1
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Kohlmann P, Krylov SN, Marchand P, Jose J. FRET Assays for the Identification of C. albicans HSP90-Sba1 and Human HSP90α-p23 Binding Inhibitors. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:516. [PMID: 38675476 PMCID: PMC11053944 DOI: 10.3390/ph17040516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) is a critical target for anticancer and anti-fungal-infection therapies due to its central role as a molecular chaperone involved in protein folding and activation. In this study, we developed in vitro Förster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) assays to characterize the binding of C. albicans HSP90 to its co-chaperone Sba1, as well as that of the homologous human HSP90α to p23. The assay for human HSP90α binding to p23 enables selectivity assessment for compounds aimed to inhibit the binding of C. albicans HSP90 to Sba1 without affecting the physiological activity of human HSP90α. The combination of the two assays is important for antifungal drug development, while the assay for human HSP90α can potentially be used on its own for anticancer drug discovery. Since ATP binding of HSP90 is a prerequisite for HSP90-Sba1/p23 binding, ATP-competitive inhibitors can be identified with the assays. The specificity of binding of fusion protein constructs-HSP90-mNeonGreen (donor) and Sba1-mScarlet-I (acceptor)-to each other in our assay was confirmed via competitive inhibition by both non-labeled Sba1 and known ATP-competitive inhibitors. We utilized the developed assays to characterize the stability of both HSP90-Sba1 and HSP90α-p23 affinity complexes quantitatively. Kd values were determined and assessed for their precision and accuracy using the 95.5% confidence level. For HSP90-Sba1, the precision confidence interval (PCI) was found to be 70-120 (100 ± 20) nM while the accuracy confidence interval (ACI) was 100-130 nM. For HSP90α-p23, PCI was 180-260 (220 ± 40) nM and ACI was 200-270 nM. The developed assays were used to screen a nucleoside-mimetics library of 320 compounds for inhibitory activity against both C. albicans HSP90-Sba1 and human HSP90α-p23 binding. No novel active compounds were identified. Overall, the developed assays exhibited low data variability and robust signal separation, achieving Z factors > 0.5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Kohlmann
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmacampus, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany;
| | - Sergey N. Krylov
- Department of Chemistry, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada;
- Centre for Research on Biomolecular Interactions, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Pascal Marchand
- Cibles et Médicaments des Infections et de l’Immunité, IICiMed, Nantes Université, UR 1155, F-44000 Nantes, France;
| | - Joachim Jose
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmacampus, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany;
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2
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Chiosis G, Digwal CS, Trepel JB, Neckers L. Structural and functional complexity of HSP90 in cellular homeostasis and disease. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2023; 24:797-815. [PMID: 37524848 PMCID: PMC10592246 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-023-00640-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) is a chaperone with vital roles in regulating proteostasis, long recognized for its function in protein folding and maturation. A view is emerging that identifies HSP90 not as one protein that is structurally and functionally homogeneous but, rather, as a protein that is shaped by its environment. In this Review, we discuss evidence of multiple structural forms of HSP90 in health and disease, including homo-oligomers and hetero-oligomers, also termed epichaperomes, and examine the impact of stress, post-translational modifications and co-chaperones on their formation. We describe how these variations influence context-dependent functions of HSP90 as well as its interaction with other chaperones, co-chaperones and proteins, and how this structural complexity of HSP90 impacts and is impacted by its interaction with small molecule modulators. We close by discussing recent developments regarding the use of HSP90 inhibitors in cancer and how our new appreciation of the structural and functional heterogeneity of HSP90 invites a re-evaluation of how we discover and implement HSP90 therapeutics for disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Chiosis
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Chander S Digwal
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jane B Trepel
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Len Neckers
- Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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3
