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Wang Y, Li J, Liu X, Zhang Y, Wang C, Guo Q, Wang Y, Jiang B, Jin X, Liu Y. Elucidation of the anti-gastric cancer mechanism of Guiqi Baizhu Formula by integrative approach of chemical bioinformatics. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 134:112245. [PMID: 38749334 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) has posed a great threat to the lives of people around the world. To date, safer and more cost-effective therapy for GC is lacking. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) may provide some new options for this. Guiqi Baizhu Formula (GQBZF), a classic TCM formula, has been extensively used to treat GC, while its bioactive components and therapeutic mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we evaluated the underlying mechanisms of GQBZF in treating GC by integrative approach of chemical bioinformatics. GQBZF lyophilized powder (0.0625 mg/mL, 0.125 mg/mL) significantly attenuated the expression of p-IGF1R, PI3K, p-PDK1, p-VEGFR2 to inhibit the proliferation, migration and induce apoptosis of gastric cancer cells, which was consistent with the network pharmacology. Additionally, atractylenolide Ⅰ, quercetin, glycyrol, physcione and aloe-emodin, emodin, kaempferol, licoflavone A were found to be the key compounds of GQBZF regulating IGF1R and VEGFR2, respectively. And among which, glycyrol and emodin were determined as key active compounds against GC by farther vitro experiments and LC/MS. Meanwhile, we also found that glycyrol inhibited MKN-45 cells proliferation and enhanced apoptosis, which might be related to the inhibition of IGF1R/PI3K/PDK1, and emodin could significantly attenuate the MKN-45 cells migration, which might be related to the inhibition of VEGFR2-related signaling pathway. These results were verified again by molecular dynamics simulation and binding interaction pattern. In summary, this study suggested that GQBZF and its key active components (glycyrol and emodin) can suppress IGF1R/PI3K/PDK1 and VEGFR2-related signaling pathway, thereby inhibiting tumor cell proliferation and migration and inducing apoptosis. These findings provided an important strategy for developing new agents and facilitated clinical use of GQBZF against GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanru Wang
- Gansu University Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine & Chinese Medicine Prevention and Treatment of Major Diseases, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Jiawei Li
- Gansu University Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine & Chinese Medicine Prevention and Treatment of Major Diseases, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xiuzhu Liu
- Gansu University Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine & Chinese Medicine Prevention and Treatment of Major Diseases, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yixi Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Chao Wang
- College of Medical, Shanxi Datong University, Datong 037000, China
| | - Qingyang Guo
- Gansu University Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine & Chinese Medicine Prevention and Treatment of Major Diseases, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Bing Jiang
- Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xiaojie Jin
- Gansu University Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine & Chinese Medicine Prevention and Treatment of Major Diseases, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, China; College of Pharmacy, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, China; Key Laboratory of Dunhuang Medical and Transformation, Ministry of Education of The People's Republic of China, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Yongqi Liu
- Gansu University Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine & Chinese Medicine Prevention and Treatment of Major Diseases, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, China; Key Laboratory of Dunhuang Medical and Transformation, Ministry of Education of The People's Republic of China, Lanzhou 730000, China.
