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Brouns T, Lux V, Van Belle S, Christ F, Veverka V, Debyser Z. The Impact of Lens Epithelium-Derived Growth Factor p75 Dimerization on Its Tethering Function. Cells 2024; 13:227. [PMID: 38334618 PMCID: PMC10854676 DOI: 10.3390/cells13030227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The transcriptional co-activator lens epithelium-derived growth factor/p75 (LEDGF/p75) plays an important role in the biology of the cell and in several human diseases, including MLL-rearranged acute leukemia, autoimmunity, and HIV-1 infection. In both health and disease, LEDGF/p75 functions as a chromatin tether that interacts with proteins such as MLL1 and HIV-1 integrase via its integrase-binding domain (IBD) and with chromatin through its N-terminal PWWP domain. Recently, dimerization of LEDGF/p75 was shown, mediated by a network of electrostatic contacts between amino acids from the IBD and the C-terminal α6-helix. Here, we investigated the functional impact of LEDGF/p75 variants on the dimerization using biochemical and cellular interaction assays. The data demonstrate that the C-terminal α6-helix folds back in cis on the IBD of monomeric LEDGF/p75. We discovered that the presence of DNA stimulates LEDGF/p75 dimerization. LEDGF/p75 dimerization enhances binding to MLL1 but not to HIV-1 integrase, a finding that was observed in vitro and validated in cell culture. Whereas HIV-1 replication was not dependent on LEDGF/p75 dimerization, colony formation of MLLr-dependent human leukemic THP-1 cells was. In conclusion, our data indicate that intricate changes in the quaternary structure of LEDGF/p75 modulate its tethering function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tine Brouns
- Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Flanders, Belgium; (T.B.); (S.V.B.); (F.C.)
| | - Vanda Lux
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 16000 Prague, Czech Republic; (V.L.); (V.V.)
| | - Siska Van Belle
- Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Flanders, Belgium; (T.B.); (S.V.B.); (F.C.)
| | - Frauke Christ
- Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Flanders, Belgium; (T.B.); (S.V.B.); (F.C.)
| | - Václav Veverka
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 16000 Prague, Czech Republic; (V.L.); (V.V.)
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 12800 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zeger Debyser
- Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Flanders, Belgium; (T.B.); (S.V.B.); (F.C.)
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2
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Pellaers E, Bhat A, Christ F, Debyser Z. Determinants of Retroviral Integration and Implications for Gene Therapeutic MLV-Based Vectors and for a Cure for HIV-1 Infection. Viruses 2022; 15:32. [PMID: 36680071 PMCID: PMC9861059 DOI: 10.3390/v15010032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
To complete their replication cycle, retroviruses need to integrate a DNA copy of their RNA genome into a host chromosome. Integration site selection is not random and is driven by multiple viral and cellular host factors specific to different classes of retroviruses. Today, overwhelming evidence from cell culture, animal experiments and clinical data suggests that integration sites are important for retroviral replication, oncogenesis and/or latency. In this review, we will summarize the increasing knowledge of the mechanisms underlying the integration site selection of the gammaretrovirus MLV and the lentivirus HIV-1. We will discuss how host factors of the integration site selection of retroviruses may steer the development of safer viral vectors for gene therapy. Next, we will discuss how altering the integration site preference of HIV-1 using small molecules could lead to a cure for HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Zeger Debyser
- Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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3
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Winans S, Yu HJ, de Los Santos K, Wang GZ, KewalRamani VN, Goff SP. A point mutation in HIV-1 integrase redirects proviral integration into centromeric repeats. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1474. [PMID: 35304442 PMCID: PMC8933506 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29097-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Retroviruses utilize the viral integrase (IN) protein to integrate a DNA copy of their genome into host chromosomal DNA. HIV-1 integration sites are highly biased towards actively transcribed genes, likely mediated by binding of the IN protein to specific host factors, particularly LEDGF, located at these gene regions. We here report a substantial redirection of integration site distribution induced by a single point mutation in HIV-1 IN. Viruses carrying the K258R IN mutation exhibit a high frequency of integrations into centromeric alpha satellite repeat sequences, as assessed by deep sequencing, a more than 10-fold increase over wild-type. Quantitative PCR and in situ immunofluorescence assays confirm this bias of the K258R mutant virus for integration into centromeric DNA. Immunoprecipitation studies identify host factors binding to IN that may account for the observed bias for integration into centromeres. Centromeric integration events are known to be enriched in the latent reservoir of infected memory T cells, as well as in elite controllers who limit viral replication without intervention. The K258R point mutation in HIV-1 IN is also present in databases of latent proviruses found in patients, and may reflect an unappreciated aspect of the establishment of viral latency. HIV-1 integration sites are biased towards actively transcribed genes, likely mediated by binding of the viral integrase (IN) protein to host factors. Here, Winans et al. show that the K258R point mutation in IN eredirects viral DNA integration to the centromeres of host chromosomes, which may affect HIV latency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelby Winans
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hyun Jae Yu
- Basic Science Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Kenia de Los Santos
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gary Z Wang
- Department of Pathology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Vineet N KewalRamani
- Basic Research Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Stephen P Goff
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA. .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA. .,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
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4
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Winans S, Goff SP. Mutations altering acetylated residues in the CTD of HIV-1 integrase cause defects in proviral transcription at early times after integration of viral DNA. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1009147. [PMID: 33351861 PMCID: PMC7787678 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The central function of the retroviral integrase protein (IN) is to catalyze the integration of viral DNA into the host genome to form the provirus. The IN protein has also been reported to play a role in a number of other processes throughout the retroviral life cycle such as reverse transcription, nuclear import and particle morphogenesis. Studies have shown that HIV-1 IN is subject to multiple post-translational modifications (PTMs) including acetylation, phosphorylation and SUMOylation. However, the importance of these modifications during infection has been contentious. In this study we attempt to clarify the role of acetylation of HIV-1 IN during the retroviral life cycle. We show that conservative mutation of the known acetylated lysine residues has only a modest effect on reverse transcription and proviral integration efficiency in vivo. However, we observe a large defect in successful expression of proviral genes at early times after infection by an acetylation-deficient IN mutant that cannot be explained by delayed integration dynamics. We demonstrate that the difference between the expression of proviruses integrated by an acetylation mutant and WT IN is likely not due to altered integration site distribution but rather directly due to a lower rate of transcription. Further, the effect of the IN mutation on proviral gene expression is independent of the Tat protein or the LTR promoter. At early times after integration when the transcription defect is observed, the LTRs of proviruses integrated by the mutant IN have altered histone modifications as well as reduced IN protein occupancy. Over time as the transcription defect in the mutant virus diminishes, histone modifications on the WT and mutant proviral LTRs reach comparable levels. These results highlight an unexpected role for the IN protein in regulating proviral transcription at early times post-integration. A key step of the retrovirus life cycle is the insertion of the viral DNA genome into the host cell genome, a process called integration. The process of integration is solely catalyzed by the virally encoded integrase (IN) protein. IN has been reported to influence a number of other viral processes such as reverse transcription, nuclear import and particle morphogenesis. The HIV-1 IN protein is known to be heavily post-translationally modified. In light of the known effect of post-translational modifications on the function of the orthologous proteins of certain retrotransposons, we were motivated to ask how post-translational modifications of HIV-1 IN may regulate its various functions. In this study, we examined the consequences of mutations preventing the acetylation of the IN protein on the retroviral life cycle. Surprisingly, we saw that mutations blocking IN acetylation had only modest effects on viral DNA integration. Instead, we uncovered a novel function for HIV-1 IN in regulating proviral transcription at early times after infection. Our data suggests that IN may be retained on proviral DNA at early times after integration and promote proviral gene expression by altering chromatin modifications at the viral transcriptional promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelby Winans
