the engineering of IPK mutants capable of the chemoenzymatic synthesis of longer chain isoprenoid diphosphates from monophosphate precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikki Dellas
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, Jack H. Skirball Center for Chemical Biology and Proteomics, 10010 Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
- Department of Chemistry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Joseph P. Noel
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, Jack H. Skirball Center for Chemical Biology and Proteomics, 10010 Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
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Glutamate kinase from Thermotoga maritima: characterization of a thermophilic enzyme for proline biosynthesis. Extremophiles 2010; 14:409-15. [PMID: 20544237 DOI: 10.1007/s00792-010-0320-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2010] [Accepted: 05/26/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Glutamate kinase (GK), an enzyme involved in osmoprotection in plants and microorganisms, catalyses the first and controlling step of proline biosynthesis. The proB gene encoding GK was cloned from the hyperthermophilic bacterium Thermotoga maritima and overexpressed in Escherichia coli, and the resulting protein was purified to homogeneity in three simple steps. T. maritima GK behaved as a tetramer, showing maximal activity at 83 degrees C, and was inhibited by ADP and proline. Although T. maritima GK exhibited high amino acid similarity to the mesophilic E. coli GK, it was less dependent of Mg ions and was not aggregated in the presence of proline. Moreover, it displayed a greater thermostability and higher catalytic efficiency than its mesophilic counterpart at elevated temperatures.
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45
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Mabanglo MF, Schubert HL, Chen M, Hill CP, Poulter CD. X-ray structures of isopentenyl phosphate kinase. ACS Chem Biol 2010; 5:517-27. [PMID: 20402538 PMCID: PMC2879073 DOI: 10.1021/cb100032g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Isoprenoid compounds are ubiquitous in nature, participating in important biological phenomena such as signal transduction, aerobic cellular respiration, photosynthesis, insect communication, and many others. They are derived from the 5-carbon isoprenoid substrates isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) and its isomer dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP). In Archaea and Eukarya, these building blocks are synthesized via the mevalonate pathway. However, the genes required to convert mevalonate phosphate (MP) to IPP are missing in several species of Archaea. An enzyme with isopentenyl phosphate kinase (IPK) activity was recently discovered in Methanocaldococcus jannaschii (MJ), suggesting a departure from the classical sequence of converting MP to IPP. We have determined the high-resolution crystal structures of isopentenyl phosphate kinases in complex with both substrates and products from Thermoplasma acidophilum (THA), as well as the IPK from Methanothermobacter thermautotrophicus (MTH), by means of single-wavelength anomalous diffraction (SAD) and molecular replacement. A histidine residue (His50) in THA IPK makes a hydrogen bond with the terminal phosphates of IP and IPP, poising these molecules for phosphoryl transfer through an in-line geometry. Moreover, a lysine residue (Lys14) makes hydrogen bonds with nonbridging oxygen atoms at P(alpha) and P(gamma) and with the P(beta)-P(gamma) bridging oxygen atom in ATP. These interactions suggest a transition-state-stabilizing role for this residue. Lys14 is a part of a newly discovered "lysine triangle" catalytic motif in IPKs that also includes Lys5 and Lys205. Moreover, His50, Lys5, Lys14, and Lys205 are conserved in all IPKs and can therefore serve as fingerprints for identifying new homologues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark F. Mabanglo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Heidi L. Schubert
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, 15 North Medical Drive, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Mo Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Christopher P. Hill
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, 15 North Medical Drive, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - C. Dale Poulter
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.,Corresponding author:
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Pérez-Arellano I, Carmona-Alvarez F, Martínez AI, Rodríguez-Díaz J, Cervera J. Pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthase and proline biosynthesis: from osmotolerance to rare metabolic disease. Protein Sci 2010; 19:372-82. [PMID: 20091669 DOI: 10.1002/pro.340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthase (P5CS) is a bifunctional enzyme that exhibits glutamate kinase (GK) and gamma-glutamyl phosphate reductase (GPR) activities. The enzyme is highly relevant in humans because it belongs to a combined route for the interconversion of glutamate, ornithine and proline. The deficiency of P5CS activity in humans is associated with a rare, inherited metabolic disease. It is well established that some bacteria and plants accumulate proline in response to osmotic stress. The alignment of P5CSs from different species and analysis of the solved structures of GK and GPR reveal high sequence and structural conservation. The information acquired from different mutant enzymes with increased osmotolerant properties, together with the position of the insertion found in the longer human isoform, permit the delimitation of the regulatory site of GK and P5CS and the proposal of a model of P5CS architecture. Additionally, the GK moiety of the human enzyme has been modeled and the known clinical mutations and polymorphisms have been mapped.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Pérez-Arellano
- Molecular Recognition Laboratory, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Valencia, Spain