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Alao JP, Obaseki I, Amankwah YS, Nguyen Q, Sugoor M, Unruh E, Popoola HO, Tehver R, Kravats AN. Insight into the Nucleotide Based Modulation of the Grp94 Molecular Chaperone Using Multiscale Dynamics. J Phys Chem B 2023; 127:5389-5409. [PMID: 37294929 PMCID: PMC10292203 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c00260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Grp94, an ER-localized molecular chaperone, is required for the folding and activation of many membrane and secretory proteins. Client activation by Grp94 is mediated by nucleotide and conformational changes. In this work, we aim to understand how microscopic changes from nucleotide hydrolysis can potentiate large-scale conformational changes of Grp94. We performed all-atom molecular dynamics simulations on the ATP-hydrolysis competent state of the Grp94 dimer in four different nucleotide bound states. We found that Grp94 was the most rigid when ATP was bound. ATP hydrolysis or nucleotide removal enhanced mobility of the N-terminal domain and ATP lid, resulting in suppression of interdomain communication. In an asymmetric conformation with one hydrolyzed nucleotide, we identified a more compact state, similar to experimental observations. We also identified a potential regulatory role of the flexible linker, as it formed electrostatic interactions with the Grp94 M-domain helix near the region where BiP is known to bind. These studies were complemented with normal-mode analysis of an elastic network model to investigate Grp94's large-scale conformational changes. SPM analysis identified residues that are important in signaling conformational change, many of which have known functional relevance in ATP coordination and catalysis, client binding, and BiP binding. Our findings suggest that ATP hydrolysis in Grp94 alters allosteric wiring and facilitates conformational changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Paul Alao
- Department
of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio 45056, United States
| | - Ikponwmosa Obaseki
- Department
of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio 45056, United States
| | - Yaa Sarfowah Amankwah
- Department
of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio 45056, United States
| | - Quinn Nguyen
- Department
of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio 45056, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California,
Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Meghana Sugoor
- Department
of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio 45056, United States
| | - Erin Unruh
- Department
of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio 45056, United States
- Cell,
Molecular, and Structural Biology Program, Department of Chemistry
& Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio 45056, United States
| | | | - Riina Tehver
- Department
of Physics, Denison University, Granville, Ohio 43023, United States
| | - Andrea N. Kravats
- Department
of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio 45056, United States
- Cell,
Molecular, and Structural Biology Program, Department of Chemistry
& Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio 45056, United States
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4
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Reidy M, Garzillo K, Masison DC. Nucleotide exchange is sufficient for Hsp90 functions in vivo. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2489. [PMID: 37120429 PMCID: PMC10148809 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38230-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Hsp90 is an essential eukaryotic chaperone that regulates the activity of many client proteins. Current models of Hsp90 function, which include many conformational rearrangements, specify a requirement of ATP hydrolysis. Here we confirm earlier findings that the Hsp82-E33A mutant, which binds ATP but does not hydrolyze it, supports viability of S. cerevisiae, although it displays conditional phenotypes. We find binding of ATP to Hsp82-E33A induces the conformational dynamics needed for Hsp90 function. Hsp90 orthologs with the analogous EA mutation from several eukaryotic species, including humans and disease organisms, support viability of both S. cerevisiae and Sz. pombe. We identify second-site suppressors of EA that rescue its conditional defects and allow EA versions of all Hsp90 orthologs tested to support nearly normal growth of both organisms, without restoring ATP hydrolysis. Thus, the requirement of ATP for Hsp90 to maintain viability of evolutionarily distant eukaryotic organisms does not appear to depend on energy from ATP hydrolysis. Our findings support earlier suggestions that exchange of ATP for ADP is critical for Hsp90 function. ATP hydrolysis is not necessary for this exchange but provides an important control point in the cycle responsive to regulation by co-chaperones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Reidy
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Genetics, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892-0830, USA.