- Columbia University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, New York, New York, United States of America
- Columbia University, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, New York, New York, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Columbia University, New York, New York United States of America
| | - Stephen P. Goff
- Columbia University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, New York, New York, United States of America
- Columbia University, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, New York, New York, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Columbia University, New York, New York United States of America
- * E-mail:
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5
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Knyazhanskaya E, Anisenko A, Shadrina O, Kalinina A, Zatsepin T, Zalevsky A, Mazurov D, Gottikh M. NHEJ pathway is involved in post-integrational DNA repair due to Ku70 binding to HIV-1 integrase. Retrovirology 2019; 16:30. [PMID: 31690330 PMCID: PMC6833283 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-019-0492-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background HIV-1 integration results in genomic DNA gaps that are repaired by cellular DNA repair pathways. This step of the lentiviral life cycle remains poorly understood despite its crucial importance for successful replication. We and others reported that Ku70 protein of the non-homologous end joining pathway (NHEJ) directly binds HIV-1 integrase (IN). Here, we studied the importance of this interaction for post-integrational gap repair and the recruitment of NHEJ factors in this process. Results We engineered HIV-based pseudovirus with mutant IN defective in Ku70 binding and generated heterozygous Ku70, Ku80 and DNA-PKcs human knockout (KO) cells using CRISPR/Cas9. KO of either of these proteins or inhibition of DNA-PKcs catalytic activity substantially decreased the infectivity of HIV-1 with native IN but not with the mutant one. We used a recently developed qPCR assay for the measurement of gap repair efficiency to show that HIV-1 with mutant IN was defective in DNA post-integrational repair, whereas the wild type virus displayed such a defect only when NHEJ system was disrupted in any way. This effect was present in CRISPR/Cas9 modified 293T cells, in Jurkat and CEM lymphoid lines and in primary human PBMCs. Conclusions Our data provide evidence that IN recruits DNA-PK to the site of HIV-1 post-integrational repair due to Ku70 binding—a novel finding that explains the involvement of DNA-PK despite the absence of free double stranded DNA breaks. In addition, our data clearly indicate the importance of interactions between HIV-1 IN and Ku70 in HIV-1 replication at the post-integrational repair step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Knyazhanskaya
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 199234, Russia. .,Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119234, Russia. .,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Sealy Center for Structural Biology and Molecular Biophysics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA.
| | - Andrey Anisenko
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 199234, Russia. .,Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119234, Russia.
| | - Olga Shadrina
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119234, Russia
| | - Anastasia Kalinina
- Federal State Budgetary Institution « N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology » of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 115478, Russia
| | - Timofei Zatsepin
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 199234, Russia.,Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Skolkovo, 121205, Russia
| | - Arthur Zalevsky
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119234, Russia
| | - Dmitriy Mazurov
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Institute of Gene Biology, RAS, Moscow, 119334, Russia.,NRC Institute of Immunology FMBA of Russia, Moscow, 115478, Russia
| | - Marina Gottikh
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 199234, Russia.,Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119234, Russia
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6
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Vansant G, Vranckx LS, Zurnic I, Van Looveren D, Van de Velde P, Nobles C, Gijsbers R, Christ F, Debyser Z. Impact of LEDGIN treatment during virus production on residual HIV-1 transcription. Retrovirology 2019; 16:8. [PMID: 30940165 PMCID: PMC6444612 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-019-0472-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Persistence of latent, replication-competent provirus is the main impediment towards the cure of HIV infection. One of the critical questions concerning HIV latency is the role of integration site selection in HIV expression. Inhibition of the interaction between HIV integrase and its chromatin tethering cofactor LEDGF/p75 is known to reduce integration and to retarget residual provirus to regions resistant to reactivation. LEDGINs, small molecule inhibitors of the interaction between HIV integrase and LEDGF/p75, provide an interesting tool to study the underlying mechanisms. During early infection, LEDGINs block the interaction with LEDGF/p75 and allosterically inhibit the catalytic activity of IN (i.e. the early effect). When present during virus production, LEDGINs interfere with proper maturation due to enhanced IN oligomerization in the progeny virions (i.e. the late effect). Results We studied the effect of LEDGINs present during virus production on the transcriptional state of the residual virus. Infection of cells with viruses produced in the presence of LEDGINs resulted in a residual reservoir that was refractory to activation. Integration of residual provirus was less favored near epigenetic markers associated with active transcription. However, integration near H3K36me3 and active genes, both targeted by LEDGF/p75, was not affected. Also in primary cells, LEDGIN treatment induced a reservoir resistant to activation due to a combined early and late effect. Conclusion LEDGINs present a research tool to study the link between integration and transcription, an essential question in retrovirology. LEDGIN treatment during virus production altered integration of residual provirus in a LEDGF/p75-independent manner, resulting in a reservoir that is refractory to activation. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12977-019-0472-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerlinde Vansant
- Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Box 1023, 3000, Leuven, Flanders, Belgium
| | - Lenard S Vranckx
- Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Box 1023, 3000, Leuven, Flanders, Belgium
| | - Irena Zurnic
- Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Box 1023, 3000, Leuven, Flanders, Belgium
| | - Dominique Van Looveren
- Laboratory for Viral Vector Technology and Gene Therapy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Box 1023, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Paulien Van de Velde
- Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Box 1023, 3000, Leuven, Flanders, Belgium
| | - Christopher Nobles
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Rik Gijsbers
- Laboratory for Viral Vector Technology and Gene Therapy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Box 1023, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Frauke Christ
- Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Box 1023, 3000, Leuven, Flanders, Belgium
| | - Zeger Debyser
- Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Box 1023, 3000, Leuven, Flanders, Belgium.
