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Huang Q, Peng Y, Peng Y, Lin H, Deng S, Feng S, Wei Y. Design, in silico evaluation, and in vitro verification of new bivalent Smac mimetics with pro-apoptotic activity. Methods 2024; 224:35-46. [PMID: 38373678 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2024.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Bivalent Smac mimetics have been shown to possess binding affinity and pro-apoptotic activity similar to or more potent than that of native Smac, a protein dimer able to neutralize the anti-apoptotic activity of an inhibitor of caspase enzymes, XIAP, which endows cancer cells with resistance to anticancer drugs. We design five new bivalent Smac mimetics, which are formed by various linkers tethering two diazabicyclic cores being the IAP binding motifs. We built in silico models of the five mimetics by the TwistDock workflow and evaluated their conformational tendency, which suggests that compound 3, whose linker is n-hexylene, possess the highest binding potency among the five. After synthesis of these compounds, their ability in tumour cell growth inhibition and apoptosis induction displayed in experiments with SK-OV-3 and MDA-MB-231 cancer cell lines confirms our prediction. Among the five mimetics, compound 3 displays promising pro-apoptotic activity and deserves further optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingsheng Huang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Intelligent Bioinformatics & Center for High Performance Computing, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China; School of Mathematics and Statistics, Hanshan Normal University, Chaozhou 521041, China
| | - Yin Peng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Genome Stability & Disease Prevention, Department of Pathology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Yuefeng Peng
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Intelligent Bioinformatics & Center for High Performance Computing, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Huijuan Lin
- Department of Ultrasound, Guangdong Women and Children Hospital, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Shiqi Deng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Genome Stability & Disease Prevention, Department of Pathology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Shengzhong Feng
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Intelligent Bioinformatics & Center for High Performance Computing, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Yanjie Wei
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Intelligent Bioinformatics & Center for High Performance Computing, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China.
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2
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Ali Beg MM, Saxena A, Singh VK, Akhter J, Habib H, Raisuddin S. Modulatory role of BV6 and chloroquine on the regulation of apoptosis and autophagy in non-small cell lung cancer cells. J Cancer Res Ther 2023; 19:S0. [PMID: 37147964 DOI: 10.4103/jcrt.jcrt_816_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Aims Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is one of the aggressive tumors mostly diagnosed in the advanced stage. Therapeutic failure and drug resistance pose a major problem in NSCLC treatment primarily due to alterations in autophagy and loss of apoptosis. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the importance of the second mitochondria-derived activator of caspase mimetic BV6 and autophagy inhibitor chloroquine (CQ) on the regulation of apoptosis and autophagy, respectively. Subjects and Methods Study was conducted on NCI-H23 and NCI-H522 cell lines to evaluate the effect of BV6 and CQ on the transcription and translation level of LC3-II, caspase-3, and caspase-9 genes by quantitative real-time-polymerase chain reaction and western blotting techniques. Results In NCI-H23 cell line, BV6 and CQ treatments showed increased mRNA and protein expression of caspase-3, and caspase-9 compared to its untreated counterpart. BV6 and CQ treatments also caused downregulation of LC3-II protein expression compared to its counterpart. In NCI-H522 cell line, BV6 treatment showed a significantly increased expression of caspase-3 and caspase-9 mRNA and protein expression levels whereas BV6 treatment downregulated the expression level of LC3-II protein. A similar pattern was also observed in CQ treatment when compared with the respective controls. Both BV6 and CQ modulated in vitro expression of caspases and LC3-II which have critical regulatory roles in apoptosis and autophagy, respectively. Conclusions Our findings suggest that BV6 and CQ could be promising candidates in NSCLC treatment and there is a need to explore them in vivo and in clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirza Masroor Ali Beg
- Department of Medical Elementology and Toxicology, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), New Delhi, India; Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ala-Too International University, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
| | - Alpana Saxena
- Biochemistry, Hamdard Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), New Delhi, India
| | | | - Juheb Akhter
- Department of Medical Elementology and Toxicology, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), New Delhi, India
| | - Haroon Habib
- Department of Medical Elementology and Toxicology, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), New Delhi, India
| | - Sheikh Raisuddin
- Department of Medical Elementology and Toxicology, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), New Delhi, India
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3
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Almutairi FM, Ali AG, Abdelhamid AO, Alalawy AI, Bishr MK, Mohamed MS. The Identification of a Novel Unsymmetrical Azine as an Apoptosis Inducer in Colorectal Cancer. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2021; 21:406-413. [PMID: 32838724 DOI: 10.2174/1871520620666200824095314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Defects in the physiological mechanisms of apoptosis are one of the pivotal factors implicated in carcinogenesis. Thus, the development of novel compounds that target various apoptotic pathways has provided promising anticancer therapeutic opportunities. OBJECTIVE This study explores the cytotoxic effects of a novel unsymmetrical azine against specific cancer cell lines and investigates the mechanism of cytotoxicity. METHODS Molecular modeling was used to test the binding affinity of four new unsymmetrical azines to a model of an apoptosis inhibitor protein (XIAP). The compound with the highest binding affinity, C4, was further tested on different cell lines. Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) were used to study apoptosis induction biochemically and morphologically. RESULTS In comparison to cisplatin as a control, the compound C4 exhibited notable cytotoxicity against all tested cancer cell lines, especially the human colorectal carcinoma cell line (HCT-116). Furthermore, C4-treated cells demonstrated marked overexpression of the pro-apoptotic proteins Bax and caspase-3 as well as the tumor suppressor p53. On the other hand, the expression of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 was inhibited. On TEM examination, C4-treated HCT-116 cells showed classical structural signs of apoptosis. CONCLUSION This study identifies a novel azine (C4), which induces remarkable cytotoxicity against the colorectal carcinoma cell line, mediated through apoptosis induction. These novel insights suggest C4 as a promising therapeutic agent in colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahad M Almutairi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ayat G Ali
- Department of Biochemistry, El Sahel Teaching Hospital, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Abdou O Abdelhamid
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Adel I Alalawy
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mai K Bishr
- Department of Clinical Oncology, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mervat S Mohamed
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
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4
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Ahmad I, Dera A, Irfan S, Rajagopalan P, Ali Beg M, Alshahrani M, Mir M, Abohashrh M, Alam M, Wahab S, Verma A, Srivastava S. BV6 enhances apoptosis in Lung cancer cells by ameliorating caspase expressions through attenuation of XIAP, cIAP-1, and cIAP-2 proteins. J Cancer Res Ther 2021; 18:1651-1657. [PMID: 36412426 DOI: 10.4103/jcrt.jcrt_1281_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Bae I, Kim D, Choi J, Kim J, Kim M, Park B, Kim YH, Ahn YG, Hyung Kim H, Kim DK. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of new bivalent quinazoline analogues as IAP antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2020; 34:127676. [PMID: 33166687 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2020.127676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We recently reported the biological evaluations of monovalent IAP antagonist 7 with good potency (MDA-MB-231, IC50 = 19 nM). In an effort to increase cellular activity and improve favorable drug-like properties, we newly designed and synthesized bivalent analogues based on quinazoline structure of 7. Optimization of cellular potency and CYP inhibition led to the identification of 27, which showed dramatic increase of over 100-fold (IC50 = 0.14 nM) and caused substantial tumor regressions in MDA-MB-231 xenograft model. These results strongly support 27 as a promising bivalent antagonist for the development of an effective anti-tumor approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inhwan Bae
- Department of Environmental & Health Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, 84, Heukseok-gu, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea; Hanmi Research Center, Hanmi Pharm. Co. Ltd., 550 Dongtangiheung-Ro, Hwaseong-Si, Gyeonggi-Do 18469, Republic of Korea.