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2
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Chen JL, Leeder WM, Morais P, Adachi H, Yu YT. Pseudouridylation-mediated gene expression modulation. Biochem J 2024; 481:1-16. [PMID: 38174858 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20230096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
RNA-guided pseudouridylation, a widespread post-transcriptional RNA modification, has recently gained recognition for its role in cellular processes such as pre-mRNA splicing and the modulation of premature termination codon (PTC) readthrough. This review provides insights into its mechanisms, functions, and potential therapeutic applications. It examines the mechanisms governing RNA-guided pseudouridylation, emphasizing the roles of guide RNAs and pseudouridine synthases in catalyzing uridine-to-pseudouridine conversion. A key focus is the impact of RNA-guided pseudouridylation of U2 small nuclear RNA on pre-mRNA splicing, encompassing its influence on branch site recognition and spliceosome assembly. Additionally, the review discusses the emerging role of RNA-guided pseudouridylation in regulating PTC readthrough, impacting translation termination and genetic disorders. Finally, it explores the therapeutic potential of pseudouridine modifications, offering insights into potential treatments for genetic diseases and cancer and the development of mRNA vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan L Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Center for RNA Biology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, U.S.A
| | | | | | - Hironori Adachi
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Center for RNA Biology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, U.S.A
| | - Yi-Tao Yu
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Center for RNA Biology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, U.S.A
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3
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Kiss DJ, Oláh J, Tóth G, Varga M, Stirling A, Menyhárd DK, Ferenczy GG. The Structure-Derived Mechanism of Box H/ACA Pseudouridine Synthase Offers a Plausible Paradigm for Programmable RNA Editing. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c04870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dóra Judit Kiss
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Group, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok krt. 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Julianna Oláh
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rakpart 3, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gergely Tóth
- Institute of Chemistry, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány P. stny. 1/a, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Máté Varga
- Department of Genetics, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány P. stny. 1/c, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - András Stirling
- Theoretical Chemistry Research Group, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok krt. 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dóra K. Menyhárd
- MTA-ELTE Protein Modelling Research Group, Institute of Chemistry, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány P. stny. 1/a, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - György G. Ferenczy
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Group, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok krt. 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, Semmelweis University, Tűzoltó u. 37-47, H-1094 Budapest, Hungary
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4
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Riley AT, Sanford TC, Woodard AM, Clerc EP, Sumita M. Semi-enzymatic synthesis of pseudouridine. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2021; 44:128105. [PMID: 33991631 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2021.128105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Modifications of RNA molecules have a significant effect on their structure and function. One of the most common modifications is the isomerization from uridine to pseudouridine. Despite its prevalence in natural RNA sequences, organic synthesis of pseudouridine has been challenging because of the stereochemistry requirement and the sensitivity of reaction steps to moisture. Herein, a semi-enzymatic synthetic route is developed for the synthesis of pseudouridine using adenosine 5'-monophosphate and uracil as the starting materials and a reverse reaction catalyzed by the pseudouridine monophosphate glycosidase. This synthetic route has only three steps and the overall yield of β-pseudouridine production was 68.4%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew T Riley
- Department of Chemistry, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville, Edwardsville, IL 62026, United States
| | - Tristan C Sanford
- Department of Chemistry, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville, Edwardsville, IL 62026, United States
| | - Austin M Woodard
- Department of Chemistry, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville, Edwardsville, IL 62026, United States
| | - Elliot P Clerc
- Department of Chemistry, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville, Edwardsville, IL 62026, United States
| | - Minako Sumita
- Department of Chemistry, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville, Edwardsville, IL 62026, United States.
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5
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Abstract
Identifying new binding forces between electron donor and acceptor entities is key to properly understanding molecular recognition and aggregation phenomena, which are of inmense importance to biology. For decades, the halogenation of DNA/RNA bases has been routinely carried out to solve solid state structures of nucleic acids (NA). However, the effects of this modification might be deeper than just a simple atom substitution since halogens are also known to undergo noncovalent binding (halogen bonding). Herein we show that halogenated NAs with either Br or I atoms are able to establish halogen bonds with properly disposed protein residues. An inspection of the Protein Data Bank (PDB) reveals several examples involving 5-iodo/5-bromouracil, 8-bromoadenine, and 5-iodocytosine bases that are consistent with the halogen bond geometry features. Computations reveal the favorable and moderately strong nature of this interaction, thus confirming the ability of halogenated bases to actively participate in protein-NA binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Frontera
- Department of Chemistry, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Crta. de Valldemossa km 7.5, 07122 Palma, Baleares, Spain