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7
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Borrenberghs D, Dirix L, De Wit F, Rocha S, Blokken J, De Houwer S, Gijsbers R, Christ F, Hofkens J, Hendrix J, Debyser Z. Dynamic Oligomerization of Integrase Orchestrates HIV Nuclear Entry. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36485. [PMID: 27830755 PMCID: PMC5103197 DOI: 10.1038/srep36485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear entry is a selective, dynamic process granting the HIV-1 pre-integration complex (PIC) access to the chromatin. Classical analysis of nuclear entry of heterogeneous viral particles only yields averaged information. We now have employed single-virus fluorescence methods to follow the fate of single viral pre-integration complexes (PICs) during infection by visualizing HIV-1 integrase (IN). Nuclear entry is associated with a reduction in the number of IN molecules in the complexes while the interaction with LEDGF/p75 enhances IN oligomerization in the nucleus. Addition of LEDGINs, small molecule inhibitors of the IN-LEDGF/p75 interaction, during virus production, prematurely stabilizes a higher-order IN multimeric state, resulting in stable IN multimers resistant to a reduction in IN content and defective for nuclear entry. This suggests that a stringent size restriction determines nuclear pore entry. Taken together, this work demonstrates the power of single-virus imaging providing crucial insights in HIV replication and enabling mechanism-of-action studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doortje Borrenberghs
- Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium.,Laboratory for Photochemistry and Spectroscopy, Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Heverlee, 3001, Belgium
| | - Lieve Dirix
- Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium.,Laboratory for Photochemistry and Spectroscopy, Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Heverlee, 3001, Belgium
| | - Flore De Wit
- Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Susana Rocha
- Laboratory for Photochemistry and Spectroscopy, Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Heverlee, 3001, Belgium
| | - Jolien Blokken
- Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Stéphanie De Houwer
- Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Rik Gijsbers
- Laboratory for Viral Vector Technology and Gene Therapy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Frauke Christ
- Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Johan Hofkens
- Laboratory for Photochemistry and Spectroscopy, Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Heverlee, 3001, Belgium
| | - Jelle Hendrix
- Laboratory for Photochemistry and Spectroscopy, Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Heverlee, 3001, Belgium
| | - Zeger Debyser
- Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
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8
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Cuzzucoli Crucitti G, Pescatori L, Messore A, Madia VN, Pupo G, Saccoliti F, Scipione L, Tortorella S, Di Leva FS, Cosconati S, Novellino E, Debyser Z, Christ F, Costi R, Di Santo R. Discovery of N-aryl-naphthylamines as in vitro inhibitors of the interaction between HIV integrase and the cofactor LEDGF/p75. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 101:288-94. [PMID: 26150289 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.06.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Revised: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A series of N-aryl-naphthylamines, exemplified by the structures 11-16, were chosen for an in-house library screening to assay their ability to disrupt the interaction between the LEDGF cofactor and the HIV integrase. Structure modification led also to design and synthesize new compounds 17a-f. Compounds 11e,h,k,n, 13b, and 14 showed good activity in AlphaScreen assay. The most active compound 11e (IC50 = 2.5 μM) was selected for molecular modeling studies and showed a binding mode similar to the one of the known LEDGIN 8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuliana Cuzzucoli Crucitti
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, "Sapienza" Università di Roma, P-le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Luca Pescatori
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, "Sapienza" Università di Roma, P-le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Antonella Messore
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, "Sapienza" Università di Roma, P-le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Valentina Noemi Madia
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, "Sapienza" Università di Roma, P-le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Giovanni Pupo
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, "Sapienza" Università di Roma, P-le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Francesco Saccoliti
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, "Sapienza" Università di Roma, P-le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Luigi Scipione
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, "Sapienza" Università di Roma, P-le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Silvano Tortorella
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, "Sapienza" Università di Roma, P-le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Francesco Saverio Di Leva
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Napoli "Federico II", Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Sandro Cosconati
- DiSTABiF, Seconda Università di Napoli, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Ettore Novellino
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Napoli "Federico II", Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Zeger Debyser
- Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, Molecular Medicine Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 33, B-3000 Leuven, Flanders, Belgium
| | - Frauke Christ
- Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, Molecular Medicine Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 33, B-3000 Leuven, Flanders, Belgium
| | - Roberta Costi
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, "Sapienza" Università di Roma, P-le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy.