| | - Daejin Kim
- Department of Environmental & Health Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, 84, Heukseok-gu, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea; Hanmi Research Center, Hanmi Pharm. Co. Ltd., 550 Dongtangiheung-Ro, Hwaseong-Si, Gyeonggi-Do 18469, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jaeyul Choi
- Hanmi Research Center, Hanmi Pharm. Co. Ltd., 550 Dongtangiheung-Ro, Hwaseong-Si, Gyeonggi-Do 18469, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jisook Kim
- Hanmi Research Center, Hanmi Pharm. Co. Ltd., 550 Dongtangiheung-Ro, Hwaseong-Si, Gyeonggi-Do 18469, Republic of Korea.
| | - Minjeong Kim
- Hanmi Research Center, Hanmi Pharm. Co. Ltd., 550 Dongtangiheung-Ro, Hwaseong-Si, Gyeonggi-Do 18469, Republic of Korea.
| | - Bokyung Park
- Department of Environmental & Health Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, 84, Heukseok-gu, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Hoon Kim
- Hanmi Research Center, Hanmi Pharm. Co. Ltd., 550 Dongtangiheung-Ro, Hwaseong-Si, Gyeonggi-Do 18469, Republic of Korea.
| | - Young Gil Ahn
- Hanmi Research Center, Hanmi Pharm. Co. Ltd., 550 Dongtangiheung-Ro, Hwaseong-Si, Gyeonggi-Do 18469, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ha Hyung Kim
- Biotherapeutics and Glycomics Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, 84, Heukseok-gu, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea.
| | - Dae Kyong Kim
- Department of Environmental & Health Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, 84, Heukseok-gu, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea.
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Pache L, Marsden MD, Teriete P, Portillo AJ, Heimann D, Kim JT, Soliman MS, Dimapasoc M, Carmona C, Celeridad M, Spivak AM, Planelles V, Cosford ND, Zack JA, Chanda SK. Pharmacological Activation of Non-canonical NF-κB Signaling Activates Latent HIV-1 Reservoirs In Vivo. Cell Rep Med 2020; 1:100037. [PMID: 33205060 PMCID: PMC7659604 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2020.100037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
"Shock and kill" strategies focus on purging the latent HIV-1 reservoir by treating infected individuals with therapeutics that activate the latent virus and subsequently eliminating infected cells. We have previously reported that induction of non-canonical nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) signaling through a class of small-molecule antagonists known as Smac mimetics can reverse HIV-1 latency. Here, we describe the development of Ciapavir (SBI-0953294), a molecule specifically optimized for HIV-1 latency reversal that was found to be more efficacious as a latency-reversing agent than other Smac mimetics under clinical development for cancer. Critically, this molecule induced activation of HIV-1 reservoirs in vivo in a bone marrow, liver, thymus (BLT) humanized mouse model without mediating systemic T cell activation. This study provides proof of concept for the in vivo efficacy and safety of Ciapavir and indicates that Smac mimetics can constitute a critical component of a safe and efficacious treatment strategy to eliminate the latent HIV-1 reservoir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Pache
- Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Immunity and Pathogenesis Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Matthew D. Marsden
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Peter Teriete
- Cell Metabolism and Signaling Networks Program, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Alex J. Portillo
- Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Immunity and Pathogenesis Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Dominik Heimann
- Cell Metabolism and Signaling Networks Program, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jocelyn T. Kim
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Mohamed S.A. Soliman
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Melanie Dimapasoc
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Camille Carmona
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Maria Celeridad
- Cell Metabolism and Signaling Networks Program, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Adam M. Spivak
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Vicente Planelles
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Nicholas D.P. Cosford
- Cell Metabolism and Signaling Networks Program, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jerome A. Zack
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Sumit K. Chanda
- Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Immunity and Pathogenesis Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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7
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Zhu H, Li Y, Liu Y, Han B. Bivalent SMAC Mimetics for Treating Cancer by Antagonizing Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins. ChemMedChem 2019; 14:1951-1962. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201900410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongping Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of PharmacyChengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine 1166 Liutai Avenue Chengdu 611137 China
- Antibiotics Research and Re-evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Industrial Institute of AntibioticsChengdu University 168 Huaguan Road Chengdu 610052 China
| | - Yi Li
- Antibiotics Research and Re-evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Industrial Institute of AntibioticsChengdu University 168 Huaguan Road Chengdu 610052 China
| | - Yue Liu
- Antibiotics Research and Re-evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Industrial Institute of AntibioticsChengdu University 168 Huaguan Road Chengdu 610052 China
| | - Bo Han
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of PharmacyChengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine 1166 Liutai Avenue Chengdu 611137 China
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Huang Q, Peng Y, Peng Y, Wei D, Wei Y, Feng S. The TwistDock workflow for evaluation of bivalent Smac mimetics targeting XIAP. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2019; 13:1373-1388. [PMID: 31118573 PMCID: PMC6499140 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s194276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: Mimetics based on Smac, the native inhibitor of XIAP, are promising drug-candidates for the treatment of cancer. Bivalent Smac mimetics inhibit XIAP with even higher potency than monovalent mimetics, but how to optimize the linker that tethers the two monovalent binding motifs remains controversial. Methods: To construct an ensemble of bivalent complex structures for evaluating various linkers, we propose herein a workflow, named TwistDock, consisting of steps of monovalent docking and linker twisting, in which the degrees of freedom are sampled focusing on the rotation of single bonds of the linker. Results: The obtained conformations of bivalent complex distribute randomly in the conformational space with respect to two reaction coordinates introduced by the linker, which are the distance of the two binding motifs and the dihedral angle of the two planes through the linker and each of the binding motifs. Molecular dynamics starting from 10 conformations with the lowest enthalpy of every complex shows that the conformational tendency of the complex participated by compound 9, one of the compounds with the largest binding affinity, is distinct from others. By umbrella sampling of the complex, we find its global minimum of the free energy landscape. The structure shows that the linker favors a compact conformation, and the two BIR domains of XIAP encompass the ligand on the opposite sides. Conclusion: TwistDock can be used in fine-tuning of bivalent ligands targeting XIAP and similar receptors dimerized or oligomerized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingsheng Huang
