1
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Bhachoo JS, Garvin AJ. SUMO and the DNA damage response. Biochem Soc Trans 2024; 52:773-792. [PMID: 38629643 PMCID: PMC11088926 DOI: 10.1042/bst20230862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
The preservation of genome integrity requires specialised DNA damage repair (DDR) signalling pathways to respond to each type of DNA damage. A key feature of DDR is the integration of numerous post-translational modification signals with DNA repair factors. These modifications influence DDR factor recruitment to damaged DNA, activity, protein-protein interactions, and ultimately eviction to enable access for subsequent repair factors or termination of DDR signalling. SUMO1-3 (small ubiquitin-like modifier 1-3) conjugation has gained much recent attention. The SUMO-modified proteome is enriched with DNA repair factors. Here we provide a snapshot of our current understanding of how SUMO signalling impacts the major DNA repair pathways in mammalian cells. We highlight repeating themes of SUMO signalling used throughout DNA repair pathways including the assembly of protein complexes, competition with ubiquitin to promote DDR factor stability and ubiquitin-dependent degradation or extraction of SUMOylated DDR factors. As SUMO 'addiction' in cancer cells is protective to genomic integrity, targeting components of the SUMO machinery to potentiate DNA damaging therapy or exacerbate existing DNA repair defects is a promising area of study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jai S. Bhachoo
- SUMO Biology Lab, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire LS2 9JT, U.K
| | - Alexander J. Garvin
- SUMO Biology Lab, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire LS2 9JT, U.K
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2
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Foster BM, Wang Z, Schmidt CK. DoUBLing up: ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like proteases in genome stability. Biochem J 2024; 481:515-545. [PMID: 38572758 PMCID: PMC11088880 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20230284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Maintaining stability of the genome requires dedicated DNA repair and signalling processes that are essential for the faithful duplication and propagation of chromosomes. These DNA damage response (DDR) mechanisms counteract the potentially mutagenic impact of daily genotoxic stresses from both exogenous and endogenous sources. Inherent to these DNA repair pathways is the activity of protein factors that instigate repair processes in response to DNA lesions. The regulation, coordination, and orchestration of these DDR factors is carried out, in a large part, by post-translational modifications, such as phosphorylation, ubiquitylation, and modification with ubiquitin-like proteins (UBLs). The importance of ubiquitylation and UBLylation with SUMO in DNA repair is well established, with the modified targets and downstream signalling consequences relatively well characterised. However, the role of dedicated erasers for ubiquitin and UBLs, known as deubiquitylases (DUBs) and ubiquitin-like proteases (ULPs) respectively, in genome stability is less well established, particularly for emerging UBLs such as ISG15 and UFM1. In this review, we provide an overview of the known regulatory roles and mechanisms of DUBs and ULPs involved in genome stability pathways. Expanding our understanding of the molecular agents and mechanisms underlying the removal of ubiquitin and UBL modifications will be fundamental for progressing our knowledge of the DDR and likely provide new therapeutic avenues for relevant human diseases, such as cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M. Foster
- Manchester Cancer Research Centre (MCRC), Division of Cancer Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, 555 Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4GJ, U.K
| | - Zijuan Wang
- Manchester Cancer Research Centre (MCRC), Division of Cancer Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, 555 Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4GJ, U.K
| | - Christine K. Schmidt
- Manchester Cancer Research Centre (MCRC), Division of Cancer Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, 555 Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4GJ, U.K
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3
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Claessens LA, Verlaan-de Vries M, de Graaf IJ, Vertegaal ACO. SENP6 regulates localization and nuclear condensation of DNA damage response proteins by group deSUMOylation. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5893. [PMID: 37735495 PMCID: PMC10514054 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41623-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The SUMO protease SENP6 maintains genomic stability, but mechanistic understanding of this process remains limited. We find that SENP6 deconjugates SUMO2/3 polymers on a group of DNA damage response proteins, including BRCA1-BARD1, 53BP1, BLM and ERCC1-XPF. SENP6 maintains these proteins in a hypo-SUMOylated state under unstressed conditions and counteracts their polySUMOylation after hydroxyurea-induced stress. Co-depletion of RNF4 leads to a further increase in SUMOylation of BRCA1, BARD1 and BLM, suggesting that SENP6 antagonizes targeting of these proteins by RNF4. Functionally, depletion of SENP6 results in uncoordinated recruitment and persistence of SUMO2/3 at UVA laser and ionizing radiation induced DNA damage sites. Additionally, SUMO2/3 and DNA damage response proteins accumulate in nuclear bodies, in a PML-independent manner driven by multivalent SUMO-SIM interactions. These data illustrate coordinated regulation of SUMOylated DNA damage response proteins by SENP6, governing their timely localization at DNA damage sites and nuclear condensation state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Claessens
- Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Ilona J de Graaf
- Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Alfred C O Vertegaal
- Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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4
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Gibertini S, Ruggieri A, Cheli M, Maggi L. Protein Aggregates and Aggrephagy in Myopathies. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24098456. [PMID: 37176163 PMCID: PMC10179229 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
A number of muscular disorders are hallmarked by the aggregation of misfolded proteins within muscle fibers. A specialized form of macroautophagy, termed aggrephagy, is designated to remove and degrade protein aggregates. This review aims to summarize what has been studied so far about the direct involvement of aggrephagy and the activation of the key players, among others, p62, NBR1, Alfy, Tollip, Optineurin, TAX1BP1 and CCT2 in muscular diseases. In the first part of the review, we describe the aggrephagy pathway with the involved proteins; then, we illustrate the muscular disorder histologically characterized by protein aggregates, highlighting the role of aggrephagy pathway abnormalities in these muscular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Gibertini
- Neuroimmunology and Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico "Carlo Besta", 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandra Ruggieri
- Neuroimmunology and Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico "Carlo Besta", 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Marta Cheli
- Neuroimmunology and Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico "Carlo Besta", 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Maggi
- Neuroimmunology and Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico "Carlo Besta", 20133 Milan, Italy
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5
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Garvin AJ, Lanz AJ, Morris JR. SUMO monoclonal antibodies vary in sensitivity, specificity, and ability to detect types of SUMO conjugate. Sci Rep 2022; 12:21343. [PMID: 36494414 PMCID: PMC9734647 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-25665-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (MAb) to members of the Small Ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) family are essential tools in the study of cellular SUMOylation. However, many anti-SUMO MAbs are poorly validated, and antibody matching to detection format is without an evidence base. Here we test the specificity and sensitivity of twenty-four anti-SUMO MAbs towards monomeric and polymeric SUMO1-4 in dot-blots, immunoblots, immunofluorescence and immunoprecipitation. We find substantial variability between SUMO MAbs for different conjugation states, for detecting increased SUMOylation in response to thirteen different stress agents, and as enrichment reagents for SUMOylated RanGAP1 or KAP1. All four anti-SUMO4 monoclonal antibodies tested cross-reacted wit SUMO2/3, and several SUMO2/3 monoclonal antibodies cross-reacted with SUMO4. These data characterize the specificity of twenty-four anti-SUMO antibodies across commonly used assays, creating an enabling resource for the SUMO research community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J. Garvin
- grid.6572.60000 0004 1936 7486Birmingham Centre for Genome Biology and Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Schools, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT UK
| | - Alexander J. Lanz
- grid.6572.60000 0004 1936 7486Birmingham Centre for Genome Biology and Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Schools, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT UK
| | - Joanna R. Morris
- grid.6572.60000 0004 1936 7486Birmingham Centre for Genome Biology and Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Schools, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT UK
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6
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RNF4 promotes tumorigenesis, therapy resistance of cholangiocarcinoma and affects cell cycle by regulating the ubiquitination degradation of p27kip1 in the nucleus. Exp Cell Res 2022; 419:113295. [PMID: 35926659 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2022.113295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Among the hallmarks of cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) progression and unresponsiveness to therapy is impaired ubiquitin-dependent degradation of nuclear tumor suppressor protein. In the previous stage, our research group found that as a key tumor suppressor, nuclear dysfunction of p27kip1 is closely related to chemotherapy resistance of CCA, but the specific mechanism is unclear. It was recently shown that p27kip1-driven tumors were strongly dependent on the SUMO pathway. RNF4, as the SUMO-targeted ubiquitin ligase (STUbL), identifies SUMOylated proteins as a substrate through sumo-interacting motifs (SIM) and causes its degradation via the ubiquitin proteasome pathway. Here we described that the expression of RNF4 was upregulated in CCA tissues and related to malignant features. Silencing RNF4 arrested human CCA cells at the G1 phase, which was associated with the upregulation of p27kip1 and the downregulation of its downstream cycle-related proteins. Silencing RNF4 inhibited cell proliferation and migration, increased cell apoptosis, and sensitized CCA cells to treatment of chemotherapeutic drugs in vitro. Immunofluorescence showed that p27kip1 and RNF4 were mainly co-located in the nucleus. Immunoprecipitation and Western blot showed that p27kip1 was a target protein for SUMOylation and high expression of RNF4 decreased the levels of nuclear p27kip1, enhanced the levels of ubiquitinated and SUMOylated p27kip1, indicating that RNF4 could regulate cell cycle progression via recognizing SUMOylated p27kip1 and facilitating its ubiquitination degradation. These data indicate that RNF4-mediated ubiquitination degradation of SUMOylated proteins is a novel regulatory mechanism of p27kip1 dysfunction and CCA tumorigenesis, which provides a potential option for therapeutic intervention of CCA.