| | - Roberto Di Santo
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, "Sapienza" Università di Roma, P-le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
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9
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Desimmie BA, Weydert C, Schrijvers R, Vets S, Demeulemeester J, Proost P, Paron I, De Rijck J, Mast J, Bannert N, Gijsbers R, Christ F, Debyser Z. HIV-1 IN/Pol recruits LEDGF/p75 into viral particles. Retrovirology 2015; 12:16. [PMID: 25809198 PMCID: PMC4357141 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-014-0134-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The dynamic interaction between HIV and its host governs the replication of the virus and the study of the virus-host interplay is key to understand the viral lifecycle. The host factor lens epithelium-derived growth factor (LEDGF/p75) tethers the HIV preintegration complex to the chromatin through a direct interaction with integrase (IN). Small molecules that bind the LEDGF/p75 binding pocket of the HIV IN dimer (LEDGINs) block HIV replication through a multimodal mechanism impacting early and late stage replication including HIV maturation. Furthermore, LEDGF/p75 has been identified as a Pol interaction partner. This raised the question whether LEDGF/p75 besides acting as a molecular tether in the target cell, also affects late steps of HIV replication. Results LEDGF/p75 is recruited into HIV-1 particles through direct interaction with the viral IN (or Pol polyprotein) and is a substrate for HIV-1 protease. Incubation in the presence of HIV-1 protease inhibitors resulted in detection of full-length LEDGF/p75 in purified viral particles. We also demonstrate that inhibition of LEDGF/p75-IN interaction by specific mutants or LEDGINs precludes incorporation of LEDGF/p75 in virions, underscoring the specificity of the uptake. LEDGF/p75 depletion did however not result in altered LEDGIN potency. Conclusion Together, these results provide evidence for an IN/Pol mediated uptake of LEDGF/p75 in viral particles and a specific cleavage by HIV protease. Understanding of the possible role of LEDGF/p75 or its cleavage fragments in the viral particle awaits further experimentation. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12977-014-0134-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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10
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Bennett GR, Peters R, Wang XH, Hanne J, Sobol RW, Bundschuh R, Fishel R, Yoder KE. Repair of oxidative DNA base damage in the host genome influences the HIV integration site sequence preference. PLoS One 2014; 9:e103164. [PMID: 25051054 PMCID: PMC4106905 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Host base excision repair (BER) proteins that repair oxidative damage enhance HIV infection. These proteins include the oxidative DNA damage glycosylases 8-oxo-guanine DNA glycosylase (OGG1) and mutY homolog (MYH) as well as DNA polymerase beta (Polβ). While deletion of oxidative BER genes leads to decreased HIV infection and integration efficiency, the mechanism remains unknown. One hypothesis is that BER proteins repair the DNA gapped integration intermediate. An alternative hypothesis considers that the most common oxidative DNA base damages occur on guanines. The subtle consensus sequence preference at HIV integration sites includes multiple G:C base pairs surrounding the points of joining. These observations suggest a role for oxidative BER during integration targeting at the nucleotide level. We examined the hypothesis that BER repairs a gapped integration intermediate by measuring HIV infection efficiency in Polβ null cell lines complemented with active site point mutants of Polβ. A DNA synthesis defective mutant, but not a 5′dRP lyase mutant, rescued HIV infection efficiency to wild type levels; this suggeted Polβ DNA synthesis activity is not necessary while 5′dRP lyase activity is required for efficient HIV infection. An alternate hypothesis that BER events in the host genome influence HIV integration site selection was examined by sequencing integration sites in OGG1 and MYH null cells. In the absence of these 8-oxo-guanine specific glycosylases the chromatin elements of HIV integration site selection remain the same as in wild type cells. However, the HIV integration site sequence preference at G:C base pairs is altered at several positions in OGG1 and MYH null cells. Inefficient HIV infection in the absence of oxidative BER proteins does not appear related to repair of the gapped integration intermediate; instead oxidative damage repair may participate in HIV integration site preference at the sequence level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey R. Bennett
- Molecular Virology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Ryan Peters
- Molecular Virology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Xiao-hong Wang
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jeungphill Hanne
- Molecular Virology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Robert W. Sobol
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Ralf Bundschuh
- Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Center for RNA Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Richard Fishel
- Molecular Virology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Kristine E. Yoder
- Molecular Virology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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11
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Vanderlinden W, Lipfert J, Demeulemeester J, Debyser Z, De Feyter S. Structure, mechanics, and binding mode heterogeneity of LEDGF/p75-DNA nucleoprotein complexes revealed by scanning force microscopy. NANOSCALE 2014; 6:4611-4619. [PMID: 24632996 DOI: 10.1039/c4nr00022f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
LEDGF/p75 is a transcriptional coactivator implicated in the pathogenesis of AIDS and leukemia. In these contexts, LEDGF/p75 acts as a cofactor by tethering protein cargo to transcriptionally active regions in the human genome. Our study--based on scanning force microscopy (SFM) imaging--is the first to provide structural information on the interaction of LEDGF/p75 with DNA. Two novel approaches that allow obtaining insights into the DNA conformation inside nucleoprotein complexes revealed (1) that LEDGF/p75 can bind at least in three different binding modes, (2) how DNA topology and protein dimerization affect these binding modes, and (3) geometrical and mechanical aspects of the nucleoprotein complexes. These structural and mechanical details will help us to better understand the cellular mechanisms of LEDGF/p75 as a transcriptional coactivator and as a cofactor in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willem Vanderlinden
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Photochemistry and Spectroscopy, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
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12
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Interrogating HIV integrase for compounds that bind--a SAMPL challenge. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2014; 28:347-62. [PMID: 24532034 DOI: 10.1007/s10822-014-9721-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Tremendous gains and novel methods are often developed when people are challenged to do something new or difficult. This process is enhanced when people compete against each other-this can be seen in sport as well as in science and technology (e.g. the space race). The SAMPL challenges, like the CASP challenges, aim to challenge modellers and software developers to develop new ways of looking at molecular interactions so the community as a whole can progress in the accurate prediction of these interactions. In order for this challenge to occur, data must be supplied so the prospective test can be done. We have supplied unpublished data related to a drug discovery program run several years ago on HIV integrase for the SAMPL4 challenge. This paper describes the methods used to obtain these data and the chemistry involved.