| | - Antonio Bauzá
- Department of Chemistry, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Crta. de Valldemossa km 7.5, 07122 Palma, Baleares, Spain
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Kiss DJ, Oláh J, Tóth G, Menyhárd DK, Ferenczy GG. Quantum chemical calculations support pseudouridine synthase reaction through a glycal intermediate and provide details of the mechanism. Theor Chem Acc 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00214-018-2361-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Wang P, Yang L, Gao YQ, Zhao XS. Accurate placement of substrate RNA by Gar1 in H/ACA RNA-guided pseudouridylation. Nucleic Acids Res 2015. [PMID: 26206671 PMCID: PMC4551948 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkv757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
H/ACA RNA-guided ribonucleoprotein particle (RNP), the most complicated RNA pseudouridylase so far known, uses H/ACA guide RNA for substrate capture and four proteins (Cbf5, Nop10, L7Ae and Gar1) for pseudouridylation. Although it was shown that Gar1 not only facilitates the product release, but also enhances the catalytic activity, the chemical role that Gar1 plays in this complicated machinery is largely unknown. Kinetics measurement on Pyrococcus furiosus RNPs at different temperatures making use of fluorescence anisotropy showed that Gar1 reduces the catalytic barrier through affecting the activation entropy instead of enthalpy. Site-directed mutagenesis combined with molecular dynamics simulations demonstrated that V149 in the thumb loop of Cbf5 is critical in placing the target uridine to the right position toward catalytic D85 of Cbf5. The enzyme elegantly aligns the position of uridine in the catalytic site with the help of Gar1. In addition, conversion of uridine to pseudouridine results in a rigid syn configuration of the target nucleotide in the active site and causes Gar1 to pull out the thumb. Both factors guarantee the efficient release of the product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, and Biodynamic Optical Imaging Center (BIOPIC), Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Lijiang Yang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, and Biodynamic Optical Imaging Center (BIOPIC), Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yi Qin Gao
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, and Biodynamic Optical Imaging Center (BIOPIC), Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xin Sheng Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, and Biodynamic Optical Imaging Center (BIOPIC), Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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8
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Huang M, Giese TJ, York DM. Nucleic acid reactivity: challenges for next-generation semiempirical quantum models. J Comput Chem 2015; 36:1370-89. [PMID: 25943338 PMCID: PMC4760688 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.23933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Revised: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Semiempirical quantum models are routinely used to study mechanisms of RNA catalysis and phosphoryl transfer reactions using combined quantum mechanical (QM)/molecular mechanical methods. Herein, we provide a broad assessment of the performance of existing semiempirical quantum models to describe nucleic acid structure and reactivity to quantify their limitations and guide the development of next-generation quantum models with improved accuracy. Neglect of diatomic differential overlap and self-consistent density-functional tight-binding semiempirical models are evaluated against high-level QM benchmark calculations for seven biologically important datasets. The datasets include: proton affinities, polarizabilities, nucleobase dimer interactions, dimethyl phosphate anion, nucleoside sugar and glycosidic torsion conformations, and RNA phosphoryl transfer model reactions. As an additional baseline, comparisons are made with several commonly used density-functional models, including M062X and B3LYP (in some cases with dispersion corrections). The results show that, among the semiempirical models examined, the AM1/d-PhoT model is the most robust at predicting proton affinities. AM1/d-PhoT and DFTB3-3ob/OPhyd reproduce the MP2 potential energy surfaces of 6 associative RNA phosphoryl transfer model reactions reasonably well. Further, a recently developed linear-scaling "modified divide-and-conquer" model exhibits the most accurate results for binding energies of both hydrogen bonded and stacked nucleobase dimers. The semiempirical models considered here are shown to underestimate the isotropic polarizabilities of neutral molecules by approximately 30%. The semiempirical models also fail to adequately describe torsion profiles for the dimethyl phosphate anion, the nucleoside sugar ring puckers, and the rotations about the nucleoside glycosidic bond. The modeling of pentavalent phosphorus, particularly with thio substitutions often used experimentally as mechanistic probes, was problematic for all of the models considered. Analysis of the strengths and weakness of the models suggests that the creation of robust next-generation models should emphasize the improvement of relative conformational energies and barriers, and nonbonded interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Huang
- Scientific Computation, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant St. SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455–0431, USA
- Center for Integrative Proteomics Research, BioMaPS Institute for Quantitative Biology, and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, 174 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854–8076, USA
| | - Timothy J. Giese
- Center for Integrative Proteomics Research, BioMaPS Institute for Quantitative Biology, and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, 174 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854–8076, USA
| | - Darrin M. York
- Center for Integrative Proteomics Research, BioMaPS Institute for Quantitative Biology, and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, 174 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854–8076, USA
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9