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7
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Jing J, Wu N, Xu W, Wang Y, Pawlowski WP, He Y. An F-box protein ACOZ1 functions in crossover formation by ensuring proper chromosome compaction during maize meiosis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 235:157-172. [PMID: 35322878 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Meiosis is an essential reproductive process to create new genetic variation. During early meiosis, higher order chromosome organization creates a platform for meiotic processes to ensure the accuracy of recombination and chromosome segregation. However, little is known about the regulatory mechanisms underlying dynamic chromosome organization in plant meiosis. Here, we describe abnormal chromosome organization in zygotene1 (ACOZ1), which encodes a canonical F-box protein in maize. In acoz1 mutant meiocytes, chromosomes maintain a leptotene-like state and never compact to a zygotene-like configuration. Telomere bouquet formation and homologous pairing are also distorted and installation of synaptonemal complex ZYP1 protein is slightly defective. Loading of early recombination proteins RAD51 and DMC1 is unaffected, indicating that ACOZ1 is not required for double strand break formation or repair. However, crossover formation is severely disturbed. The ACOZ1 protein localizes on the boundary of chromatin, rather directly to chromosomes. Furthermore, we identified that ACOZ1 interacts with SKP1 through its C-terminus, revealing that it acts as a subunit of the SCF E3 ubiquitin/SUMO ligase complex. Overall, our results suggest that ACOZ1 functions independently from the core meiotic recombination pathway to influence crossover formation by controlling chromosome compaction during maize meiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juli Jing
- MOE Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization, National Maize Improvement Center of China, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100094, China
| | - Nan Wu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization, National Maize Improvement Center of China, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100094, China
| | - Wanyue Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Sciences and Ecological Engineering, Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Yingxiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Sciences and Ecological Engineering, Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | | | - Yan He
- MOE Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization, National Maize Improvement Center of China, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100094, China
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8
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Lee D, Apelt K, Lee SO, Chan HR, Luijsterburg MS, Leung JWC, Miller K. ZMYM2 restricts 53BP1 at DNA double-strand breaks to favor BRCA1 loading and homologous recombination. Nucleic Acids Res 2022; 50:3922-3943. [PMID: 35253893 PMCID: PMC9023290 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkac160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
An inability to repair DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) threatens genome integrity and can contribute to human diseases, including cancer. Mammalian cells repair DSBs mainly through homologous recombination (HR) and nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ). The choice between these pathways is regulated by the interplay between 53BP1 and BRCA1, whereby BRCA1 excludes 53BP1 to promote HR and 53BP1 limits BRCA1 to facilitate NHEJ. Here, we identify the zinc-finger proteins (ZnF), ZMYM2 and ZMYM3, as antagonizers of 53BP1 recruitment that facilitate HR protein recruitment and function at DNA breaks. Mechanistically, we show that ZMYM2 recruitment to DSBs and suppression of break-associated 53BP1 requires the SUMO E3 ligase PIAS4, as well as SUMO binding by ZMYM2. Cells deficient for ZMYM2/3 display genome instability, PARP inhibitor and ionizing radiation sensitivity and reduced HR repair. Importantly, depletion of 53BP1 in ZMYM2/3-deficient cells rescues BRCA1 recruitment to and HR repair of DSBs, suggesting that ZMYM2 and ZMYM3 primarily function to restrict 53BP1 engagement at breaks to favor BRCA1 loading that functions to channel breaks to HR repair. Identification of DNA repair functions for these poorly characterized ZnF proteins may shed light on their unknown contributions to human diseases, where they have been reported to be highly dysregulated, including in several cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doohyung Lee
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Katja Apelt
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2333 ZC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Seong-Ok Lee
- Department of Radiation Oncology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Hsin-Ru Chan
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Martijn S Luijsterburg
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2333 ZC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Justin W C Leung
- Department of Radiation Oncology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Kyle M Miller
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
- Livestrong Cancer Institutes, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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9
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Payliss BJ, Patel A, Sheppard AC, Wyatt HDM. Exploring the Structures and Functions of Macromolecular SLX4-Nuclease Complexes in Genome Stability. Front Genet 2021; 12:784167. [PMID: 34804132 PMCID: PMC8599992 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.784167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