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Dürr R, Keppler O, Christ F, Crespan E, Garbelli A, Maga G, Dietrich U. Targeting Cellular Cofactors in HIV Therapy. TOPICS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/7355_2014_45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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14
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Desimmie BA, Schrijvers R, Demeulemeester J, Borrenberghs D, Weydert C, Thys W, Vets S, Van Remoortel B, Hofkens J, De Rijck J, Hendrix J, Bannert N, Gijsbers R, Christ F, Debyser Z. LEDGINs inhibit late stage HIV-1 replication by modulating integrase multimerization in the virions. Retrovirology 2013; 10:57. [PMID: 23721378 PMCID: PMC3671127 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-10-57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND LEDGINs are novel allosteric HIV integrase (IN) inhibitors that target the lens epithelium-derived growth factor (LEDGF)/p75 binding pocket of IN. They block HIV-1 integration by abrogating the interaction between LEDGF/p75 and IN as well as by allosterically inhibiting the catalytic activity of IN. RESULTS Here we demonstrate that LEDGINs reduce the replication capacity of HIV particles produced in their presence. We systematically studied the molecular basis of this late effect of LEDGINs and demonstrate that HIV virions produced in their presence display a severe replication defect. Both the late effect and the previously described, early effect on integration contribute to LEDGIN antiviral activity as shown by time-of-addition, qPCR and infectivity assays. The late effect phenotype requires binding of LEDGINs to integrase without influencing proteolytic cleavage or production of viral particles. LEDGINs augment IN multimerization during virion assembly or in the released viral particles and severely hamper the infectivity of progeny virions. About 70% of the particles produced in LEDGIN-treated cells do not form a core or display aberrant empty cores with a mislocalized electron-dense ribonucleoprotein. The LEDGIN-treated virus displays defective reverse transcription and nuclear import steps in the target cells. The LEDGIN effect is possibly exerted at the level of the Pol precursor polyprotein. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that LEDGINs modulate IN multimerization in progeny virions and impair the formation of regular cores during the maturation step, resulting in a decreased infectivity of the viral particles in the target cells. LEDGINs thus profile as unique antivirals with combined early (integration) and late (IN assembly) effects on the HIV replication cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belete Ayele Desimmie
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, KU Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 33, Leuven, Flanders, 3000, Belgium
| | - Rik Schrijvers
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, KU Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 33, Leuven, Flanders, 3000, Belgium
| | - Jonas Demeulemeester
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, KU Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 33, Leuven, Flanders, 3000, Belgium
| | - Doortje Borrenberghs
- Laboratory for Photochemistry and Spectroscopy, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Heverlee, Flanders, 3001, Belgium
| | - Caroline Weydert
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, KU Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 33, Leuven, Flanders, 3000, Belgium
| | - Wannes Thys
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, KU Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 33, Leuven, Flanders, 3000, Belgium
| | - Sofie Vets
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, KU Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 33, Leuven, Flanders, 3000, Belgium
| | - Barbara Van Remoortel
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, KU Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 33, Leuven, Flanders, 3000, Belgium
| | - Johan Hofkens
- Laboratory for Photochemistry and Spectroscopy, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Heverlee, Flanders, 3001, Belgium
| | - Jan De Rijck
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, KU Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 33, Leuven, Flanders, 3000, Belgium
| | - Jelle Hendrix
- Laboratory for Photochemistry and Spectroscopy, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Heverlee, Flanders, 3001, Belgium
| | - Norbert Bannert
- Robert Koch Institute, Centre for HIV and Retrovirology, Nordufer 20, Berlin, 13353, Germany
| | - Rik Gijsbers
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, KU Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 33, Leuven, Flanders, 3000, Belgium
| | - Frauke Christ
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, KU Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 33, Leuven, Flanders, 3000, Belgium
| | - Zeger Debyser
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, KU Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 33, Leuven, Flanders, 3000, Belgium
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15
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Han YS, Xiao WL, Quashie PK, Mesplède T, Xu H, Deprez E, Delelis O, Pu JX, Sun HD, Wainberg MA. Development of a fluorescence-based HIV-1 integrase DNA binding assay for identification of novel HIV-1 integrase inhibitors. Antiviral Res 2013; 98:441-8. [PMID: 23583286 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2013.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Revised: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus integrase (HIV-1 IN) inhibitors that are currently approved or are in advanced clinical trials specifically target the strand transfer step of integration. However, considerable cross-resistance exists among some members of this class of IN inhibitors. Intriguingly, though, HIV-1 IN possesses multiple sites, distinct from those involved in the strand transfer step, that could be targeted to develop new HIV-1 IN inhibitors. We have developed a fluorescent HIV-1 IN DNA binding assay that can identify small molecules termed IN binding inhibitors (INBIs) that inhibit IN binding to viral DNA. This assay has been optimized with respect to concentrations of each protein, long terminal repeat (LTR) DNA substrate, salt, and time, and has been used successfully to measure the HIV-1 IN DNA binding activity of a well-characterized INBI termed FZ41. In addition, we have used the assay to screen a small library of natural products, resulting in the identification of nigranoic acid as a new INBI. The proposed fluorescence assay is easy and inexpensive, and provides a high-throughput detection method for determination of HIV-1 IN DNA binding activity, monitoring of enzyme kinetics, and high-throughput screening for the identification of new INBIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Shan Han
- McGill University AIDS Centre, Lady Davis for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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16
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Eidahl JO, Crowe BL, North JA, McKee CJ, Shkriabai N, Feng L, Plumb M, Graham RL, Gorelick RJ, Hess S, Poirier MG, Foster MP, Kvaratskhelia M. Structural basis for high-affinity binding of LEDGF PWWP to mononucleosomes. Nucleic Acids Res 2013; 41:3924-36. [PMID: 23396443 PMCID: PMC3616739 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkt074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Revised: 12/27/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Lens epithelium-derived growth factor (LEDGF/p75) tethers lentiviral preintegration complexes (PICs) to chromatin and is essential for effective HIV-1 replication. LEDGF/p75 interactions with lentiviral integrases are well characterized, but the structural basis for how LEDGF/p75 engages chromatin is unknown. We demonstrate that cellular LEDGF/p75 is tightly bound to mononucleosomes (MNs). Our proteomic experiments indicate that this interaction is direct and not mediated by other cellular factors. We determined the solution structure of LEDGF PWWP and monitored binding to the histone H3 tail containing trimethylated Lys36 (H3K36me3) and DNA by NMR. Results reveal two distinct functional interfaces of LEDGF PWWP: a well-defined hydrophobic cavity, which selectively interacts with the H3K36me3 peptide and adjacent basic surface, which non-specifically binds DNA. LEDGF PWWP exhibits nanomolar binding affinity to purified native MNs, but displays markedly lower affinities for the isolated H3K36me3 peptide and DNA. Furthermore, we show that LEDGF PWWP preferentially and tightly binds to in vitro reconstituted MNs containing a tri-methyl-lysine analogue at position 36 of H3 and not to their unmodified counterparts. We conclude that cooperative binding of the hydrophobic cavity and basic surface to the cognate histone peptide and DNA wrapped in MNs is essential for high-affinity binding to chromatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jocelyn O. Eidahl
- College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA, Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA, Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA, Proteome Exploration Laboratory, Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA and AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Brandon L. Crowe
- College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA, Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA, Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA, Proteome Exploration Laboratory, Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA and AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Justin A. North
- College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA, Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA, Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA, Proteome Exploration Laboratory, Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA and AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Christopher J. McKee
- College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA, Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA, Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA, Proteome Exploration Laboratory, Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA and AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Nikoloz Shkriabai
- College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA, Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA, Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA, Proteome Exploration Laboratory, Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA and AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Lei Feng
- College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA, Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA, Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA, Proteome Exploration Laboratory, Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA and AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Matthew Plumb
