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Padarti A, Abou-Fadel J, Zhang J. Resurgence of phosphotyrosine binding domains: Structural and functional properties essential for understanding disease pathogenesis. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2021; 1865:129977. [PMID: 34391832 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2021.129977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phosphotyrosine Binding (PTB) Domains, usually found on scaffold proteins, are pervasive in many cellular signaling pathways. These domains are the second-largest family of phosphotyrosine recognition domains and since their initial discovery, dozens of PTB domains have been structurally determined. SCOPE OF REVIEW Due to its signature sequence flexibility, PTB domains can bind to a large variety of ligands including phospholipids. PTB peptide binding is divided into classical binding (canonical NPXY motifs) and non-classical binding (all other motifs). The first atypical PTB domain was discovered in cerebral cavernous malformation 2 (CCM2) protein, while only one third in size of the typical PTB domain, it remains functionally equivalent. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS PTB domains are involved in numerous signaling processes including embryogenesis, neurogenesis, and angiogenesis, while dysfunction is linked to major disorders including diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, Alzheimer's disease, and strokes. PTB domains may also be essential in infectious processes, currently responsible for the global pandemic in which viral cellular entry is suspected to be mediated through PTB and NPXY interactions. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE We summarize the structural and functional updates in the PTB domain over the last 20 years in hopes of resurging interest and further analyzing the importance of this versatile domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhil Padarti
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine (MTM), Texas Tech University Health Science Center El Paso, 5001 El Paso Drive, El Paso, TX 79905, USA
| | - Johnathan Abou-Fadel
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine (MTM), Texas Tech University Health Science Center El Paso, 5001 El Paso Drive, El Paso, TX 79905, USA
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine (MTM), Texas Tech University Health Science Center El Paso, 5001 El Paso Drive, El Paso, TX 79905, USA.
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2
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Lin CC, Suen KM, Stainthorp A, Wieteska L, Biggs GS, Leitão A, Montanari CA, Ladbury JE. Targeting the Shc-EGFR interaction with indomethacin inhibits MAP kinase pathway signalling. Cancer Lett 2019; 457:86-97. [PMID: 31100409 PMCID: PMC6584941 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2019.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK)-mediated hyperactivation of the MAPK/Erk pathway is responsible for a large number of pathogenic outcomes including many cancers. Considerable effort has been directed at targeting this pathway with varying degrees of long term therapeutic success. Under non-stimulated conditions Erk is bound to the adaptor protein Shc preventing aberrant signalling by sequestering Erk from activation by Mek. Activated RTK recruits Shc, via its phosphotyrosine binding (PTB) domain (ShcPTB), precipitating the release of Erk to engage in a signalling response. Here we describe a novel approach to inhibition of MAP kinase signal transduction through attempting to preserve the Shc-Erk complex under conditions of activated receptor. A library of existing drug molecules was computationally screened for hits that would bind to the ShcPTB and block its interaction with the RTKs EGFR and ErbB2. The primary hit from the screen was indomethacin, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug. Validation of this molecule in vitro and in cellular efficacy studies in cancer cells provides proof of principle of the approach to pathway down-regulation and a potential optimizable lead compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Chuan Lin
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Kin Man Suen
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK; Wellcome Trust Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QN, UK
| | - Amy Stainthorp
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Lukasz Wieteska
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - George S Biggs
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EQ, UK
| | - Andrei Leitão
- Medicinal Chemistry Group (NEQUIMED), São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo (IQSC-USP), 13566-590, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Carlos A Montanari
- Medicinal Chemistry Group (NEQUIMED), São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo (IQSC-USP), 13566-590, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - John E Ladbury
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK; Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India.