| | - Kevin Garzillo
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Genetics, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892-0830, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, 18015, USA
| | - Daniel C Masison
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Genetics, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892-0830, USA
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5
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Huang B, Sun M, Hoxie R, Kotler JLM, Friedman LJ, Gelles J, Street TO. The endoplasmic reticulum chaperone BiP is a closure-accelerating cochaperone of Grp94. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2118793119. [PMID: 35078937 PMCID: PMC8812556 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2118793119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Hsp70 and Hsp90 chaperones provide protein quality control to the cytoplasm, endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and mitochondria. Hsp90 activity is often enhanced by cochaperones that drive conformational changes needed for ATP-dependent closure and capture of client proteins. Hsp90 activity is also enhanced when working with Hsp70, but, in this case, the underlying mechanistic explanation is poorly understood. Here we examine the ER-specific Hsp70/Hsp90 paralogs (BiP/Grp94) and discover that BiP itself acts as a cochaperone that accelerates Grp94 closure. The BiP nucleotide binding domain, which interacts with the Grp94 middle domain, is responsible for Grp94 closure acceleration. A client protein initiates a coordinated progression of steps for the BiP/Grp94 system, in which client binding to BiP causes a conformational change that enables BiP to bind to Grp94 and accelerate its ATP-dependent closure. Single-molecule fluorescence resonance energy transfer measurements show that BiP accelerates Grp94 closure by stabilizing a high-energy conformational intermediate that otherwise acts as an energetic barrier to closure. These findings provide an explanation for enhanced activity of BiP and Grp94 when working as a pair, and demonstrate the importance of a high-energy conformational state in controlling the timing of the Grp94 conformational cycle. Given the high conservation of the Hsp70/Hsp90 system, other Hsp70s may also serve dual roles as both chaperones and closure-accelerating cochaperones to their Hsp90 counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Huang
- Department of Biochemistry, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454
| | - Ming Sun
- Department of Biochemistry, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454
| | - Reyal Hoxie
- Department of Biochemistry, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454
| | - Judy L M Kotler
- Department of Biochemistry, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454
| | - Larry J Friedman
- Department of Biochemistry, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454
| | - Jeff Gelles
- Department of Biochemistry, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454
| | - Timothy O Street
- Department of Biochemistry, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454
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6
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Sanchez-Martin C, Serapian SA, Colombo G, Rasola A. Dynamically Shaping Chaperones. Allosteric Modulators of HSP90 Family as Regulatory Tools of Cell Metabolism in Neoplastic Progression. Front Oncol 2020; 10:1177. [PMID: 32766157 PMCID: PMC7378685 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.01177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular chaperones have recently emerged as fundamental regulators of salient biological routines, including metabolic adaptations to environmental changes. Yet, many of the molecular mechanisms at the basis of their functions are still unknown or at least uncertain. This is in part due to the lack of chemical tools that can interact with the chaperones to induce measurable functional perturbations. In this context, the use of small molecules as modulators of protein functions has proven relevant for the investigation of a number of biomolecular systems. Herein, we focus on the functions, interactions and signaling pathways of the HSP90 family of molecular chaperones as possible targets for the discovery of new molecular entities aimed at tuning their activity and interactions. HSP90 and its mitochondrial paralog, TRAP1, regulate the activity of crucial metabolic circuitries, making cells capable of efficiently using available energy sources, with relevant implications both in healthy conditions and in a variety of disease states and especially cancer. The design of small-molecules targeting the chaperone cycle of HSP90 and able to inhibit or stimulate the activity of the protein can provide opportunities to finely dissect their biochemical activities and to obtain lead compounds to develop novel, mechanism-based drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Giorgio Colombo
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Pavia, Pavia, Italy.,Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare, CNR, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Rasola
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università di Padova, Padua, Italy
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7
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Wolmarans A, Kwantes A, LaPointe P. A novel method for site-specific chemical SUMOylation: SUMOylation of Hsp90 modulates co-chaperone binding in vitro. Biol Chem 2019; 400:487-500. [PMID: 30265648 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2018-0251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