- College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA, Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA, Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA, Proteome Exploration Laboratory, Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA and AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Robert L. Graham
- College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA, Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA, Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA, Proteome Exploration Laboratory, Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA and AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Robert J. Gorelick
- College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA, Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA, Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA, Proteome Exploration Laboratory, Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA and AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Sonja Hess
- College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA, Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA, Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA, Proteome Exploration Laboratory, Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA and AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Michael G. Poirier
- College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA, Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA, Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA, Proteome Exploration Laboratory, Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA and AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Mark P. Foster
- College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA, Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA, Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA, Proteome Exploration Laboratory, Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA and AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Mamuka Kvaratskhelia
- College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA, Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA, Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA, Proteome Exploration Laboratory, Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA and AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
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Guy S, Rotem D, Hayouka Z, Gabizon R, Levin A, Zemel L, Loyter A, Porath D, Friedler A. Monitoring the HIV-1 integrase enzymatic activity using atomic force microscopy in a 2LTR system. Chem Commun (Camb) 2013; 49:3113-5. [PMID: 23463374 DOI: 10.1039/c3cc40748a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Integration of the HIV cDNA into the host chromosome is a key event in the viral replication cycle. It is mediated by the viral integrase (IN) enzyme, which is an attractive anti-HIV drug target. Here we present the first AFM imaging of IN-mediated DNA integration products in a two-LTR system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shlomit Guy
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Givat Ram, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
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18
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Christ F, Debyser Z. The LEDGF/p75 integrase interaction, a novel target for anti-HIV therapy. Virology 2013; 435:102-9. [PMID: 23217620 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2012.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2012] [Accepted: 09/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
To accomplish their viral life cycle, lentiviruses such as HIV highjack host proteins, the so-called cellular co-factors of replication. Lens Epithelium-derived Growth factor (LEDGF/p75), a transcriptional co-activator, is a co-factor of HIV-integrase (IN) and is required for the tethering and correct integration of the viral genome into the host chromatin. Due to its important role in HIV-replication the LEDGF/p75-IN interaction is an attractive antiviral novel target for the treatment of HIV/AIDS. Intensive drug discovery efforts over the past years have validated the LEDGF/p75-IN interaction as a drugable target for antiviral therapy and have resulted in the design and synthesis of LEDGINs, small molecule inhibitors binding to the dimer interface of HIV-integrase and inhibiting viral replication with a dual mechanism of action: potent inhibition of the LEDGF/p75-IN protein-protein interaction and allosteric inhibition of the catalytic function. Furthermore they inhibit both early and late steps of the replication cycle which increases their potential for further clinical development. In this review we will highlight the research validating the LEDGF/p75-IN interaction as a target for anti-HIV drug discovery and the recent advances in the design and development of LEDGINs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frauke Christ
- Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, Division of Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 33, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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Quashie PK, Mesplède T, Wainberg MA. HIV Drug Resistance and the Advent of Integrase Inhibitors. Curr Infect Dis Rep 2013. [PMID: 23180144 DOI: 10.1007/s11908-012-0305-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on the topic of HIV integrase inhibitors that are potent antiretroviral drugs that efficiently decrease viral load in patients. However, emergence of resistance mutations against this new class of drugs represents a threat to their long-term efficacy. Here, we provide new information about the most recent mutations identified and other mutations that confer resistance to several integrase inhibitors, such as new resistance mutations-for example, G118R, R263K, and S153Y-that have been identified through in vitro selection studies with second-generation integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs). These add to the three main resistance pathways involving mutations at positions Y143, N155, and Q148. Deep sequencing, structural modeling, and biochemical analyses are methods that currently help in the understanding of the mechanisms of resistance conferred by these mutations. Although the new resistance mutations appear to confer only low levels of cross-resistance to second-generation drugs, the Q148 pathway with numerous secondary mutations has the potential to significantly decrease susceptibility to all drugs of the INSTI family of compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter K Quashie
- McGill University AIDS Centre, Lady Davis for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Wainberg MA. The Need for Development of New HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase and Integrase Inhibitors in the Aftermath of Antiviral Drug Resistance. SCIENTIFICA 2012; 2012:238278. [PMID: 24278679 PMCID: PMC3820659 DOI: 10.6064/2012/238278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Accepted: 11/01/2012] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The use of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) involves combinations of drugs to achieve maximal virological response and reduce the potential for the emergence of antiviral resistance. There are two broad classes of reverse transcriptase inhibitors, the nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) and nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs). Since the first classes of such compounds were developed, viral resistance against them has necessitated the continuous development of novel compounds within each class. This paper considers the NRTIs and NNRTIs currently in both preclinical and clinical development or approved for second line therapy and describes the patterns of resistance associated with their use, as well as the underlying mechanisms that have been described. Due to reasons of both affordability and availability, some reverse transcriptase inhibitors with low genetic barrier are more commonly used in resource-limited settings. Their use results to the emergence of specific patterns of antiviral resistance and so may require specific actions to preserve therapeutic options for patients in such settings. More recently, the advent of integrase strand transfer inhibitors represents another major step forward toward control of HIV infection, but these compounds are also susceptible to problems of HIV drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A. Wainberg
- Lady Davis Institute, McGill University AIDS Centre, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada H3T 1E2
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21
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Understanding lentiviral vector chromatin targeting: working to reduce insertional mutagenic potential for gene therapy. Gene Ther 2012; 20:581-8. [PMID: 23171920 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2012.88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Replication-deficient retroviruses have been successfully utilized as vectors, offering an efficient, stable method of therapeutic gene delivery. Many examples exist proving this mode of integrative gene transfer is both effective and safe in cultured systems and clinical trials. Along with their success, severe side effects have occurred with early retroviral vectors causing a shift in the approach to vector design before further clinical testing. Several alternative delivery methods are available but lentiviral vectors (LV) are among the most favorable as they are already well understood. LV offer safer integration site selection profiles and a lower degree of genotoxicity, compared with γ-retroviral vectors. Following their introduction, development of the self-inactivating vector configuration was a huge step to this mode of therapy but did not confer full protection against insertional mutagenesis. As a result integration, modeling must be improved to eventually avoid this possibility. The cellular factor LEDGF/p75 seems to play an essential role in the process of LV site selection and its interactions with chromatin are being quickly resolved. LEDGF/p75 is at the center of one example directed integration effort where recombinant products bias the integration event, a step toward fully directed integration into pre-determined benign loci. A more accurate picture of the details of LEDGF/p75 in the natural integration process is emerging, including new binding specificities, chromatin interaction kinetics and additional cellular factors. Together with next-generation sequencing technology and bio-informatics to analyze integration patterns, these advancements will lead to highly focused directed integration, accelerating wide-spread acceptance of LV for gene therapy.