All organisms depend on the ability of cells to accurately duplicate and segregate DNA into progeny. However, DNA is frequently damaged by factors in the environment and from within cells. One of the most dangerous lesions is a DNA double-strand break. Unrepaired breaks are a major driving force for genome instability. Cells contain sophisticated DNA repair networks to counteract the harmful effects of genotoxic agents, thus safeguarding genome integrity. Homologous recombination is a high-fidelity, template-dependent DNA repair pathway essential for the accurate repair of DNA nicks, gaps and double-strand breaks. Accurate homologous recombination depends on the ability of cells to remove branched DNA structures that form during repair, which is achieved through the opposing actions of helicases and structure-selective endonucleases. This review focuses on a structure-selective endonuclease called SLX1-SLX4 and the macromolecular endonuclease complexes that assemble on the SLX4 scaffold. First, we discuss recent developments that illuminate the structure and biochemical properties of this somewhat atypical structure-selective endonuclease. We then summarize the multifaceted roles that are fulfilled by human SLX1-SLX4 and its associated endonucleases in homologous recombination and genome stability. Finally, we discuss recent work on SLX4-binding proteins that may represent integral components of these macromolecular nuclease complexes, emphasizing the structure and function of a protein called SLX4IP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon J Payliss
- Department of Biochemistry, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ayushi Patel
- Department of Biochemistry, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Anneka C Sheppard
- Department of Biochemistry, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Haley D M Wyatt
- Department of Biochemistry, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Canada Research Chairs Program, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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10
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Thivolle A, Mehnert AK, Tihon E, McLaughlin E, Dujeancourt-Henry A, Glover L. DNA double strand break position leads to distinct gene expression changes and regulates VSG switching pathway choice. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1010038. [PMID: 34767618 PMCID: PMC8612549 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Antigenic variation is an immune evasion strategy used by Trypanosoma brucei that results in the periodic exchange of the surface protein coat. This process is facilitated by the movement of variant surface glycoprotein genes in or out of a specialized locus known as bloodstream form expression site by homologous recombination, facilitated by blocks of repetitive sequence known as the 70-bp repeats, that provide homology for gene conversion events. DNA double strand breaks are potent drivers of antigenic variation, however where these breaks must fall to elicit a switch is not well understood. To understand how the position of a break influences antigenic variation we established a series of cell lines to study the effect of an I-SceI meganuclease break in the active expression site. We found that a DNA break within repetitive regions is not productive for VSG switching, and show that the break position leads to a distinct gene expression profile and DNA repair response which dictates how antigenic variation proceeds in African trypanosomes. Crucial to triggering antigenic variation is the formation of DNA double strand breaks (DSB). These lesions have been shown to be potent drivers of variant surface glycoprotein (VSG) switching, albeit highly toxic. Trypanosomes immune evasion strategy relies on their ability to rapidly exchange the singly expressed VSG for one that is antigenically distinct. It has been previously shown that the subtelomeric ends, here the locus from which the VSG is expressed, accumulate DSBs. Using the I-SceI meganuclease system we established a series of cell lines to assess how the position of a DSB influences antigenic variation and the cellular response to a break. We show that a DSB in highly repetitive regions are poor triggers for antigenic variation. Contrastingly, a DSB that does lead to VSG switching via recombination results in the upregulation of DNA damage linked genes. Our results provide new insights into how the position of a DSB influences repair pathway choice and the subsequent gene expression changes. We propose that where repair is not dominated by recombination, but rather by an error prone mechanism, silent BES promoters are partially activated to facilitate rapid transcriptional switching should repair be deleterious to the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alix Thivolle
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Trypanosome Molecular Biology, Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, Paris, France
| | - Ann-Kathrin Mehnert
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Trypanosome Molecular Biology, Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, Paris, France
| | - Eliane Tihon
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Trypanosome Molecular Biology, Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, Paris, France
| | - Emilia McLaughlin
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Trypanosome Molecular Biology, Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, Paris, France