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3
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Ha JR, Ahn R, Smith HW, Sabourin V, Hébert S, Cepeda Cañedo E, Im YK, Kleinman CL, Muller WJ, Ursini-Siegel J. Integration of Distinct ShcA Signaling Complexes Promotes Breast Tumor Growth and Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor Resistance. Mol Cancer Res 2018; 16:894-908. [PMID: 29453318 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-17-0623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The commonality between most phospho-tyrosine signaling networks is their shared use of adaptor proteins to transduce mitogenic signals. ShcA (SHC1) is one such adaptor protein that employs two phospho-tyrosine binding domains (PTB and SH2) and key phospho-tyrosine residues to promote mammary tumorigenesis. Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK), such as ErbB2, bind the ShcA PTB domain to promote breast tumorigenesis by engaging Grb2 downstream of the ShcA tyrosine phosphorylation sites to activate AKT/mTOR signaling. However, breast tumors also rely on the ShcA PTB domain to bind numerous negative regulators that limit activation of secondary mitogenic signaling networks. This study examines the role of PTB-independent ShcA pools in controlling breast tumor growth and resistance to tyrosine kinase inhibitors. We demonstrate that PTB-independent ShcA complexes predominately rely on the ShcA SH2 domain to activate multiple Src family kinases (SFK), including Src and Fyn, in ErbB2-positive breast cancers. Using genetic and pharmacologic approaches, we show that PTB-independent ShcA complexes augment mammary tumorigenesis by increasing the activity of the Src and Fyn tyrosine kinases in an SH2-dependent manner. This bifurcation of signaling complexes from distinct ShcA pools transduces non-redundant signals that integrate the AKT/mTOR and SFK pathways to cooperatively increase breast tumor growth and resistance to tyrosine kinase inhibitors, including lapatinib and PP2. This study mechanistically dissects how the interplay between diverse intracellular ShcA complexes impacts the tyrosine kinome to affect breast tumorigenesis.Implications: The ShcA adaptor, within distinct signaling complexes, impacts tyrosine kinase signaling, breast tumor growth, and resistance to tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Mol Cancer Res; 16(5); 894-908. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline R Ha
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
- Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Ryuhjin Ahn
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
- Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Harvey W Smith
- Department of Biochemistry, McIntyre Medical Building, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Valerie Sabourin
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Steven Hébert
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Eduardo Cepeda Cañedo
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
- Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Young Kyuen Im
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
- Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Claudia L Kleinman
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Human Genetics, Strathcona Anatomy & Dentistry Building, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - William J Muller
- Department of Biochemistry, McIntyre Medical Building, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Human Genetics, Strathcona Anatomy & Dentistry Building, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Josie Ursini-Siegel
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Montréal, Quebec, Canada.
- Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, McIntyre Medical Building, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
- Gerald Bronfman Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
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4
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Suen KM, Lin CC, Seiler C, George R, Poncet-Montange G, Biter AB, Ahmed Z, Arold ST, Ladbury JE. Phosphorylation of threonine residues on Shc promotes ligand binding and mediates crosstalk between MAPK and Akt pathways in breast cancer cells. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2018; 94:89-97. [PMID: 29208567 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2017.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Scaffold proteins play important roles in regulating signalling network fidelity, the absence of which is often the basis for diseases such as cancer. In the present work, we show that the prototypical scaffold protein Shc is phosphorylated by the extracellular signal-regulated kinase, Erk. In addition, Shc threonine phosphorylation is specifically up-regulated in two selected triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cell lines. To explore how Erk-mediated threonine phosphorylation on Shc might play a role in the dysregulation of signalling events, we investigated how Shc affects pathways downstream of EGF receptor. Using an in vitro model and biophysical analysis, we show that Shc threonine phosphorylation is responsible for elevated Akt and Erk signalling, potentially through the recruitment of the 14-3-3 ζ and Pin-1 proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Suen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Unit 1954, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Graduate School of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Unit 1954, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - C C Lin
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, LC Miall Building, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - C Seiler
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, LC Miall Building, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - R George
- Structural Biology STP, The Francis Crick Institute, Lincolns Inn Fields Laboratory, 44 Lincolns Inn Fields, Holborn, London, WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - G Poncet-Montange
- Orthogon Therapeutics, 960 Turnpike Street, Unit 10, Canton, MA 02021, USA
| | - A B Biter
- Sabin Vaccine Institute and Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, 1102 Bates Avenue, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Z Ahmed
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Unit 1954, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - S T Arold
- Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, CBRC, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - J E Ladbury
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, LC Miall Building, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
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5