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22
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Christ F, Shaw S, Demeulemeester J, Desimmie BA, Marchand A, Butler S, Smets W, Chaltin P, Westby M, Debyser Z, Pickford C. Small-molecule inhibitors of the LEDGF/p75 binding site of integrase block HIV replication and modulate integrase multimerization. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2012; 56:4365-74. [PMID: 22664975 PMCID: PMC3421592 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00717-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2012] [Accepted: 05/30/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Targeting the HIV integrase (HIV IN) is a clinically validated approach for designing novel anti-HIV therapies. We have previously described the discovery of a novel class of integration inhibitors, 2-(quinolin-3-yl)acetic acid derivatives, blocking HIV replication at a low micromolar concentration through binding in the LEDGF/p75 binding pocket of HIV integrase, hence referred to as LEDGINs. Here we report the detailed characterization of their mode of action. The design of novel and more potent analogues with nanomolar activity enabled full virological evaluation and a profound mechanistic study. As allosteric inhibitors, LEDGINs bind to the LEDGF/p75 binding pocket in integrase, thereby blocking the interaction with LEDGF/p75 and interfering indirectly with the catalytic activity of integrase. Detailed mechanism-of-action studies reveal that the allosteric mode of inhibition is likely caused by an effect on HIV-1 integrase oligomerization. The multimodal inhibition by LEDGINs results in a block in HIV integration and in a replication deficiency of progeny virus. The allosteric nature of LEDGINs leads to synergy in combination with the clinically approved active site HIV IN strand transfer inhibitor (INSTI) raltegravir, and cross-resistance profiling proves the distinct mode of action of LEDGINs and INSTIs. The allosteric nature of inhibition and compatibility with INSTIs underline an interest in further (clinical) development of LEDGINs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frauke Christ
- Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy (VCTB+5), Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Jonas Demeulemeester
- Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy (VCTB+5), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Belete A. Desimmie
- Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy (VCTB+5), Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | - Wim Smets
- CISTIM, CISTIM Leuven Vzw, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Patrick Chaltin
- Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy (VCTB+5), Leuven, Belgium
- CISTIM, CISTIM Leuven Vzw, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Zeger Debyser
- Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy (VCTB+5), Leuven, Belgium
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23
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Peat TS, Rhodes DI, Vandegraaff N, Le G, Smith JA, Clark LJ, Jones ED, Coates JAV, Thienthong N, Newman J, Dolezal O, Mulder R, Ryan JH, Savage GP, Francis CL, Deadman JJ. Small molecule inhibitors of the LEDGF site of human immunodeficiency virus integrase identified by fragment screening and structure based design. PLoS One 2012; 7:e40147. [PMID: 22808106 PMCID: PMC3393750 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Accepted: 06/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A fragment-based screen against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV) integrase led to a number of compounds that bound to the lens epithelium derived growth factor (LEDGF) binding site of the integrase catalytic core domain. We determined the crystallographic structures of complexes of the HIV integrase catalytic core domain for 10 of these compounds and quantitated the binding by surface plasmon resonance. We demonstrate that the compounds inhibit the interaction of LEDGF with HIV integrase in a proximity AlphaScreen assay, an assay for the LEDGF enhancement of HIV integrase strand transfer and in a cell based assay. The compounds identified represent a potential framework for the development of a new series of HIV integrase inhibitors that do not bind to the catalytic site of the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas S Peat
- CSIRO Materials, Science and Engineering, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
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24
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Quashie PK, Sloan RD, Wainberg MA. Novel therapeutic strategies targeting HIV integrase. BMC Med 2012; 10:34. [PMID: 22498430 PMCID: PMC3348091 DOI: 10.1186/1741-7015-10-34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2011] [Accepted: 04/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Integration of the viral genome into host cell chromatin is a pivotal and unique step in the replication cycle of retroviruses, including HIV. Inhibiting HIV replication by specifically blocking the viral integrase enzyme that mediates this step is an obvious and attractive therapeutic strategy. After concerted efforts, the first viable integrase inhibitors were developed in the early 2000s, ultimately leading to the clinical licensure of the first integrase strand transfer inhibitor, raltegravir. Similarly structured compounds and derivative second generation integrase strand transfer inhibitors, such as elvitegravir and dolutegravir, are now in various stages of clinical development. Furthermore, other mechanisms aimed at the inhibition of viral integration are being explored in numerous preclinical studies, which include inhibition of 3' processing and chromatin targeting. The development of new clinically useful compounds will be aided by the characterization of the retroviral intasome crystal structure. This review considers the history of the clinical development of HIV integrase inhibitors, the development of antiviral drug resistance and the need for new antiviral compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter K Quashie
- McGill University AIDS Centre, Lady Davis Institute, Montreal, Canada