- Université de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Annick Dujeancourt-Henry
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Trypanosome Molecular Biology, Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, Paris, France
| | - Lucy Glover
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Trypanosome Molecular Biology, Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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11
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Klaric JA, Wüst S, Panier S. New Faces of old Friends: Emerging new Roles of RNA-Binding Proteins in the DNA Double-Strand Break Response. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:668821. [PMID: 34026839 PMCID: PMC8138124 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.668821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are highly cytotoxic DNA lesions. To protect genomic stability and ensure cell homeostasis, cells mount a complex signaling-based response that not only coordinates the repair of the broken DNA strand but also activates cell cycle checkpoints and, if necessary, induces cell death. The last decade has seen a flurry of studies that have identified RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) as novel regulators of the DSB response. While many of these RBPs have well-characterized roles in gene expression, it is becoming increasingly clear that they also have non-canonical functions in the DSB response that go well beyond transcription, splicing and mRNA processing. Here, we review the current understanding of how RBPs are integrated into the cellular response to DSBs and describe how these proteins directly participate in signal transduction, amplification and repair at damaged chromatin. In addition, we discuss the implications of an RBP-mediated DSB response for genome instability and age-associated diseases such as cancer and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A Klaric
- Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne, Germany
| | - Stas Wüst
- Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne, Germany
| | - Stephanie Panier
- Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne, Germany.,Cologne Cluster of Excellence in Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD) Research Center, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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12
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Rabellino A, Khanna KK. The implication of the SUMOylation pathway in breast cancer pathogenesis and treatment. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2020; 55:54-70. [PMID: 32183544 DOI: 10.1080/10409238.2020.1738332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed malignancy in woman worldwide, and is the second most common cause of death in developed countries. The transformation of a normal cell into a malignant derivate requires the acquisition of diverse genomic and proteomic changes, including enzymatic post-translational modifications (PTMs) on key proteins encompassing critical cell signaling events. PTMs occur on proteins after translation, and regulate several aspects of proteins activity, including their localization, activation and turnover. Deregulation of PTMs can potentially lead to tumorigenesis, and several de-regulated PTM pathways contribute to abnormal cell proliferation during breast tumorigenesis. SUMOylation is a PTM that plays a pivotal role in numerous aspects of cell physiology, including cell cycle regulation, protein trafficking and turnover, and DNA damage repair. Consistently with this, the deregulation of the SUMO pathway is observed in different human pathologies, including breast cancer. In this review we will describe the role of SUMOylation in breast tumorigenesis and its implication for breast cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Rabellino
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane City, Australia
| | - Kum Kum Khanna
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane City, Australia
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13
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Beyond reversal: ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like proteases and the orchestration of the DNA double strand break repair response. Biochem Soc Trans 2020; 47:1881-1893. [PMID: 31769469 PMCID: PMC6925521 DOI: 10.1042/bst20190534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The cellular response to genotoxic DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) uses a multitude of post-translational modifications to localise, modulate and ultimately clear DNA repair factors in a timely and accurate manner. Ubiquitination is well established as vital to the DSB response, with a carefully co-ordinated pathway of histone ubiquitination events being a central component of DSB signalling. Other ubiquitin-like modifiers (Ubl) including SUMO and NEDD8 have since been identified as playing important roles in DSB repair. In the last five years ∼20 additional Ub/Ubl proteases have been implicated in the DSB response. The number of proteases identified highlights the complexity of the Ub/Ubl signal present at DSBs. Ub/Ubl proteases regulate turnover, activity and protein-protein interactions of DSB repair factors both catalytically and non-catalytically. This not only ensures efficient repair of breaks but has a role in channelling repair into the correct DSB repair sub-pathways. Ultimately Ub/Ubl proteases have essential roles in maintaining genomic stability. Given that deficiencies in many Ub/Ubl proteases promotes sensitivity to DNA damaging chemotherapies, they could be attractive targets for cancer treatment.