- Joint Engineering Research Center for Health Big Data Intelligent Analysis Technology and Center for High Performance Computing, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yin Peng
- Department of Pathology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuefeng Peng
- Joint Engineering Research Center for Health Big Data Intelligent Analysis Technology and Center for High Performance Computing, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.,Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, MD 20903, USA
| | - Dan Wei
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanjie Wei
- Joint Engineering Research Center for Health Big Data Intelligent Analysis Technology and Center for High Performance Computing, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengzhong Feng
- Joint Engineering Research Center for Health Big Data Intelligent Analysis Technology and Center for High Performance Computing, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
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9
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Abstract
Tetrazole derivatives are a prime class of heterocycles, very important to medicinal chemistry and drug design due to not only their bioisosterism to carboxylic acid and amide moieties but also to their metabolic stability and other beneficial physicochemical properties. Although more than 20 FDA-approved drugs contain 1 H- or 2 H-tetrazole substituents, their exact binding mode, structural biology, 3D conformations, and in general their chemical behavior is not fully understood. Importantly, multicomponent reaction (MCR) chemistry offers convergent access to multiple tetrazole scaffolds providing the three important elements of novelty, diversity, and complexity, yet MCR pathways to tetrazoles are far from completely explored. Here, we review the use of multicomponent reactions for the preparation of substituted tetrazole derivatives. We highlight specific applications and general trends holding therein and discuss synthetic approaches and their value by analyzing scope and limitations, and also enlighten their receptor binding mode. Finally, we estimated the prospects of further research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constantinos G. Neochoritis
- Drug Design Group, Department of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9700 AD Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ting Zhao
- Drug Design Group, Department of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9700 AD Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander Dömling
- Drug Design Group, Department of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9700 AD Groningen, The Netherlands
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10
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Abstract
Inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) family comprises a group of endogenous proteins that function as main regulators of caspase activity and cell death. They are considered the main culprits in evasion of apoptosis, which is a fundamental hallmark of carcinogenesis. Overexpression of IAP proteins has been documented in various solid and hematological malignancies, rendering them resistant to standard chemotherapeutics and radiation therapy and conferring poor prognosis. This observation has urged their exploitation as therapeutic targets in cancer with promising pre-clinical outcomes. This review describes the structural and functional features of IAP proteins to elucidate the mechanism of their anti-apoptotic activity. We also provide an update on patterns of IAP expression in different tumors, their impact on treatment response and prognosis, as well as the emerging investigational drugs targeting them. This aims at shedding the light on the advances in IAP targeting achieved to date, and encourage further development of clinically applicable therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mervat S Mohamed
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry Speciality, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.
- , Tabuk, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mai K Bishr
- Department of Radiotherapy, Children's Cancer Hospital Egypt (CCHE), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Fahad M Almutairi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Ayat G Ali
- Department of Biochemistry, El Sahel Teaching Hospital, Cairo, Egypt
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Mohamed MS, Abdelhamid AO, Almutairi FM, Ali AG, Bishr MK. Induction of apoptosis by pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyridazine derivative in lung cancer cells via disruption of Bcl-2/Bax expression balance. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 26:623-629. [PMID: 29290491 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In the rapidly expanding era of cancer target therapy, regulators of apoptosis are emerging as attractive therapeutic targets. X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis (XIAP) is of specific interest owing to its characteristic overexpression in a wide variety of neoplasms, with a resultant survival advantage for tumor cells and treatment resistance. In this study, we examined three pyrazolo [3,4-d] pyridazine derivatives (PPDs) through molecular modeling and studied their modes of interaction with XIAP-BIR3 domain. PPD-1, which possessed the highest binding affinity with XIAP, was tested on A549 (lung cancer cell line); HCT-116 (colorectal carcinoma cell line); HEPG2 (liver carcinoma cell line), HFB4 (normal human skin melanocyte cell line) and WI-38 (human embryonic lung fibroblasts). In comparison to cisplatin as a positive control, PPD-1 yielded remarkable cytotoxicity on all cancer cell lines, with the highest anti-tumor activity on A549 and a favorable therapeutic ratio. Flow cytometry studies concluded that PPD-1 treatment induces Sub G1 and G2/M cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. The percentage of apoptotic cells in PPD-1 treated A549 cells was considerably higher than that in untreated cells (10.06% vs 0.57%, respectively). To further investigate the mechanism of induction of apoptosis by PPD-1, Real time-PCR was used to quantify the expression levels of key apoptotic regulators. Significant overexpression of the effector capsase-3, pro-apoptotic bax and tumor suppressor gene p53 were noted as compared to untreated cells (7.19 folds, 7.28 folds, and 5.08 folds, respectively). Moreover, PPD-1 inhibited the expression of the anti-apoptotic bcl-2 gene to 0.22 folds. These findings demonstrate that PPD-1 treatment disrupts the Bcl-2/BAX balance in lung cancer cell lines, leading to apoptosis induction possibly through intrinsic mitochondria-dependent pathway. These novel insights elucidate the mechanism of PPD-1 cytotoxicity in lung cancer cell lines and offer a promising therapeutic approach that needs further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mervat S Mohamed
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Saudi Arabia; Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry Speciality, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Egypt.