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LEDGF/p75-independent HIV-1 replication demonstrates a role for HRP-2 and remains sensitive to inhibition by LEDGINs. PLoS Pathog 2012; 8:e1002558. [PMID: 22396646 PMCID: PMC3291655 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2011] [Accepted: 01/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Lens epithelium–derived growth factor (LEDGF/p75) is a cellular cofactor of HIV-1 integrase (IN) that interacts with IN through its IN binding domain (IBD) and tethers the viral pre-integration complex to the host cell chromatin. Here we report the generation of a human somatic LEDGF/p75 knockout cell line that allows the study of spreading HIV-1 infection in the absence of LEDGF/p75. By homologous recombination the exons encoding the LEDGF/p75 IBD (exons 11 to 14) were knocked out. In the absence of LEDGF/p75 replication of laboratory HIV-1 strains was severely delayed while clinical HIV-1 isolates were replication-defective. The residual replication was predominantly mediated by the Hepatoma-derived growth factor related protein 2 (HRP-2), the only cellular protein besides LEDGF/p75 that contains an IBD. Importantly, the recently described IN-LEDGF/p75 inhibitors (LEDGINs) remained active even in the absence of LEDGF/p75 by blocking the interaction with the IBD of HRP-2. These results further support the potential of LEDGINs as allosteric integrase inhibitors. Like other viruses, HIV has a limited genome and needs to exploit the machinery of the host cell to complete its replication cycle. The elucidation of virus-host interactions not only sheds light on pathogenesis but also provides opportunities in a limited number of cases to develop novel antiviral drugs. A prototypical example is the interaction between the cellular protein LEDGF/p75 and HIV-1 integrase (IN). Here we generated a human somatic LEDGF/p75 knockout cell line to demonstrate that HIV-1 replication is highly dependent on its cofactor. We show that the residual replication of laboratory strains is predominantly mediated by a LEDGF/p75-related protein, HRP-2. Interestingly, the recently developed HIV-1 IN inhibitors that target the LEDGF/p75-IN interaction interface, LEDGINs, remain active even in the absence of LEDGF/p75. We demonstrate that LEDGINs efficiently block the interaction between IN and HRP-2. In case HIV-1 would be able to bypass LEDGF/p75-dependent replication using HRP-2 as an alternative tether, LEDGINs would remain fully active.
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26
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Lens epithelium-derived growth factor/p75 qualifies as a target for HIV gene therapy in the NSG mouse model. Mol Ther 2012; 20:908-17. [PMID: 22334021 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2012.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Lens epithelium-derived growth factor (LEDGF/p75) is an essential cofactor of HIV integration. Both stable overexpression of the C-terminal part of LEDGF/p75 (LEDGF(325-530)) containing the integrase (IN)-binding domain (IBD) and stable knockdown (KD) of LEDGF/p75 are known to inhibit HIV infection in laboratory cell lines. Here, primary human CD(4)(+) T-cells were transduced with lentiviral vectors encoding LEDGF(325-530), the interaction-deficient mutant LEDGF(325-530)D366N, or a hairpin depleting LEDGF/p75 and challenged with HIV. Maximal protection of primary T-cells from HIV infection was obtained after LEDGF(325-530) overexpression reducing HIV replication 40-fold without evidence of cellular toxicity. This strategy was subsequently evaluated in the NOD.Cg-Prkdc(scid) Il2rg(tm1Wjl)/SzJ (NSG) mouse model. Threefold reduction in mean plasma viral load was obtained in mice engrafted with CD(4)(+) T-cells expressing LEDGF(325-530) in comparison with engraftment with LEDGF(325-530)D366N cells. Four weeks after transplantation with LEDGF(325-530)D366N cells, 70% of the CD(4)(+) cells were lost due to ongoing HIV replication. However, in mice transplanted with LEDGF(325-530) cells only a 20% decrease in CD(4)(+) cells was measured. Liver and spleen sections of LEDGF(325-530) mice contained less HIV than LEDGF(325-530)D366N mice as measured by p24 antigen detection. LEDGF(325-530) overexpression potently inhibits HIV replication in vivo and protects against HIV mediated cell killing of primary CD(4)(+) T-cells.
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27
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Gijsbers R, Vets S, De Rijck J, Ocwieja KE, Ronen K, Malani N, Bushman FD, Debyser Z. Role of the PWWP domain of lens epithelium-derived growth factor (LEDGF)/p75 cofactor in lentiviral integration targeting. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:41812-41826. [PMID: 21987578 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.255711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
LEDGF/p75 is a chromatin-interacting, cellular cofactor of HIV integrase that dictates lentiviral integration site preference. In this study we determined the role of the PWWP domain of LEDGF/p75 in tethering and targeting of the lentiviral pre-integration complex, employing potent knockdown cell lines allowing analysis in the absence of endogenous LEDGF/p75. Deletion of the PWWP domain resulted in a diffuse subnuclear distribution pattern, loss of interaction with condensed chromatin, and failure to rescue proviral integration, integration site distribution, and productive virus replication. Substitution of the PWWP domain of LEDGF/p75 with that of hepatoma-derived growth factor or HDGF-related protein-2 rescued viral replication and lentiviral integration site distribution in LEDGF/p75-depleted cells. Replacing all chromatin binding elements of LEDGF/p75 with full-length hepatoma-derived growth factor resulted in more integration in genes combined with a preference for CpG islands. In addition, we showed that any PWWP domain targets SMYD1-like sequences. Analysis of integration preferences of lentiviral vectors for epigenetic marks indicates that the PWWP domain is critical for interactions specifying the relationship of integration sites to regions enriched in specific histone post-translational modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rik Gijsbers
- Division of Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Sofie Vets
- Division of Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan De Rijck
- Division of Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Karen E Ocwieja
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Keshet Ronen
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Nirav Malani
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Frederic D Bushman
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Zeger Debyser
- Division of Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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