SUMO is covalently attached to lysine side chains in target proteins by the action of a cascade of E1, E2, and E3 ligases. Unlike ubiquitin, SUMO does not target proteins for degradation but rather plays a regulatory role in activating target proteins or directing them to multiprotein complexes. Isolating SUMOylated proteins from native sources is challenging because of the low stoichiometry of SUMOylation that occurs for any given target protein in cells. Here we report a novel strategy to couple SUMO to the site of a target lysine for the purpose of in vitro study. Introduction of a single cysteine after the C terminal diglycine motif and a cysteine in place of a target lysine in a substrate protein allows for efficient and specific crosslinking of SUMO using a homo-bifunctional maleimide crosslinker. We demonstrate that SUMO can be crosslinked in this manner to amino acid position 178 in the dimeric molecular chaperone, Hsp90. Chemically SUMOylated Hsp90 has very similar ATPase activity compared to unmodified Hsp90 but displays preferential co-chaperone binding in vivo. Our novel strategy can easily be applied to other SUMOylated or ubiquitinated target protein in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annemarie Wolmarans
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2H7, Alberta, Canada
| | - Allison Kwantes
- Department of Biology, The King's University, Edmonton T6B 2H3, Alberta, Canada
| | - Paul LaPointe
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2H7, Alberta, Canada
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8
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Huang B, Friedman LJ, Sun M, Gelles J, Street TO. Conformational Cycling within the Closed State of Grp94, an Hsp90-Family Chaperone. J Mol Biol 2019; 431:3312-3323. [PMID: 31202885 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2019.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The Hsp90 family of chaperones requires ATP-driven cycling to perform their function. The presence of two bound ATP molecules is known to favor a closed conformation of the Hsp90 dimer. However, the structural and mechanistic consequences of subsequent ATP hydrolysis are poorly understood. Using single-molecule FRET, we discover novel dynamic behavior in the closed state of Grp94, the Hsp90 family member resident in the endoplasmic reticulum. Under ATP turnover conditions, Grp94 populates two distinct closed states, a relatively static ATP/ATP closed state that adopts one conformation, and a dynamic ATP/ADP closed state that can adopt two conformations. We constructed a Grp94 heterodimer with one arm that is catalytically dead, to extend the lifetime of the ATP/ADP state by preventing hydrolysis of the second ATP. This construct shows prolonged periods of cycling between two closed conformations. Our results enable a quantitative description of how ATP hydrolysis influences Grp94, where sequential ATP hydrolysis steps allow Grp94 to transition between closed states with different dynamic and structural properties. This stepwise transitioning of Grp94's dynamic properties may provide a mechanism to propagate structural changes to a bound client protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Huang
- Department of Biochemistry, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454, USA
| | - Larry J Friedman
- Department of Biochemistry, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454, USA
| | - Ming Sun
- Department of Biochemistry, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454, USA
| | - Jeff Gelles
- Department of Biochemistry, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454, USA
| | - Timothy O Street
- Department of Biochemistry, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454, USA.
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9
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Mercier R, Wolmarans A, Schubert J, Neuweiler H, Johnson JL, LaPointe P. The conserved NxNNWHW motif in Aha-type co-chaperones modulates the kinetics of Hsp90 ATPase stimulation. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1273. [PMID: 30894538 PMCID: PMC6426937 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09299-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Hsp90 is a dimeric molecular chaperone that is essential for the folding and activation of hundreds of client proteins. Co-chaperone proteins regulate the ATP-driven Hsp90 client activation cycle. Aha-type co-chaperones are the most potent stimulators of the Hsp90 ATPase activity but the relationship between ATPase regulation and in vivo activity is poorly understood. We report here that the most strongly conserved region of Aha-type co-chaperones, the N terminal NxNNWHW motif, modulates the apparent affinity of Hsp90 for nucleotide substrates. The ability of yeast Aha-type co-chaperones to act in vivo is ablated when the N terminal NxNNWHW motif is removed. This work suggests that nucleotide exchange during the Hsp90 functional cycle may be more important than rate of catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Mercier
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Annemarie Wolmarans
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Jonathan Schubert
- Department of Biotechnology and Biophysics, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, 97074, Germany
| | - Hannes Neuweiler
- Department of Biotechnology and Biophysics, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, 97074, Germany
| | - Jill L Johnson
- Department of Biological Sciences and the Center for Reproductive Biology, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, 83844, USA
| | - Paul LaPointe
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2H7, Canada.
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