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Parodi C, Di Fede E, Peron A, Viganò I, Grazioli P, Castiglioni S, Finnell RH, Gervasini C, Vignoli A, Massa V. Chromatin Imbalance as the Vertex Between Fetal Valproate Syndrome and Chromatinopathies. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:654467. [PMID: 33959609 PMCID: PMC8093873 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.654467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Prenatal exposure to valproate (VPA), an antiepileptic drug, has been associated with fetal valproate spectrum disorders (FVSD), a clinical condition including congenital malformations, developmental delay, intellectual disability as well as autism spectrum disorder, together with a distinctive facial appearance. VPA is a known inhibitor of histone deacetylase which regulates the chromatin state. Interestingly, perturbations of this epigenetic balance are associated with chromatinopathies, a heterogeneous group of Mendelian disorders arising from mutations in components of the epigenetic machinery. Patients affected from these disorders display a plethora of clinical signs, mainly neurological deficits and intellectual disability, together with distinctive craniofacial dysmorphisms. Remarkably, critically examining the phenotype of FVSD and chromatinopathies, they shared several overlapping features that can be observed despite the different etiologies of these disorders, suggesting the possible existence of a common perturbed mechanism(s) during embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Parodi
- Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Di Fede
- Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Angela Peron
- Human Pathology and Medical Genetics, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, San Paolo Hospital, Milan, Italy.,Child Neuropsychiatry Unit-Epilepsy Center, Department of Health Sciences, San Paolo Hospital, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.,Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Ilaria Viganò
- Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Grazioli
- Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Castiglioni
- Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Richard H Finnell
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Molecular and Human Genetics and Medicine, Center for Precision Environmental Health, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Cristina Gervasini
- Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.,"Aldo Ravelli" Center for Neurotechnology and Experimental Brain Therapeutics, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Aglaia Vignoli
- Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Valentina Massa
- Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.,"Aldo Ravelli" Center for Neurotechnology and Experimental Brain Therapeutics, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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Zhang H, Yang T, Wang Y, Wang Z, Zhu Z, Guo Z, Wang X. DNA topoisomerases as additional targets for anticancer monofunctional platinum(ii) complexes. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:304-310. [PMID: 33300919 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt02608e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Topoisomerases are ubiquitous enzymes and important targets for DNA-oriented anticancer drugs. Two mitochondrion-targeted monofunctional platinum(ii) complexes, [Pt(ortho-PPh3CH2Py)(NH3)2Cl](NO3)2 (OPT) and [Pt(para-PPh3CH2Py)(NH3)2Cl](NO3)2 (PPT; PPh3 = triphenylphosphonium, Py = pyridine), show significant inhibition towards the activity of DNA topoisomerases in addition to their DNA binding and mitochondrial targeting capabilities. OPT exhibits strong cytotoxicity toward the human renal clear cell carcinoma 786-O and the murine prostate cancer RM-1 cell lines. The complex could bind to the minor groove of DNA, as well as DNA topoisomerases I and IIα, thereby acting as an inhibitor of topoisomerase I/IIα and causing DNA damage. The damage was evidenced by the enhanced expression of γ-H2AX, Chk1/2 phosphorylation, p53 and cell cycle arrest in the G2/M phase. In contrast, the inhibitory effect of PPT on DNA topoisomerases was largely limited to the isolated enzymes. The results demonstrate that the cellular inhibition of the complex towards the DNA topoisomerases positively correlated with its mitochondrial accumulation. Molecular docking provided more detailed structural insights into the interactions of OPT or PPT with DNA and topoisomerase I/IIα. The binding sites of OPT and PPT in topoisomerase-DNA complexes are different from each other. Aside from previously revealed DNA and mitochondrial targets, this study discovered new evidence that DNA topoisomerases may also serve as targets of monofunctional platinum(ii) complexes. For a multispecific platinum complex, strong DNA binding ability does not necessarily lead to potent cytotoxicity as other factors including the cell types, mitochondrial accumulation, and activity of DNA topoisomerases also affect the outcome of DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China.