| | - Abdou O Abdelhamid
- Department of Chemistry, Organic Chemistry Speciality, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Fahad M Almutairi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ayat G Ali
- Department of Biochemistry, El Sahel Teaching Hospital, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mai K Bishr
- Department of Radiotherapy, Children's Cancer Hospital Egypt (CCHE), Cairo, Egypt
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12
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Ali AG, Mohamed MF, Abdelhamid AO, Mohamed MS. A novel adamantane thiadiazole derivative induces mitochondria-mediated apoptosis in lung carcinoma cell line. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 25:241-253. [PMID: 27847140 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.10.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Revised: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The interaction of organic compounds with apoptosis regulatory proteins is an attractive field of research because of its relevance in the development of new chemotherapeutic agents for cancer treatment. Our group designed four new adamantane thiadiazole derivatives (ATDs). The four ATDs were theoretically tested for their binding affinities to a model of an apoptosis inhibitor protein using molecular modeling. ATD-4 which interacted with the highest binding affinity was synthesized and characterized. The in vitro cytotoxicity of ATD-4 against different cancer cell lines as well as normal cell line was determined and compared with 5-fluorouracil as a standard positive control. The lung carcinoma cell line that showed the highest cytotoxic activity due to ATD-4 treatment was chosen to further study if ATD-4 can perform its cytotoxic activity through the induction of apoptosis as expected from molecular modeling. Inducing apoptosis by ATD-4 in lung carcinoma cell line was assessed by various biochemical and morphological characteristics. Biochemically: The effect of ATD-4 on cell cycle and its ability to induce apoptosis were checked through flow cytometry. Caspase-3 activity was detected by a colorimetric method. Real time-polymerase chain reaction (q-PCR) was used to detect p53, caspase-3, bcl-2 and bax gene expression. Morphologically: Changes in cell surface morphology, granulation and average surface roughness were detected using atomic force microscopy (AFM). Cell shrinkage, increase in cytoplasmic organelles, changes in mitochondrial number and morphology, chromatin condensation, membrane blebbing and formation of apoptotic bodies were detected using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The obtained results suggest that ATD-4 exerted its antitumor activity against A549 cells through the induction of the intrinsic (mitochondrial) apoptotic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayat G Ali
- Department of Biochemistry, El Sahel Teaching Hospital, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Magda F Mohamed
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry Speciality, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Abdou O Abdelhamid
- Department of Chemistry, Organic Chemistry Speciality, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mervat S Mohamed
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry Speciality, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.
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13
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Hird AW, Aquila BM, Hennessy EJ, Vasbinder MM, Yang B. Small molecule inhibitor of apoptosis proteins antagonists: a patent review. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2015; 25:755-74. [PMID: 25980951 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2015.1041922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The family of inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAPs) plays a key role in the suppression of proapoptotic signaling; hence, a small molecule that disrupts the binding of IAPs with their functional partner should restore apoptotic response to proapoptotic stimuli in cells. The continued publication of new patent applications of IAP antagonists over the past 4 years is a testament to the continued interest surrounding the IAP family of proteins. AREAS COVERED This review summarizes the IAP antagonist patent literature from 2010 to 2014. Monovalent and bivalent Smac mimetics will be covered as well as two new developments in the field: IAP antagonists coupled to or merged with other targeted agents and new BIR2 selective IAP antagonists. EXPERT OPINION In addition to the well-explored scaffolds for monovalent and bivalent Smac-mimetics, some companies have taken more drastic approaches to explore new chemical space - for example, fragment-based approaches and macrocyclic inhibitors. Furthermore, other companies have designed compounds with alternative biological profiles - tethering to known kinase binding structures, trying to target to the mitochondria or introducing selective binding to the BIR2 domain. An overview of the status for the four small molecule IAP antagonists being evaluated in active human clinical trials is also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander W Hird
- AstraZeneca, Medicinal Chemistry, Oncology iMed , 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, MA 02451 , USA +1 781 839 4145 ;
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Cossu F, Milani M, Grassi S, Malvezzi F, Corti A, Bolognesi M, Mastrangelo E. NF023 binding to XIAP-BIR1: Searching drugs for regulation of the NF-κB pathway. Proteins 2015; 83:612-20. [DOI: 10.1002/prot.24766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Revised: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Federica Cossu
- Dipartimento Di Bioscienze; Università Di Milano; I-20133 Italy
| | - Mario Milani
- Dipartimento Di Bioscienze; Università Di Milano; I-20133 Italy
- Biophysics Institute, National Research Council; Milano I-20133 Italy
| | - Serena Grassi
- Dipartimento Di Bioscienze; Università Di Milano; I-20133 Italy
| | | | | | - Martino Bolognesi
- Dipartimento Di Bioscienze; Università Di Milano; I-20133 Italy
- Biophysics Institute, National Research Council; Milano I-20133 Italy
| | - Eloise Mastrangelo
- Dipartimento Di Bioscienze; Università Di Milano; I-20133 Italy
- Biophysics Institute, National Research Council; Milano I-20133 Italy
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15
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From nature to bedside: Pro-survival and cell death mechanisms as therapeutic targets in cancer treatment. Biotechnol Adv 2014; 32:1111-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2014.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2013] [Revised: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Hennessy EJ, Adam A, Aquila BM, Castriotta LM, Cook D, Hattersley M, Hird AW, Huntington C, Kamhi VM, Laing NM, Li D, MacIntyre T, Omer CA, Oza V, Patterson T, Repik G, Rooney MT, Saeh JC, Sha L, Vasbinder MM, Wang H, Whitston D. Discovery of a Novel Class of Dimeric Smac Mimetics as Potent IAP Antagonists Resulting in a Clinical Candidate for the Treatment of Cancer (AZD5582). J Med Chem 2013; 56:9897-919. [DOI: 10.1021/jm401075x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Edward J. Hennessy
- Oncology iMed, Innovative Medicines & Early Development, AstraZeneca R&D Boston, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Ammar Adam
- Oncology iMed, Innovative Medicines & Early Development, AstraZeneca R&D Boston, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Brian M. Aquila
- Oncology iMed, Innovative Medicines & Early Development, AstraZeneca R&D Boston, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Lillian M. Castriotta
- Oncology iMed, Innovative Medicines & Early Development, AstraZeneca R&D Boston, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Donald Cook