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Boschi-Muller S, Motorin Y. Chemistry enters nucleic acids biology: enzymatic mechanisms of RNA modification. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2014; 78:1392-404. [PMID: 24490730 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297913130026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Modified nucleotides are universally conserved in all living kingdoms and are present in almost all types of cellular RNAs, including tRNA, rRNA, sn(sno)RNA, and mRNA and in recently discovered regulatory RNAs. Altogether, over 110 chemically distinct RNA modifications have been characterized and localized in RNA by various analytical methods. However, this impressive list of known modified nucleotides is certainly incomplete, mainly due to difficulties in identification and characterization of these particular residues in low abundance cellular RNAs. In DNA, modified residues are formed by both enzymatic reactions (like DNA methylations, for example) and by spontaneous chemical reactions resulting from oxidative damage. In contrast, all modified residues characterized in cellular RNA molecules are formed by specific action of dedicated RNA-modification enzymes, which recognize their RNA substrate with high specificity. These RNA-modification enzymes display a great diversity in terms of the chemical reaction and use various low molecular weight cofactors (or co-substrates) in enzymatic catalysis. Depending on the nature of the target base and of the co-substrate, precise chemical mechanisms are used for appropriate activation of the base and the co-substrate in the enzyme active site. In this review, we give an extended summary of the enzymatic mechanisms involved in formation of different methylated nucleotides in RNA, as well as pseudouridine residues, which are almost universally conserved in all living organisms. Other interesting mechanisms include thiolation of uridine residues by ThiI and the reaction of guanine exchange catalyzed by TGT. The latter implies the reversible cleavage of the N-glycosidic bond in order to replace the initially encoded guanine by an aza-guanosine base. Despite the extensive studies of RNA modification and RNA-modification machinery during the last 20 years, our knowledge on the exact chemical steps involved in catalysis of RNA modification remains very limited. Recent discoveries of radical mechanisms involved in base methylation clearly demonstrate that numerous possibilities are used in Nature for these difficult reactions. Future studies are certainly required for better understanding of the enzymatic mechanisms of RNA modification, and this knowledge is crucial not only for basic research, but also for development of new therapeutic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Boschi-Muller
- Université de Lorraine, Laboratoire IMoPA, UMR 7365 CNRS-UL, Faculté de Médecine de Nancy, BP 184, Vandoeuvre les Nancy, 54505, France.
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10
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Yang X, Duan J, Li S, Wang P, Ma S, Ye K, Zhao XS. Kinetic and thermodynamic characterization of the reaction pathway of box H/ACA RNA-guided pseudouridine formation. Nucleic Acids Res 2012; 40:10925-36. [PMID: 23012266 PMCID: PMC3510513 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gks882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2012] [Revised: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 08/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The box H/ACA RNA-guided pseudouridine synthase is a complicated ribonucleoprotein enzyme that recruits substrate via both the guide RNA and the catalytic subunit Cbf5. Structural studies have revealed multiple conformations of the enzyme, but a quantitative description of the reaction pathway is still lacking. Using fluorescence correlation spectroscopy, we here measured the equilibrium dissociation constants and kinetic association and dissociation rates of substrate and product complexes mimicking various reaction intermediate states. These data support a sequential model for substrate loading and product release regulated by the thumb loop of Cbf5. The uridine substrate is first bound primarily through interaction with the guide RNA and then loaded into the active site while progressively interacted with the thumb. After modification, the subtle chemical structure change from uridine to pseudouridine at the target site triggers the release of the thumb, resulting in an intermediate complex with the product bound mainly by the guide RNA. By dissecting the role of Gar1 in individual steps of substrate turnover, we show that Gar1 plays a major role in catalysis and also accelerates product release about 2-fold. Our biophysical results integrate with previous structural knowledge into a coherent reaction pathway of H/ACA RNA-guided pseudouridylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxing Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, and Biodynamic Optical Imaging Center, Peking University, Beijing 100871 and National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Jingqi Duan
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, and Biodynamic Optical Imaging Center, Peking University, Beijing 100871 and National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Shuang Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, and Biodynamic Optical Imaging Center, Peking University, Beijing 100871 and National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, and Biodynamic Optical Imaging Center, Peking University, Beijing 100871 and National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Shoucai Ma
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, and Biodynamic Optical Imaging Center, Peking University, Beijing 100871 and National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Keqiong Ye
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, and Biodynamic Optical Imaging Center, Peking University, Beijing 100871 and National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Xin Sheng Zhao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, and Biodynamic Optical Imaging Center, Peking University, Beijing 100871 and National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China
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Abstract
Small nucleolar and Cajal body ribonucleoprotein particles (RNPs) are required for the maturation of ribosomes and spliceosomes. They consist of small nucleolar RNA or Cajal body RNA combined with partner proteins and represent the most complex RNA modification enzymes. Recent advances in structure and function studies have revealed detailed information regarding ribonucleoprotein assembly and substrate binding. These enzymes form intertwined RNA-protein assemblies that facilitate reversible binding of the large ribosomal RNA or small nuclear RNA. These revelations explain the specificity among the components in enzyme assembly and substrate modification. The multiple conformations of individual components and those of complete RNPs suggest a dynamic assembly process and justify the requirement of many assembly factors in vivo.
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