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Sweeney KM, Chantarawong S, Barbieri EM, Cajka G, Liu M, Spruce L, Fazelinia H, Portz B, Copley K, Lapidot T, Duhamel L, Greenwald P, Saida N, Shalgi R, Shorter J, Shalem O. CRISPR screen for protein inclusion formation uncovers a role for SRRD in the regulation of intermediate filament dynamics and aggresome assembly. PLoS Genet 2024; 20:e1011138. [PMID: 38315730 PMCID: PMC10868785 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1011138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The presence of large protein inclusions is a hallmark of neurodegeneration, and yet the precise molecular factors that contribute to their formation remain poorly understood. Screens using aggregation-prone proteins have commonly relied on downstream toxicity as a readout rather than the direct formation of aggregates. Here, we combined a genome-wide CRISPR knockout screen with Pulse Shape Analysis, a FACS-based method for inclusion detection, to identify direct modifiers of TDP-43 aggregation in human cells. Our screen revealed both canonical and novel proteostasis genes, and unearthed SRRD, a poorly characterized protein, as a top regulator of protein inclusion formation. APEX biotin labeling reveals that SRRD resides in proximity to proteins that are involved in the formation and breakage of disulfide bonds and to intermediate filaments, suggesting a role in regulation of the spatial dynamics of the intermediate filament network. Indeed, loss of SRRD results in aberrant intermediate filament fibrils and the impaired formation of aggresomes, including blunted vimentin cage structure, during proteotoxic stress. Interestingly, SRRD also localizes to aggresomes and unfolded proteins, and rescues proteotoxicity in yeast whereby its N-terminal low complexity domain is sufficient to induce this affect. Altogether this suggests an unanticipated and broad role for SRRD in cytoskeletal organization and cellular proteostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katelyn M. Sweeney
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Sapanna Chantarawong
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Edward M. Barbieri
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Greg Cajka
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Matthew Liu
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Lynn Spruce
- Proteomics Core Facility, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Hossein Fazelinia
- Proteomics Core Facility, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Bede Portz
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Katie Copley
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Tomer Lapidot
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Lauren Duhamel
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Phoebe Greenwald
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Naseeb Saida
- Department of Biochemistry, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Reut Shalgi
- Department of Biochemistry, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - James Shorter
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Ophir Shalem
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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2
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Tripathi A, Del Galdo S, Chandramouli B, Kumar N. Distinct dynamical features of plasmodial and human HSP70-HSP110 highlight the divergence in their chaperone-assisted protein folding. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2023; 1871:140942. [PMID: 37516289 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2023.140942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
HSP70 and its evolutionarily diverged co-chaperone HSP110, forms an important node in protein folding cascade. How these proteins maintain the aggregation-prone proteome of malaria parasite in functional state remains underexplored, in contrast to its human orthologs. In this study, we have probed into conformational dynamics of plasmodial HSP70 and HSP110 through multiple μs MD-simulations (ATP-state) and compared with their respective human counterparts. Simulations covered sampling of 3.4 and 2.8 μs for HSP70 and HSP110, respectively, for parasite and human orthologs. We provide a comprehensive description of the dynamic behaviors that characterize the systems and also introduce a parameter for quantifying protein rigidity. For HSP70, the interspecies comparison reveals enhanced flexibility in IA and IB subdomain within the conserved NBD, lesser solvent accessibility of the interdomain linker and distinct dynamics of the SBDβ of Pf HSP70 in comparison to Hs HSP70. In the case of HSP110, notable contrast in the dynamics of NBD, SBDβ and SBDα was observed between parasite and human ortholog. Although HSP70 and HSP110 are members of the same superfamily, we identified specific differences in the subdomain contacts in NBD, linker properties and interdomain movements in their human and parasite orthologs. Our study suggests that differences in conformational dynamics may translate into species-specific differences in the chaperoning activities of HSP70-HSP110 in the parasite and human, respectively. Dynamical features of Pf HSP70-HSP110 may contribute to the maintenance of proteostasis in the parasite during its intracellular survival in the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aradhya Tripathi
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR-CDRI), Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Lucknow 226031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Sara Del Galdo
- Science Department, University of Roma Tre, Via della Vasca Navale 84, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Niti Kumar
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR-CDRI), Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Lucknow 226031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India.