- Oncology iMed, Innovative Medicines & Early Development, AstraZeneca R&D Boston, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Maureen Hattersley
- Oncology iMed, Innovative Medicines & Early Development, AstraZeneca R&D Boston, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Alexander W. Hird
- Oncology iMed, Innovative Medicines & Early Development, AstraZeneca R&D Boston, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Christopher Huntington
- Oncology iMed, Innovative Medicines & Early Development, AstraZeneca R&D Boston, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Victor M. Kamhi
- Oncology iMed, Innovative Medicines & Early Development, AstraZeneca R&D Boston, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Naomi M. Laing
- Oncology iMed, Innovative Medicines & Early Development, AstraZeneca R&D Boston, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Danyang Li
- Oncology iMed, Innovative Medicines & Early Development, AstraZeneca R&D Boston, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Terry MacIntyre
- Oncology iMed, Innovative Medicines & Early Development, AstraZeneca R&D Boston, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Charles A. Omer
- Oncology iMed, Innovative Medicines & Early Development, AstraZeneca R&D Boston, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Vibha Oza
- Oncology iMed, Innovative Medicines & Early Development, AstraZeneca R&D Boston, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Troy Patterson
- Oncology iMed, Innovative Medicines & Early Development, AstraZeneca R&D Boston, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Galina Repik
- Oncology iMed, Innovative Medicines & Early Development, AstraZeneca R&D Boston, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Michael T. Rooney
- Oncology iMed, Innovative Medicines & Early Development, AstraZeneca R&D Boston, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Jamal C. Saeh
- Oncology iMed, Innovative Medicines & Early Development, AstraZeneca R&D Boston, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Li Sha
- Oncology iMed, Innovative Medicines & Early Development, AstraZeneca R&D Boston, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Melissa M. Vasbinder
- Oncology iMed, Innovative Medicines & Early Development, AstraZeneca R&D Boston, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Haiyun Wang
- Oncology iMed, Innovative Medicines & Early Development, AstraZeneca R&D Boston, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - David Whitston
- Oncology iMed, Innovative Medicines & Early Development, AstraZeneca R&D Boston, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
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Cossu F, Milani M, Vachette P, Malvezzi F, Grassi S, Lecis D, Delia D, Drago C, Seneci P, Bolognesi M, Mastrangelo E. Structural insight into inhibitor of apoptosis proteins recognition by a potent divalent smac-mimetic. PLoS One 2012; 7:e49527. [PMID: 23166698 PMCID: PMC3499469 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2012] [Accepted: 10/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic alterations enhancing cell survival and suppressing apoptosis are hallmarks of cancer that significantly reduce the efficacy of chemotherapy or radiotherapy. The Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein (IAP) family hosts conserved proteins in the apoptotic pathway whose over-expression, frequently found in tumours, potentiates survival and resistance to anticancer agents. In humans, IAPs comprise eight members hosting one or more structural Baculoviral IAP Repeat (BIR) domains. Cellular IAPs (cIAP1 and 2) indirectly inhibit caspase-8 activation, and regulate both the canonical and the non-canonical NF-κB signaling pathways. In contrast to cIAPs, XIAP (X chromosome-linked Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein) inhibits directly the effector caspases-3 and -7 through its BIR2 domain, and initiator caspase-9 through its BIR3 domain; molecular docking studies suggested that Smac/DIABLO antagonizes XIAP by simultaneously targeting both BIR2 and BIR3 domains. Here we report analytical gel filtration, crystallographic and SAXS experiments on cIAP1-BIR3, XIAP-BIR3 and XIAP-BIR2BIR3 domains, alone and in the presence of compound 9a, a divalent homodimeric Smac mimetic. 9a is shown to bind two BIR domains inter- (in the case of two BIR3) and intra-molecularly (in the case of XIAP-BIR2BIR3), with higher affinity for cIAP1-BIR3, relative to XIAP-BIR3. Despite the different crystal lattice packing, 9a maintains a right handed helical conformation in both cIAP1-BIR3 and XIAP-BIR3 crystals, that is likely conserved in solution as shown by SAXS data. Our structural results demonstrate that the 9a linker length, its conformational degrees of freedom and its hydrophobicity, warrant an overall compact structure with optimal solvent exposure of its two active moieties for IAPs binding. Our results show that 9a is a good candidate for pre-clinical and clinical studies, worth of further investigations in the field of cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Cossu
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Mario Milani
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milano, Milano, Italy
- CNR-Istituto di Biofisica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Patrice Vachette
- Institut de Biochimie et de Biophysique Moléculaire et Cellulaire, UMR8619 CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, IFR115, Orsay, France
| | | | - Serena Grassi
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milano, Milano, Italy
| | | | | | - Carmelo Drago
- Centro Interdisciplinare Studi bio-molecolari e applicazioni Industriali (CISI), University of Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Pierfausto Seneci
- Centro Interdisciplinare Studi bio-molecolari e applicazioni Industriali (CISI), University of Milano, Milano, Italy
- Department of Organic and Industrial Chemistry, University of Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Martino Bolognesi
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milano, Milano, Italy
- CNR-Istituto di Biofisica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Eloise Mastrangelo
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milano, Milano, Italy
- CNR-Istituto di Biofisica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
- * E-mail:
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Kofoed EM, Vance RE. NAIPs: building an innate immune barrier against bacterial pathogens. NAIPs function as sensors that initiate innate immunity by detection of bacterial proteins in the host cell cytosol. Bioessays 2012; 34:589-98. [PMID: 22513803 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201200013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The innate immune system of mammals encodes several families of immune detector proteins that monitor the cytosol for signs of pathogen invasion. One important but poorly understood family of cytosolic immunosurveillance proteins is the NLR (nucleotide-binding domain, leucine-rich repeat containing) proteins. Recent work has demonstrated that one subfamily of NLRs, the NAIPs (NLR family, apoptosis inhibitory proteins), are activated by specific interaction with bacterial ligands, such as flagellin. NAIP activation leads to assembly of a large multiprotein complex called the inflammasome, which initiates innate immune responses by activation of the Caspase-1 protease. NAIPs therefore appear to detect pathogen molecules via a simple and direct receptor-ligand mechanism. Interestingly, other NLR family members appear to detect pathogens indirectly, perhaps by responding to host cell "stress" caused by the pathogen. Thus, the NLR family may have evolved surprisingly diverse mechanisms for detecting pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric M Kofoed
- UC Berkeley-MCB, Life Sciences Addition, University of California-Berkeley, CA, USA.