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Wills MKB, Keyvani Chahi A, Lau HR, Tilak M, Guild BD, New LA, Lu P, Jacquet K, Meakin SO, Bisson N, Jones N. Signaling adaptor ShcD suppresses extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Erk) phosphorylation distal to the Ret and Trk neurotrophic receptors. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:5748-5759. [PMID: 28213521 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.770511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteins of the Src homology and collagen (Shc) family are typically involved in signal transduction events involving Ras/MAPK and PI3K/Akt pathways. In the nervous system, they function proximal to the neurotrophic factors that regulate cell survival, differentiation, and neuron-specific characteristics. The least characterized homolog, ShcD, is robustly expressed in the developing and mature nervous system, but its contributions to neural cell circuitry are largely uncharted. We now report that ShcD binds to active Ret, TrkA, and TrkB neurotrophic factor receptors predominantly via its phosphotyrosine-binding (PTB) domain. However, in contrast to the conventional Shc adaptors, ShcD suppresses distal phosphorylation of the Erk MAPK. Accordingly, genetic knock-out of mouse ShcD enhances Erk phosphorylation in the brain. In cultured cells, this capacity is tightly aligned to phosphorylation of ShcD CH1 region tyrosine motifs, which serve as docking platforms for signal transducers, such as Grb2. Erk suppression is relieved through independent mutagenesis of the PTB domain and the CH1 tyrosine residues, and successive substitution of these tyrosines breaks the interaction between ShcD and Grb2, thereby promoting TrkB-Grb2 association. Erk phosphorylation can also be restored in the presence of wild type ShcD through Grb2 overexpression. Conversely, mutation of the ShcD SH2 domain results in enhanced repression of Erk. Although the SH2 domain is a less common binding interface in Shc proteins, we demonstrate that it associates with the Ptpn11 (Shp2) phosphatase, which in turn regulates ShcD tyrosine phosphorylation. We therefore propose a model whereby ShcD competes with neurotrophic receptors for Grb2 binding and opposes activation of the MAPK cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie K B Wills
- From the Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Ava Keyvani Chahi
- From the Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Hayley R Lau
- From the Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Manali Tilak
- From the Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Brianna D Guild
- From the Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Laura A New
- From the Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Peihua Lu
- From the Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Kévin Jacquet
- Cancer Research Centre, Quebec Network for Research on Protein Function, Engineering, and Applications (PROTEO) and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec Research Centre-Université Laval, Québec City, Québec G1R 2J6, Canada, and
| | - Susan O Meakin
- Department of Biochemistry, Western University, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Nicolas Bisson
- Cancer Research Centre, Quebec Network for Research on Protein Function, Engineering, and Applications (PROTEO) and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec Research Centre-Université Laval, Québec City, Québec G1R 2J6, Canada, and
| | - Nina Jones
- From the Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada,
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6
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Ha JR, Siegel PM, Ursini-Siegel J. The Tyrosine Kinome Dictates Breast Cancer Heterogeneity and Therapeutic Responsiveness. J Cell Biochem 2016; 117:1971-90. [PMID: 27392311 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Phospho-tyrosine signaling networks control numerous biological processes including cellular differentiation, cell growth and survival, motility, and invasion. Aberrant regulation of the tyrosine kinome is a hallmark of malignancy and influences all stages of breast cancer progression, from initiation to the development of metastatic disease. The success of specific tyrosine kinase inhibitors strongly validates the clinical relevance of tyrosine phosphorylation networks in breast cancer pathology. However, a significant degree of redundancy exists within the tyrosine kinome. Numerous receptor and cytoplasmic tyrosine kinases converge on a core set of signaling regulators, including adaptor proteins and tyrosine phosphatases, to amplify pro-tumorigenic signal transduction pathways. Mutational activation, amplification, or overexpression of one or more components of the tyrosine kinome represents key contributing events responsible for the tumor heterogeneity that is observed in breast cancers. It is this molecular heterogeneity that has become the most significant barrier to durable clinical responses due to the development of therapeutic resistance. This review focuses on recent literature that supports a prominent role for specific components of the tyrosine kinome in the emergence of unique breast cancer subtypes and in shaping breast cancer plasticity, sensitivity to targeted therapies, and the eventual emergence of acquired resistance. J. Cell. Biochem. 117: 1971-1990, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline R Ha
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Peter M Siegel
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Josie Ursini-Siegel
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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7
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Lin X, Vinogradova O. Phospho-Tyrosine(s) vs. Phosphatidylinositol Binding in Shc Mediated Integrin Signaling. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 5:17-31. [PMID: 25893141 PMCID: PMC4397963 DOI: 10.4236/ajmb.2015.52003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The Shc adaptor protein, particularly its p52 isoform, has been identified as a primary signaling partner for the tyrosine(s)-phosphorylated cytoplasmic tails of activated β3 integrins. Inspired by our recent structure of the Shc PTB domain in complex with a bi-phosphorylated peptide derived from β3 cytoplasmic tail, we have initiated the investigation of Shc interaction with phospholipids of the membrane. We are particularly focused on PtdIns and their effects on Shc mediated integrin signaling in vitro. Here we present thermodynamic profiles and molecular details of the interactions between Shc, integrin, and PtdIns, all of which have been studied by ITC and solution NMR methods. A model of p52 Shc interaction with phosphorylated β3 integrin cytoplasmic tail at the cytosolic face of the plasma membrane is proposed based on these data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochen Lin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Connecticut at Storrs, Storrs, USA
| | - Olga Vinogradova
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Connecticut at Storrs, Storrs, USA
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8
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Abstract