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Gil-Ortiz F, Ramón-Maiques S, Fernández-Murga ML, Fita I, Rubio V. Two crystal structures of Escherichia coli N-acetyl-L-glutamate kinase demonstrate the cycling between open and closed conformations. J Mol Biol 2010; 399:476-90. [PMID: 20403363 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2010.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2010] [Revised: 04/13/2010] [Accepted: 04/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
N-Acetyl-L-glutamate kinase (NAGK), the paradigm enzyme of the amino acid kinase family, catalyzes the second step of arginine biosynthesis. Although substrate binding and catalysis were clarified by the determination of four crystal structures of the homodimeric Escherichia coli enzyme (EcNAGK), we now determine 2 A resolution crystal structures of EcNAGK free from substrates or complexed with the product N-acetyl-L-glutamyl-5-phosphate (NAGP) and with sulfate, which reveal a novel, very open NAGK conformation to which substrates would associate and from which products would dissociate. In this conformation, the C-domain, which hosts most of the nucleotide site, rotates approximately 24 degrees -28 degrees away from the N-domain, which hosts the acetylglutamate site, whereas the empty ATP site also exhibits some changes. One sulfate is found binding in the region where the beta-phosphate of ATP normally binds, suggesting that ATP is first anchored to the beta-phosphate site, before perfect binding by induced fit, triggering the shift to the closed conformation. In contrast, the acetylglutamate site is always well formed, although its beta-hairpin lid is found here to be mobile, being closed only in the subunit of the EcNAGK-NAGP complex that binds NAGP most strongly. Lid closure appears to increase the affinity for acetylglutamate/NAGP and to stabilize the closed enzyme conformation via lid-C-domain contacts. Our finding of NAGP bound to the open conformation confirms that this product dissociates from the open enzyme form and allows reconstruction of the active center in the ternary complex with both products, delineating the final steps of the reaction, which is shown here by site-directed mutagenesis to involve centrally the invariant residue Gly11.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Gil-Ortiz
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER-ISCIII), Jaime Roig 11, Valencia 46010, Spain
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Ramón-Maiques S, Marina A, Guinot A, Gil-Ortiz F, Uriarte M, Fita I, Rubio V. Substrate binding and catalysis in carbamate kinase ascertained by crystallographic and site-directed mutagenesis studies: movements and significance of a unique globular subdomain of this key enzyme for fermentative ATP production in bacteria. J Mol Biol 2010; 397:1261-75. [PMID: 20188742 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2010.02.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2009] [Revised: 02/17/2010] [Accepted: 02/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Carbamate kinase (CK) makes ATP from ADP and carbamoyl phosphate (CP) in the final step of the microbial fermentative catabolism of arginine, agmatine, and oxalurate/allantoin. Two previously reported CK structures failed to clarify CP binding and catalysis and to reveal the significance of the protruding subdomain (PSD) that hangs over the CK active center as an exclusive and characteristic CK feature. We clarify now these three questions by determining two crystal structures of Enterococcus faecalis CK (one at 1.5 A resolution and containing bound MgADP, and the other at 2.1 A resolution and having in the active center one sulfate and two fixed water molecules that mimic one bound CP molecule) and by mutating active-center residues, determining the consequences of these mutations on enzyme functionality. Superimposition of the present crystal structures reconstructs the filled active center in the ternary complex, immediately suggesting in-line associative phosphoryl group transfer and a mechanism for enzyme catalysis involving N51, K209, K271, D210, and the PSD residue K128. The large respective increases and decreases in K(m)(CP) and k(cat) triggered by the mutations N51A, K128A, K209A, and D210N corroborate the ternary complex active-site architecture and the catalytic mechanism proposed. The extreme negative effects of K128A demonstrate a key role of the PSD in substrate binding and catalysis. The crystal structures reveal large rigid-body movements of the PSD towards the enzyme body that place K128 next to CP and bury the CP site. A mechanism that connects CP site occupation with the PSD approach, involving V206-I207 in the CP site and P162-S163 in the PSD stem, is identified. The effects of the V206A and V206L mutations support this mechanism. It is concluded that the PSD movement allows CK to select against the abundant CP/carbamate analogues acetylphosphate/acetate and bicarbonate, rendering CK highly selective for CP/carbamate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Ramón-Maiques
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (Instituto de Salud Carlos III), Jaime Roig 11, Valencia 46010, Spain
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50
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Abstract
Anthropogenic compounds used as pesticides, solvents and explosives often persist in the environment and can cause toxicity to humans and wildlife. The persistence of anthropogenic compounds is due to their recent introduction into the environment; microbes in soil and water have had relatively little time to evolve efficient mechanisms for degradation of these new compounds. Some anthropogenic compounds are easily degraded, whereas others are degraded very slowly or only partially, leading to accumulation of toxic products. This review examines the factors that affect the ability of microbes to degrade anthropogenic compounds and the mechanisms by which new pathways emerge in nature. New approaches for engineering microbes with enhanced degradative abilities include assembly of pathways using enzymes from multiple organisms, directed evolution of inefficient enzymes, and genome shuffling to improve microbial fitness under the challenging conditions posed by contaminated environments.
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