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14
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Dokshin GA, Davis GM, Sawle AD, Eldridge MD, Nicholls PK, Gourley TE, Romer KA, Molesworth LW, Tatnell HR, Ozturk AR, de Rooij DG, Hannon GJ, Page DC, Mello CC, Carmell MA. GCNA Interacts with Spartan and Topoisomerase II to Regulate Genome Stability. Dev Cell 2020; 52:53-68.e6. [PMID: 31839538 PMCID: PMC7227305 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2019.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
GCNA proteins are expressed across eukarya in pluripotent cells and have conserved functions in fertility. GCNA homologs Spartan (DVC-1) and Wss1 resolve DNA-protein crosslinks (DPCs), including Topoisomerase-DNA adducts, during DNA replication. Here, we show that GCNA mutants in mouse and C. elegans display defects in genome maintenance including DNA damage, aberrant chromosome condensation, and crossover defects in mouse spermatocytes and spontaneous genomic rearrangements in C. elegans. We show that GCNA and topoisomerase II (TOP2) physically interact in both mice and worms and colocalize on condensed chromosomes during mitosis in C. elegans embryos. Moreover, C. elegans gcna-1 mutants are hypersensitive to TOP2 poison. Together, our findings support a model in which GCNA provides genome maintenance functions in the germline and may do so, in part, by promoting the resolution of TOP2 DPCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregoriy A Dokshin
- RNA Therapeutics Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Gregory M Davis
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Federation University, VIC 3841, Australia
| | - Ashley D Sawle
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Matthew D Eldridge
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
| | | | - Taylin E Gourley
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Federation University, VIC 3841, Australia
| | - Katherine A Romer
- Whitehead Institute, 455 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Computational and Systems Biology Program, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Luke W Molesworth
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Federation University, VIC 3841, Australia
| | - Hannah R Tatnell
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Federation University, VIC 3841, Australia
| | - Ahmet R Ozturk
- RNA Therapeutics Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Dirk G de Rooij
- Whitehead Institute, 455 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Reproductive Biology Group, Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584, the Netherlands; Center for Reproductive Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam 1105, the Netherlands
| | - Gregory J Hannon
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK; Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - David C Page
- Whitehead Institute, 455 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Whitehead Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Craig C Mello
- RNA Therapeutics Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
| | - Michelle A Carmell
- RNA Therapeutics Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA; Whitehead Institute, 455 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA.
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15
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Wang L, Qi H, Tang Y, Shen HM. Post-translational Modifications of Key Machinery in the Control of Mitophagy. Trends Biochem Sci 2020; 45:58-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2019.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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16
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Srinivasan S, Shankar SR, Wang Y, Taneja R. SUMOylation of G9a regulates its function as an activator of myoblast proliferation. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:250. [PMID: 30867409 PMCID: PMC6416281 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1465-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The lysine methyltransferase G9a plays a role in many cellular processes. It is a potent repressor of gene expression, a function attributed to its ability to methylate histone and non-histone proteins. Paradoxically, in some instances, G9a can activate gene expression. However, regulators of G9a expression and activity are poorly understood. In this study, we report that endogenous G9a is SUMOylated in proliferating skeletal myoblasts. There are four potential SUMOylation consensus motifs in G9a. Mutation of all four acceptor lysine residues [K79, K152, K256, and K799] inhibits SUMOylation. Interestingly, SUMOylation does not impact G9a-mediated repression of MyoD transcriptional activity or myogenic differentiation. In contrast, SUMO-defective G9a is unable to enhance proliferation of myoblasts. Using complementation experiments, we show that the proliferation defect of primary myoblasts from conditional G9a-deficient mice is rescued by re-expression of wild-type, but not SUMOylation-defective, G9a. Mechanistically, SUMOylation acts as signal for PCAF (P300/CBP-associated factor) recruitment at E2F1-target genes. This results in increased histone H3 lysine 9 acetylation marks at E2F1-target gene promoters that are required for S-phase progression. Our studies provide evidence by which SUMO modification of G9a influences the chromatin environment to impact cell cycle progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shruti Srinivasan
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117593, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shilpa Rani Shankar
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117593, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yaju Wang
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117593, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Reshma Taneja
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117593, Singapore, Singapore.