Although constitutive activation of Janus kinase 3 (Jak3) leads to different cancers, the mechanism of trans-molecular regulation of Jak3 activation is not known. Previously we reported that Jak3 interactions with adapter protein p52ShcA (Shc) facilitate mucosal homeostasis. In this study, we characterize the structural determinants that regulate the interactions between Jak3 and Shc and demonstrate the trans-molecular mechanism of regulation of Jak3 activation by Shc. We show that Jak3 autophosphorylation was the rate-limiting step during Jak3 trans-phosphorylation of Shc where Jak3 directly phosphorylated two tyrosine residues in Src homology 2 (SH2) domain and one tyrosine residue each in calponin homology 1 (CH1) domain and phosphotyrosine interaction domain (PID) of Shc. Direct interactions between mutants of Jak3 and Shc showed that although FERM domain of Jak3 was sufficient for binding to Shc, CH1 and PID domains of Shc were responsible for binding to Jak3. Functionally Jak3 was autophosphorylated under IL-2 stimulation in epithelial cells. However, Shc recruited tyrosine phosphatases SHP2 and PTP1B to Jak3 and thereby dephosphorylated Jak3. Thus we not only characterize Jak3 interaction with Shc, but also demonstrate the molecular mechanism of intracellular regulation of Jak3 activation where Jak3 interactions with Shc acted as regulators of Jak3 dephosphorylation through direct interactions of Shc with both Jak3 and tyrosine phosphatases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayshree Mishra
- From the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Irma Lerma Rangel (ILR) College of Pharmacy Texas A&M Health Science Center, Kingsville, Texas 78363
| | - Narendra Kumar
- From the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Irma Lerma Rangel (ILR) College of Pharmacy Texas A&M Health Science Center, Kingsville, Texas 78363
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9
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Annenkov A. Receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) signalling in the control of neural stem and progenitor cell (NSPC) development. Mol Neurobiol 2013; 49:440-71. [PMID: 23982746 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-013-8532-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Important developmental responses are elicited in neural stem and progenitor cells (NSPC) by activation of the receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK), including the fibroblast growth factor receptors, epidermal growth factor receptor, platelet-derived growth factor receptors and insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF1R). Signalling through these RTK is necessary and sufficient for driving a number of developmental processes in the central nervous system. Within each of the four RTK families discussed here, receptors are activated by sets of ligands that do not cross-activate receptors of the other three families, and therefore, their activation can be independently regulated by ligand availability. These RTK pathways converge on a conserved core of signalling molecules, but differences between the receptors in utilisation of signalling molecules and molecular adaptors for intracellular signal propagation become increasingly apparent. Intracellular inhibitors of RTK signalling are widely involved in the regulation of developmental signalling in NSPC and often determine developmental outcomes of RTK activation. In addition, cellular responses of NSPC to the activation of a given RTK may be significantly modulated by signal strength. Cellular propensity to respond also plays a role in developmental outcomes of RTK signalling. In combination, these mechanisms regulate the balance between NSPC maintenance and differentiation during development and in adulthood. Attribution of particular developmental responses of NSPC to specific pathways of RTK signalling becomes increasingly elucidated. Co-activation of several RTK in developing NSPC is common, and analysis of co-operation between their signalling pathways may advance knowledge of RTK role in NSPC development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Annenkov
- Bone and Joint Research Unit, William Harvey Research Institute, Bart's and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK,
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10
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Suen KM, Lin CC, George R, Melo FA, Biggs ER, Ahmed Z, Drake MN, Arur S, Arold ST, Ladbury JE. Interaction with Shc prevents aberrant Erk activation in the absence of extracellular stimuli. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2013; 20:620-7. [PMID: 23584453 PMCID: PMC4059177 DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.2557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2012] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Control mechanisms that prevent aberrant signaling are necessary to maintain cellular homeostasis. We describe a new mechanism by which the adaptor protein Shc directly binds the MAP kinase Erk, thus preventing its activation in the absence of extracellular stimuli. The Shc-Erk complex restricts Erk nuclear translocation, restraining Erk-dependent transcription of genes, including those responsible for oncogenic growth. The complex forms through unique binding sites on both the Shc PTB domain and the N-terminal lobe of Erk. Upon receptor tyrosine kinase stimulation, a conformational change within Shc-induced through interaction with the phosphorylated receptor-releases Erk, allowing it to fulfill its role in signaling. Thus, in addition to its established role in promoting MAP kinase signaling in stimulated cells, Shc negatively regulates Erk activation in the absence of growth factors and thus could be considered a tumor suppressor in human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kin Man Suen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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11
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Abstract
Shc (Src homology and collagen homology) proteins are considered prototypical signalling adaptors in mammalian cells. Consisting of four unique members, ShcA, B, C and D, and multiple splice isoforms, the family is represented in nearly every cell type in the body, where it engages in an array of fundamental processes to transduce environmental stimuli. Two decades of investigation have begun to illuminate the mechanisms of the flagship ShcA protein, whereas much remains to be learned about the newest discovery, ShcD. It is clear, however, that the distinctive modular architecture of Shc proteins, their promiscuous phosphotyrosine-based interactions with a multitude of membrane receptors, involvement in central cascades including MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) and Akt, and unconventional contributions to oxidative stress and apoptosis all require intricate regulation, and underlie diverse physiological function. From early cardiovascular development and neuronal differentiation to lifespan determination and tumorigenesis, Shc adaptors have proven to be more ubiquitous, versatile and dynamic than their structures alone suggest.