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BV6, an IAP antagonist, activates apoptosis and enhances radiosensitization of non-small cell lung carcinoma in vitro. J Thorac Oncol 2012; 6:1801-9. [PMID: 21760551 DOI: 10.1097/jto.0b013e318226b4a6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Defects in the apoptosis pathway limit the effectiveness of radiation in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) therapy. BV6 is an antagonist of cIAP1 and XIAP, members of the inhibitors of apoptosis (IAP) family. We investigated the potential of BV6 to sensitize NSCLC cell lines to radiation. METHODS HCC193 and H460 lung cancer cell lines were treated with BV6 to investigate the effects of drug administration on cell proliferation, apoptosis, inhibition of XIAP and cIAP1, and radiosensitivity. Subsequent immunoblotting and Hoechst staining were used to determine the role of apoptosis in radiosensitization. Finally, the pathway of apoptosis was characterized by Western blot analysis for cleaved caspase-8 and cleaved caspase-9 and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for TNF-α. RESULTS HCC193 was found to be more sensitive than H460 to BV6-induced apoptosis in a concentration-dependent and time-dependent manner. BV6 significantly sensitized both cell lines to radiation (HCC193-DER = 1.38, p < 0.05 at 1 μM BV6; H460-DER = 1.42, p < 0.05 at 5 μM BV6), but a higher concentration of and longer incubation time with BV6 was necessary for H460 cells. The BV6-induced radiosensitization of HCC193 favored the extrinsic pathway of apoptosis, whereas that of H460 favored the intrinsic pathway. CONCLUSIONS BV6, an IAP antagonist, significantly enhanced the radiosensitization of HCC193 and H460 cells in vitro. More research is warranted to test the mechanism of action of BV6 and to assess its potential in vivo and in the clinical setting.
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LING BAOPING, ZHANG RUI, WANG ZHIGUO, LIU YONGJUN, LIU CHENGBU. STUDY ON THE INTERACTIONS OF Smac MIMETICS WITH XIAP-BIR3 DOMAIN BY DOCKING AND MOLECULAR DYNAMICS SIMULATIONS. JOURNAL OF THEORETICAL & COMPUTATIONAL CHEMISTRY 2011. [DOI: 10.1142/s0219633610005980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Upon receiving an apoptotic stimulus, the mature mitochondrial protein second mitochondria-derived activator of caspases (Smac)/direct IAP-binding protein with low PI (DIABLO), which could be released from mitochondria into the cytosol together with cytochrome C , specifically binds to inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAPs) and relieves the inhibitory effect of caspase, thus promotes cell death. Some artificial small molecules (called Smac mimetics) can mimic the N-terminal four residues Ala1-Val2-Pro3-Ile4 (AVPI) sequence of mitochondrial protein Smac, and competitively bind to X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein baculoviral IAP repeats (XIAP-BIR3) domain with caspase-9, which leads to the removal of the inhibition of caspase-9 by XIAP and induce apoptosis. To gain an insight into the nature of XIAP-BIR3 domain recognizing Smac mimetics, we used docking and molecular dynamics simulations methods to study four representative Smac mimetics. The docking results show that the orientations of these backbones of ligands are identical with that of AVPI in the binding pocket. Each ligand corresponds to two competitive conformations, which are called extended and bended conformations. The results of molecular dynamics simulations show that the extended conformation is more stable, and the calculations of energy decomposition reveal that the residue Thr308 makes the strongest interaction with XIAP-BIR3. In addition, Asp309, Glu314, and Trp323 are indispensable for XIAP-BIR3 recognizing and binding Smac mimetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- BAOPING LING
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, P. R. China
| | - RUI ZHANG
- Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, Qinghai 810001, P. R. China
| | - ZHIGUO WANG
- Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, Qinghai 810001, P. R. China
| | - YONGJUN LIU
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, P. R. China
- Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, Qinghai 810001, P. R. China
| | - CHENGBU LIU
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, P. R. China
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Transient pockets on XIAP-BIR2: toward the characterization of putative binding sites of small-molecule XIAP inhibitors. J Mol Model 2011; 18:2031-42. [DOI: 10.1007/s00894-011-1217-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2011] [Accepted: 08/09/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Griffith TS, Kucaba TA, O'Donnell MA, Burns J, Benetatos C, McKinlay MA, Condon S, Chunduru S. Sensitization of human bladder tumor cells to TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)-induced apoptosis with a small molecule IAP antagonist. Apoptosis 2011; 16:13-26. [PMID: 20734142 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-010-0535-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Urothelial carcinoma of the bladder accounts for approximately 5% of all cancer deaths in humans. The large majority of bladder tumors are non-muscle invasive at diagnosis, but even after local surgical therapy there is a high rate of local tumor recurrence and progression. Current treatments extend time to recurrence but do not significantly alter disease survival. The objective of the present study was to investigate the tumoricidal potential of combining the apoptosis-inducing protein TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) with a small molecule inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAP) antagonist to interfere with intracellular regulators of apoptosis in human bladder tumor cells. Our results demonstrate that the IAP antagonist Compound A exhibits high binding affinity to the XIAP BIR3 domain. When Compound A was used at nontoxic concentrations in combination with TRAIL, there was a significant increase in the sensitivity of TRAIL-sensitive and TRAIL-resistant bladder tumor lines to TRAIL-mediated apoptosis. In addition, modulation of TRAIL sensitivity in the TRAIL-resistant bladder tumor cell line T24 with Compound A was reciprocated by XIAP small interfering RNA-mediated suppression of XIAP expression, suggesting the importance of XIAP-mediated resistance to TRAIL in these cells. These results suggest the potential of combining Compound A with TRAIL as an alternative therapy for bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas S Griffith
- Department of Urology, University of Iowa, 375 Newton Road, Iowa City, IA 52242-1089, USA.