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Verma I, Seshagiri PB. Directed differentiation of mouse P19 embryonal carcinoma cells to neural cells in a serum- and retinoic acid-free culture medium. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2018; 54:567-579. [PMID: 30030768 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-018-0275-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
P19 embryonal carcinoma cells (EC-cells) provide a simple and robust culture system for studying neural development. Most protocols developed so far for directing neural differentiation of P19 cells depend on the use of culture medium supplemented with retinoic acid (RA) and serum, which has an undefined composition. Hence, such protocols are not suitable for many molecular studies. In this study, we achieved neural differentiation of P19 cells in a serum- and RA-free culture medium by employing the knockout serum replacement (KSR) supplement. In the KSR-containing medium, P19 cells underwent predominant differentiation into neural lineage and by day 12 of culture, neural cells were present in 100% of P19-derived embryoid bodies (EBs). This was consistently accompanied by the increased expression of various neural lineage-associated markers during the course of differentiation. P19-derived neural cells comprised of NES+ neural progenitors (~ 46%), TUBB3+ immature neurons (~ 6%), MAP2+ mature neurons (~ 2%), and GFAP+ astrocytes (~ 50%). A heterogeneous neuronal population consisting of glutamatergic, GABAergic, serotonergic, and dopaminergic neurons was generated. Taken together, our study shows that the KSR medium is suitable for the differentiation of P19 cells to neural lineage without requiring additional (serum and RA) supplements. This stem cell differentiation system could be utilized for gaining mechanistic insights into neural differentiation and for identifying potential neuroactive compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isha Verma
- Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Sir CV Raman Road, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Polani B Seshagiri
- Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Sir CV Raman Road, Bangalore, 560012, India.
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He W, Zhang X, Zhang Y, Zheng W, Xiong Z, Hu X, Wang M, Zhang L, Zhao K, Qiao Z, Lai W, Lv C, Kou X, Zhao Y, Yin J, Liu W, Jiang Y, Chen M, Xu R, Le R, Li C, Wang H, Wan X, Wang H, Han Z, Jiang C, Gao S, Chen J. Reduced Self-Diploidization and Improved Survival of Semi-cloned Mice Produced from Androgenetic Haploid Embryonic Stem Cells through Overexpression of Dnmt3b. Stem Cell Reports 2018; 10:477-493. [PMID: 29396184 PMCID: PMC5831042 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2017.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Androgenetic haploid embryonic stem cells (AG-haESCs) hold great promise for exploring gene functions and generating gene-edited semi-cloned (SC) mice. However, the high incidence of self-diploidization and low efficiency of SC mouse production are major obstacles preventing widespread use of these cells. Moreover, although SC mice generation could be greatly improved by knocking out the differentially methylated regions of two imprinted genes, 50% of the SC mice did not survive into adulthood. Here, we found that the genome-wide DNA methylation level in AG-haESCs is extremely low. Subsequently, downregulation of both de novo methyltransferase Dnmt3b and other methylation-related genes was determined to be responsible for DNA hypomethylation. We further demonstrated that ectopic expression of Dnmt3b in AG-haESCs could effectively improve DNA methylation level, and the high incidence of self-diploidization could be markedly rescued. More importantly, the developmental potential of SC embryos was improved, and most SC mice could survive into adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenteng He
- Clinical and Translation Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity & Infant Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xiaobai Zhang
- Clinical and Translation Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity & Infant Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yalin Zhang
- Clinical and Translation Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity & Infant Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Weisheng Zheng
- Clinical and Translation Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity & Infant Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Zeyu Xiong
- Key Laboratory for Major Obstetric Diseases of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510150, China
| | - Xinjie Hu
- Clinical and Translation Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity & Infant Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Mingzhu Wang
- Clinical and Translation Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity & Infant Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Linfeng Zhang
- Clinical and Translation Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity & Infant Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Kun Zhao
- Clinical and Translation Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity & Infant Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Zhibin Qiao
- Clinical and Translation Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity & Infant Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Weiyi Lai
- The State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Cong Lv
- The State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Xiaochen Kou
- Clinical and Translation Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity & Infant Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yanhong Zhao
- Clinical and Translation Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity & Infant Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Jiqing Yin
- Clinical and Translation Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity & Infant Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Wenqiang Liu
- Clinical and Translation Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity & Infant Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yonghua Jiang
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Mo Chen
- Clinical and Translation Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity & Infant Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Ruimin Xu
- Clinical and Translation Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity & Infant Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Rongrong Le
- Clinical and Translation Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity & Infant Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Chong Li
- Clinical and Translation Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity & Infant Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Clinical and Translation Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity & Infant Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xiaoping Wan
- Clinical and Translation Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity & Infant Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Hailin Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Zhiming Han
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Cizhong Jiang
- Clinical and Translation Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity & Infant Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Shaorong Gao
- Clinical and Translation Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity & Infant Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Jiayu Chen
- Clinical and Translation Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity & Infant Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
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