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12
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The ShcA SH2 domain engages a 14-3-3/PI3′K signaling complex and promotes breast cancer cell survival. Oncogene 2012; 31:5038-44. [DOI: 10.1038/onc.2012.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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13
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Survey of the year 2008: applications of isothermal titration calorimetry. J Mol Recognit 2010; 23:395-413. [DOI: 10.1002/jmr.1025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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14
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Liu T, Ohashi-Ito K, Bergmann DC. Orthologs of Arabidopsis thaliana stomatal bHLH genes and regulation of stomatal development in grasses. Development 2009; 136:2265-76. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.032938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Stomata are adjustable pores in the plant epidermis that regulate gas exchange between the plant and atmosphere; they are present on the aerial portions of most higher plants. Genetic pathways controlling stomatal development and distribution have been described in some detail for one dicot species, Arabidopsis, in which three paralogous bHLH transcription factors, FAMA, MUTE and SPCH, control discrete sequential stages in stomatal development. Orthologs of FAMA, MUTE and SPCH are present in other flowering plants. This observation is of particular interest when considering the grasses, because both the morphology of guard cells and their tissue distributions differ substantially between Arabidopsis and this group. By examining gene expression patterns, insertional mutants and cross-species complementation studies, we find evidence that FAMA function is conserved between monocots and dicots, despite their different stomatal morphologies, whereas the roles of MUTE and two SPCH paralogs are somewhat divergent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tie Liu
- Biology Department, 371 Serra Mall, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5020, USA
| | - Kyoko Ohashi-Ito
- Biology Department, 371 Serra Mall, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5020, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Dominique C. Bergmann
- Biology Department, 371 Serra Mall, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5020, USA
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15
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Indirect recruitment of the signalling adaptor Shc to the fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2). Biochem J 2008; 416:189-99. [PMID: 18840094 DOI: 10.1042/bj20080887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The adaptor protein Shc (Src homology and collagen-containing protein) plays an important role in the activation of signalling pathways downstream of RTKs (receptor tyrosine kinases) regulating diverse cellular functions, such as differentiation, adhesion, migration and mitogenesis. Despite being phosphorylated downstream of members of the FGFR (fibroblast growth factor receptor) family, a direct interaction of Shc with this receptor family has not been described to date. Various studies have suggested potential binding sites for the Shc PTB domain (phosphotyrosine-binding domain) and/or the SH2 (Src homology 2) domain on FGFR1, but no interaction of full-length Shc with these sites has been reported in vivo. In the present study, we investigated the importance of the SH2 domain and the PTB domain in recruitment of Shc to FGFR2(IIIc) to characterize the interaction of these two proteins. Confocal microscopy revealed extensive co-localization of Shc with FGFR2. The PTB domain was identified as the critical component of Shc which mediates membrane localization. Results from FLIM (fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy) revealed that the interaction between Shc and FGFR2 is indirect, suggesting that the adaptor protein forms part of a signalling complex containing the receptor. We identified the non-RTK Src as a protein which potentially mediates the formation of such a ternary complex. Although an interaction between Src and Shc has been described previously, in the present study we implicate the Shc SH2 domain as a novel mediator of this association. The recruitment of Shc to FGFR2 via an indirect mechanism provides new insight into the regulation of protein assembly and activation of various signalling pathways downstream of this RTK.
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