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Targeting inhibitor of apoptosis proteins for therapeutic intervention. Future Med Chem 2011; 1:1509-25. [PMID: 21426063 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.09.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The inhibitors of apoptosis (IAP) proteins have emerged over the last decade as important targets for therapeutic intervention in human malignancies. Overexpression of IAPs has been implicated in cell survival and resistance against stress-induced apoptosis brought on by radiation and/or chemotherapeutics (currently the standard-of-care in a variety of different cancer diseases). In addition, evasion from death receptor-mediated apoptosis and regulation of NF-κB pathways and cell division have also been associated with IAP proteins. Efforts to target IAP proteins in tumors have focused mainly on designing small molecules that mimic the IAP-binding motif of the endogenous IAP antagonist, second mitochondrial activator of caspases. In addition, several other IAP-targeting strategies, including antisense oligonucleotides and transcriptional repression, have also been initiated, with the hope of providing therapeutic benefit to cancer patients.
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Gerlach B, Cordier SM, Schmukle AC, Emmerich CH, Rieser E, Haas TL, Webb AI, Rickard JA, Anderton H, Wong WWL, Nachbur U, Gangoda L, Warnken U, Purcell AW, Silke J, Walczak H. Linear ubiquitination prevents inflammation and regulates immune signalling. Nature 2011; 471:591-6. [DOI: 10.1038/nature09816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 701] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2010] [Accepted: 01/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Cossu F, Malvezzi F, Canevari G, Mastrangelo E, Lecis D, Delia D, Seneci P, Scolastico C, Bolognesi M, Milani M. Recognition of Smac-mimetic compounds by the BIR domain of cIAP1. Protein Sci 2011; 19:2418-29. [PMID: 20954235 DOI: 10.1002/pro.523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAPs) are negative regulators of apoptosis. As IAPs are overexpressed in many tumors, where they confer chemoresistance, small molecules inactivating IAPs have been proposed as anticancer agents. Accordingly, a number of IAP-binding pro-apoptotic compounds that mimic the sequence corresponding to the N-terminal tetrapeptide of Smac/DIABLO, the natural endogenous IAPs inhibitor, have been developed. Here, we report the crystal structures of the BIR3 domain of cIAP1 in complex with Smac037, a Smac-mimetic known to bind potently to the XIAP-BIR3 domain and to induce degradation of cIAP1, and in complex with the novel Smac-mimetic compound Smac066. Thermal stability and fluorescence polarization assays show the stabilizing effect and the high affinity of both Smac037 and Smac066 for cIAP1- and cIAP2-BIR3 domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Cossu
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomolecolari e Biotecnologie, Università di Milano, Via Celoria 26, I-20133, Milano, Italy
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Theoretical studies on the interactions of XIAP-BIR3 domain with bicyclic and tricyclic core monovalent Smac mimetics. J Mol Graph Model 2010; 29:354-62. [PMID: 20980180 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2010.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2010] [Revised: 09/14/2010] [Accepted: 09/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
X-linked IAP can bind caspase-9 and inhibit its activity. Mitochondrial protein Smac/DIABLO can also interact with XIAP and relieve the inhibition on caspase-9 to induce apoptosis. A series of artificial Smac mimetics have been used to mimic the Smac N-terminal tetrapeptide AVPI to bind to XIAP-BIR3, but these structural diverse mimetics exhibited distinct binding affinities. To get an insight into the binding nature and optimize the structures, molecular docking and dynamics simulations were used to study the binding of XIAP-BIR3 with three groups of Smac mimetics. The docking results reveal that these Smac mimetics anchored on the surface groove of XIAP-BIR3 and superimposed well with AVPI. The modifications on the seven-membered ring of bicyclic core segment do not strengthen the binding affinity, while a benzyl introduced to the five-membered ring is favorable to the binding. Molecular dynamics simulations on three typical systems show that these complexes are very stable. Hydrogen bonds between the bicyclic core segment and Thr308 play critical roles in maintaining the stability of complex. The binding free energies calculated by MM_PBSA method are consistent with the experimental results.
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Servida F, Lecis D, Scavullo C, Drago C, Seneci P, Carlo-Stella C, Manzoni L, Polli E, Lambertenghi Deliliers G, Delia D, Onida F. Novel second mitochondria-derived activator of caspases (Smac) mimetic compounds sensitize human leukemic cell lines to conventional chemotherapeutic drug-induced and death receptor-mediated apoptosis. Invest New Drugs 2010; 29:1264-75. [PMID: 20614162 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-010-9475-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2010] [Accepted: 06/07/2010] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins (IAPs) are important regulators of programmed cell death. XIAP is the most potent among them and is over-expressed in several hematological malignancies. Its activity is endogenously antagonized by SMAC/DIABLO, and also by small molecules mimicking Smac that can induce apoptosis in tumor cells. Here we describe the activity of 56 newly synthesized Smac-mimetics in human leukemic cell lines and normal CD34(+) progenitor cells. Our compounds bind to XIAP with high affinity, reduce the levels of cIAP1 and are cytotoxic at nanomolar or low micromolar concentrations. Furthermore, the Smac-mimetics synergize with Cytarabine, Etoposide and especially with TRAIL in combination treatments. Apoptosis activation was clearly detectable by the occurrence of sub G(1) apoptotic peak and the accumulation of cleaved PARP, caspase 8 and caspase 3. Interestingly, the down-regulation of XIAP sensitized Jurkat cells to drugs too, confirming the role of this protein in drug-resistance. In conclusion, while being very active in leukemic cells, our Smac-mimetics have modest effects on normal hematopoietic progenitors, suggesting their promising therapeutic potential as a new class of anticancer drugs in onco-hematology, particularly when combined with TRAIL, to overcome the resistance of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Servida
- Fondazione Matarelli, Dipartimento di Farmacologia Chemioterapia e Tossicologia Medica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Vanvitelli 32, 20129, Milan, Italy.