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17
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Garvin AJ, Walker AK, Densham RM, Chauhan AS, Stone HR, Mackay HL, Jamshad M, Starowicz K, Daza-Martin M, Ronson GE, Lanz AJ, Beesley JF, Morris JR. The deSUMOylase SENP2 coordinates homologous recombination and nonhomologous end joining by independent mechanisms. Genes Dev 2019; 33:333-347. [PMID: 30796017 PMCID: PMC6411010 DOI: 10.1101/gad.321125.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
SUMOylation (small ubiquitin-like modifier) in the DNA double-strand break (DSB) response regulates recruitment, activity, and clearance of repair factors. However, our understanding of a role for deSUMOylation in this process is limited. Here we identify different mechanistic roles for deSUMOylation in homologous recombination (HR) and nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ) through the investigation of the deSUMOylase SENP2. We found that regulated deSUMOylation of MDC1 prevents excessive SUMOylation and its RNF4-VCP mediated clearance from DSBs, thereby promoting NHEJ. In contrast, we show that HR is differentially sensitive to SUMO availability and SENP2 activity is needed to provide SUMO. SENP2 is amplified as part of the chromosome 3q amplification in many cancers. Increased SENP2 expression prolongs MDC1 focus retention and increases NHEJ and radioresistance. Collectively, our data reveal that deSUMOylation differentially primes cells for responding to DSBs and demonstrates the ability of SENP2 to tune DSB repair responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J Garvin
- Birmingham Centre for Genome Biology, Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandra K Walker
- Birmingham Centre for Genome Biology, Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Ruth M Densham
- Birmingham Centre for Genome Biology, Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Anoop Singh Chauhan
- Birmingham Centre for Genome Biology, Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Helen R Stone
- Birmingham Centre for Genome Biology, Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah L Mackay
- Birmingham Centre for Genome Biology, Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Mohammed Jamshad
- Birmingham Centre for Genome Biology, Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Katarzyna Starowicz
- Birmingham Centre for Genome Biology, Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Manuel Daza-Martin
- Birmingham Centre for Genome Biology, Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - George E Ronson
- Birmingham Centre for Genome Biology, Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander J Lanz
- Birmingham Centre for Genome Biology, Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - James F Beesley
- Birmingham Centre for Genome Biology, Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Joanna R Morris
- Birmingham Centre for Genome Biology, Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
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18
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Ubiquitin-Mimicking Peptides Transfer Differentiates by E1 and E2 Enzymes. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:6062520. [PMID: 30246024 PMCID: PMC6136576 DOI: 10.1155/2018/6062520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Ubiquitin and ubiquitin like proteins (UBLs) play key roles in eukaryotes. These proteins are attached to their target proteins through an E1-E2-E3 cascade and modify the functions of these proteins. Since the discovery of ubiquitin, several UBLs have been identified, including Nedd8, SUMO, ISG15, and Atg8. Ubiquitin and UBLs share a similar three-dimensional structure: β-grasp fold and an X-X-[R/A/E/K]-X-X-[G/X]-G motif at the C-terminus. We have previously reported that ubiquitin, Nedd8, and SUMO mimicking peptides which all contain the conserved motif X-X-[R/A/E/K]-X-X-[G/X]-G still retained their reactivity toward their corresponding E1, E2, and E3 enzymes. In our current study, we investigated whether such C-terminal peptides could still be transferred onto related pathway enzymes to probe the function of these enzymes when they are fused with a protein. By bioinformatic search of protein databases, we selected eight proteins carrying the X-X-[R/A/E/K]-X-X-[G/X]-G motif at the C-terminus of the β-grasp fold. We synthesized the C-terminal sequences of these candidates as short peptides and found that three of them showed significant reactivity with the ubiquitin E1 enzyme Ube1. We next fused the three reactive short peptides to three different protein frames, including their respective native protein frames, a ubiquitin frame and a peptidyl carrier protein (PCP) frame, and measured the reactivities of these peptide-fused proteins with Ube1. Peptide-fused proteins on ubiquitin and PCP frames showed obvious reactivity with Ube1. However, when we measured E2 UbcH7 transfer, we found that the PCP-peptide fusions lost their reactivity with UbcH7. Taken together, these results suggested that the recognition of E2 enzymes with peptide-fused proteins depended not only on the C-terminal sequences of the ubiquitin-mimicking peptides, but also on the overall structures of the protein frames.
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19
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DNA damage and tissue repair: What we can learn from planaria. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2018; 87:145-159. [PMID: 29727725 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2018.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 04/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Faithful renewal of aging and damaged tissues is central to organismal lifespan. Stem cells (SCs) generate the cellular progeny that replenish adult tissues across the body but this task becomes increasingly compromised over time. The age related decline in SC-mediated tissue maintenance is a multifactorial event that commonly affects genome integrity. The presence of DNA damage in SCs that are under continuous demand to divide poses a great risk for age-related disorders such as cancer. However, performing analysis of SCs with genomic instability and the DNA damage response during tissue renewal present significant challenges. Here we introduce an alternative experimental system based on the planaria flatworm Schmidtea mediterranea to address at the organismal level studies intersecting SC-mediated tissue renewal in the presence of genomic instability. Planaria have abundant SCs (neoblasts) that maintain high rates of cellular turnover and a variety of molecular tools have been developed to induce DNA damage and dissect how neoblasts respond to this stressor. S. mediterranea displays high evolutionary conservation of DNA repair mechanisms and signaling pathways regulating adult SCs. We describe genetically induced-DNA damage models and highlight body-wide signals affecting cellular decisions such as survival, proliferation, and death in the presence of genomic instability. We also discuss transcriptomic changes in the DNA damage response during injury repair and propose DNA repair as key component of tissue regeneration. Additional studies using planaria will provide insights about mechanisms regulating survival and growth of cells with DNA damage during tissue renewal and regeneration.