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Hennessy EJ, Parker AE, O'Neill LAJ. Targeting Toll-like receptors: emerging therapeutics? Nat Rev Drug Discov 2010; 9:293-307. [PMID: 20380038 DOI: 10.1038/nrd3203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 618] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
There is a growing interest in the targeting of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) for the prevention and treatment of cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Several new compounds are now undergoing preclinical and clinical evaluation, with a particular focus on TLR7 and TLR9 activators as adjuvants in infection and cancer, and inhibitors of TLR2, TLR4, TLR7 and TLR9 for the treatment of sepsis and inflammatory diseases. Here, we focus on TLRs that hold the most promise for drug discovery research, highlighting agents that are in the discovery phase and in clinical trials,and on the emerging new aspects of TLR-mediated signalling - such as control by ubiquitination and regulation by microRNAs - that might offer further possibilities of therapeutic manipulation.
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Lecis D, Drago C, Manzoni L, Seneci P, Scolastico C, Mastrangelo E, Bolognesi M, Anichini A, Kashkar H, Walczak H, Delia D. Novel SMAC-mimetics synergistically stimulate melanoma cell death in combination with TRAIL and Bortezomib. Br J Cancer 2010; 102:1707-16. [PMID: 20461078 PMCID: PMC2883696 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6605687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND XIAP (X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein) is an anti-apoptotic protein exerting its activity by binding and suppressing caspases. As XIAP is overexpressed in several tumours, in which it apparently contributes to chemoresistance, and because its activity in vivo is antagonised by second mitochondria-derived activator of caspase (SMAC)/direct inhibitor of apoptosis-binding protein with low pI, small molecules mimicking SMAC (so called SMAC-mimetics) can potentially overcome tumour resistance by promoting apoptosis. METHODS Three homodimeric compounds were synthesised tethering a monomeric SMAC-mimetic with different linkers and their affinity binding for the baculoviral inhibitor repeats domains of XIAP measured by fluorescent polarisation assay. The apoptotic activity of these molecules, alone or in combination with tumour necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) and/or Bortezomib, was tested in melanoma cell lines by MTT viability assays and western blot analysis of activated caspases. RESULTS We show that in melanoma cell lines, which are typically resistant to chemotherapeutic agents, XIAP knock-down sensitises cells to TRAIL treatment in vitro, also favouring the accumulation of cleaved caspase-8. We also describe a new series of 4-substituted azabicyclo[5.3.0]alkane monomeric and dimeric SMAC-mimetics that target various members of the IAP family and powerfully synergise at submicromolar concentrations with TRAIL in inducing cell death. Finally, we show that the simultaneous administration of newly developed SMAC-mimetics with Bortezomib potently triggers apoptosis in a melanoma cell line resistant to the combined effect of SMAC-mimetics and TRAIL. CONCLUSION Hence, the newly developed SMAC-mimetics effectively synergise with TRAIL and Bortezomib in inducing cell death. These findings warrant further preclinical studies in vivo to verify the anticancer effectiveness of the combination of these agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Lecis
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Via G Venezian 1, 20133 Milano, Italy
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Flygare JA, Fairbrother WJ. Small-molecule pan-IAP antagonists: a patent review. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2010; 20:251-67. [PMID: 20100005 DOI: 10.1517/13543770903567077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD The inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) proteins are critical regulators of cancer cell survival that have become important targets for therapeutic intervention in human malignancies. One strategy for targeting IAP proteins involves agents that mimic the amino terminus of the endogenous IAP protein antagonist second mitochondria-derived activator of caspases (Smac)/direct IAP-binding protein with low pI (DIABLO) and thus block critical IAP protein interactions. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW This review of the IAP antagonist patent literature covers the period from 2000 to mid-2009. Over 50 patents and patent applications pertaining to IAP antagonists have been published over the past 10 years. In the case of several filings, only the original source is reviewed in this analysis. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN Readers will gain an overview of IAP protein antagonist scaffolds, with representative examples including monovalent and bivalent Smac mimetics, and an understanding of their structure-activity relationships. TAKE HOME MESSAGE The feasibility of disrupting IAP protein interactions with pro-apoptotic proteins using monovalent and bivalent Smac-derived peptidomimetic compounds has been broadly established. Four such compounds have entered or been approved to enter human clinical trials, which will hopefully allow the utility of this potential therapeutic approach to be evaluated in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Flygare
- Genentech, Inc., Department of Medicinal Chemistry, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
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Mukherjee P, Desai P, Zhou YD, Avery M. Targeting the BH3 Domain Mediated Protein−Protein Interaction of Bcl-xL through Virtual Screening. J Chem Inf Model 2010; 50:906-23. [DOI: 10.1021/ci1000373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Prasenjit Mukherjee
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677
| | - Prashant Desai
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677
| | - Yu-Dong Zhou
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677
| | - Mitchell Avery
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677
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Haas TL, Emmerich CH, Gerlach B, Schmukle AC, Cordier SM, Rieser E, Feltham R, Vince J, Warnken U, Wenger T, Koschny R, Komander D, Silke J, Walczak H. Recruitment of the linear ubiquitin chain assembly complex stabilizes the TNF-R1 signaling complex and is required for TNF-mediated gene induction. Mol Cell 2010; 36:831-44. [PMID: 20005846 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2009.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 602] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2009] [Revised: 07/22/2009] [Accepted: 09/17/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
TNF is a key inflammatory cytokine. Using a modified tandem affinity purification approach, we identified HOIL-1 and HOIP as functional components of the native TNF-R1 signaling complex (TNF-RSC). Together, they were shown to form a linear ubiquitin chain assembly complex (LUBAC) and to ubiquitylate NEMO. We show that LUBAC binds to ubiquitin chains of different linkage types and that its recruitment to the TNF-RSC is impaired in TRADD-, TRAF2-, and cIAP1/2- but not in RIP1- or NEMO-deficient MEFs. Furthermore, the E3 ligase activity of cIAPs, but not TRAF2, is required for HOIL-1 recruitment to the TNF-RSC. LUBAC enhances NEMO interaction with the TNF-RSC, stabilizes this protein complex, and is required for efficient TNF-induced activation of NF-kappaB and JNK, resulting in apoptosis inhibition. Finally, we demonstrate that sustained stability of the TNF-RSC requires LUBAC's enzymatic activity, thereby adding a third form of ubiquitin linkage to the triggering of TNF signaling by the TNF-RSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias L Haas
- Division of Apoptosis Regulation, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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