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20
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Chen D, Gomes F, Abeykoon D, Lemma B, Wang Y, Fushman D, Fenselau C. Top-Down Analysis of Branched Proteins Using Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2018; 90:4032-4038. [PMID: 29513006 PMCID: PMC6146919 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b05234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Post-translational modifications by the covalent attachment of Rub1 (NEDD8), ubiquitin, SUMO, and other small signaling proteins have profound impacts on the functions and fates of cellular proteins. Investigations of the relationship of these bioactive structures and their functions are limited by analytical methods that are scarce and tedious. A novel strategy is reported here for the analysis of branched proteins by top-down mass spectrometry and illustrated by application to four recombinant proteins and one synthetic peptide modified by covalent bonds with ubiquitin or Rub1. The approach allows an analyte to be recognized as a branched protein; the participating proteins to be identified; the site of conjugation to be defined; and other chemical, native, and recombinant modifications to be characterized. In addition to the high resolution and high accuracy provided by the mass spectrometer, success is based on sample fragmentation by electron-transfer dissociation assisted by collisional activation and on software designed for graphic interpretation and adapted for branched proteins. The strategy allows for structures of unknown, two-component branched proteins to be elucidated directly the first time and can potentially be extended to more complex systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dapeng Chen
- University of Maryland , College Park , Maryland 20742 , United States
| | - Fabio Gomes
- University of Maryland , College Park , Maryland 20742 , United States
| | - Dulith Abeykoon
- University of Maryland , College Park , Maryland 20742 , United States
| | - Betsegaw Lemma
- University of Maryland , College Park , Maryland 20742 , United States
| | - Yan Wang
- University of Maryland , College Park , Maryland 20742 , United States
| | - David Fushman
- University of Maryland , College Park , Maryland 20742 , United States
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21
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Ranieri M, Vivo M, De Simone M, Guerrini L, Pollice A, La Mantia G, Calabrò V. Sumoylation and ubiquitylation crosstalk in the control of ΔNp63α protein stability. Gene 2017; 645:34-40. [PMID: 29246538 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2017.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
ΔNp63α is finely and strictly regulated during embryogenesis and differentiation. ΔNp63α is the only p63 isoform degraded by the proteasome after Ubiquitin and SUMO (Small Ubiquitin-like MOdifier) conjugation. Here, we show that p63 ubiquitylation per se is not the signal triggering p63 proteasomal degradation. Taking advantage of natural ΔNp63α mutants isolated by patients with Split Hand and Foot Malformation IV syndrome, we found that SUMO and Ub modifications are not redundant and both are required to guarantee efficient ΔNp63α degradation. Here, we present evidence that sumoylation and ubiquitylation of ΔNp63α are strongly intertwined, and none of the two can efficiently occur if the other is impaired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Ranieri
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology Albert Einstein College of Medicine, United States
| | - Maria Vivo
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", Italy.
| | | | | | - Alessandra Pollice
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", Italy
| | - Girolama La Mantia
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", Italy
| | - Viola Calabrò
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", Italy
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22
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Kwon YT, Ciechanover A. The Ubiquitin Code in the Ubiquitin-Proteasome System and Autophagy. Trends Biochem Sci 2017; 42:873-886. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 374] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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23
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Ji CH, Kwon YT. Crosstalk and Interplay between the Ubiquitin-Proteasome System and Autophagy. Mol Cells 2017; 40:441-449. [PMID: 28743182 PMCID: PMC5547213 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2017.0115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteolysis in eukaryotic cells is mainly mediated by the ubiquitin (Ub)-proteasome system (UPS) and the autophagylysosome system (hereafter autophagy). The UPS is a selective proteolytic system in which substrates are recognized and tagged with ubiquitin for processive degradation by the proteasome. Autophagy is a bulk degradative system that uses lysosomal hydrolases to degrade proteins as well as various other cellular constituents. Since the inception of their discoveries, the UPS and autophagy were thought to be independent of each other in components, action mechanisms, and substrate selectivity. Recent studies suggest that cells operate a single proteolytic network comprising of the UPS and autophagy that share notable similarity in many aspects and functionally cooperate with each other to maintain proteostasis. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms underlying the crosstalk and interplay between the UPS and autophagy, with an emphasis on substrate selectivity and compensatory regulation under cellular stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Hoon Ji
- Protein Metabolism Medical Research Center and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080,
Korea
| | - Yong Tae Kwon
- Protein Metabolism Medical Research Center and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080,
Korea
- Ischemic/Hypoxic Disease Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080,
Korea
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