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3
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Velasco-Carneros L, Cuéllar J, Dublang L, Santiago C, Maréchal JD, Martín-Benito J, Maestro M, Fernández-Higuero JÁ, Orozco N, Moro F, Valpuesta JM, Muga A. The self-association equilibrium of DNAJA2 regulates its interaction with unfolded substrate proteins and with Hsc70. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5436. [PMID: 37670029 PMCID: PMC10480186 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41150-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
J-domain proteins tune the specificity of Hsp70s, engaging them in precise functions. Despite their essential role, the structure and function of many J-domain proteins remain largely unknown. We explore human DNAJA2, finding that it reversibly forms highly-ordered, tubular structures that can be dissociated by Hsc70, the constitutively expressed Hsp70 isoform. Cryoelectron microscopy and mutational studies reveal that different domains are involved in self-association. Oligomer dissociation into dimers potentiates its interaction with unfolded client proteins. The J-domains are accessible to Hsc70 within the tubular structure. They allow binding of closely spaced Hsc70 molecules that could be transferred to the unfolded substrate for its cooperative remodelling, explaining the efficient recovery of DNAJA2-bound clients. The disordered C-terminal domain, comprising the last 52 residues, regulates its holding activity and productive interaction with Hsc70. These in vitro findings suggest that the association equilibrium of DNAJA2 could regulate its interaction with client proteins and Hsc70.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorea Velasco-Carneros
- Biofisika Institute (CSIC, UPV/EHU), University of the Basque Country, 48940, Leioa, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940, Leioa, Spain
| | - Jorge Cuéllar
- Department of Macromolecular Structure, National Centre for Biotechnology (CNB-CSIC), 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Leire Dublang
- Biofisika Institute (CSIC, UPV/EHU), University of the Basque Country, 48940, Leioa, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940, Leioa, Spain
| | - César Santiago
- Department of Macromolecular Structure, National Centre for Biotechnology (CNB-CSIC), 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jean-Didier Maréchal
- Insilichem, Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, (UAB), 08193, Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Jaime Martín-Benito
- Department of Macromolecular Structure, National Centre for Biotechnology (CNB-CSIC), 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Moisés Maestro
- Department of Macromolecular Structure, National Centre for Biotechnology (CNB-CSIC), 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Ángel Fernández-Higuero
- Biofisika Institute (CSIC, UPV/EHU), University of the Basque Country, 48940, Leioa, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940, Leioa, Spain
| | - Natalia Orozco
- Biofisika Institute (CSIC, UPV/EHU), University of the Basque Country, 48940, Leioa, Spain
| | - Fernando Moro
- Biofisika Institute (CSIC, UPV/EHU), University of the Basque Country, 48940, Leioa, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940, Leioa, Spain
| | - José María Valpuesta
- Department of Macromolecular Structure, National Centre for Biotechnology (CNB-CSIC), 28049, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Arturo Muga
- Biofisika Institute (CSIC, UPV/EHU), University of the Basque Country, 48940, Leioa, Spain.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940, Leioa, Spain.
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4
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Cabrera Y, Bernardo-Seisdedos G, Dublang L, Albesa-Jové D, Orozco N, Rosa Viguera A, Millet O, Muga A, Moro F. Fine-tuning of the Hsc70-based human protein disaggregase machinery by the distinctive C-terminal extension of Apg2. J Mol Biol 2022; 434:167841. [PMID: 36167183 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2022.167841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Apg2, one of the three cytosolic Hsp110 chaperones in humans, supports reactivation of unordered and ordered protein aggregates by Hsc70 (HspA8). Together with DnaJB1, Apg2 serves to nucleate Hsc70 molecules into sites where productive entropic pulling forces can be developed. During aggregate reactivation, Apg2 performs as a specialized nucleotide exchange factor, but the origin of its specialization is poorly defined. Here we report on the role of the distinctive C-terminal extension present in Apg2 and other metazoan homologs. We found that the first part of this Apg2 subdomain with propensity to adopt α-helical structure interacts with the nucleotide binding domain of Hsc70 in a nucleotide-dependent manner, contributing significantly to the stability of the Hsc70:Apg2 complex. Moreover, the second intrinsically disordered segment of Apg2 C-terminal extension plays an important role as a downregulator of nucleotide exchange. An NMR analysis showed that the interaction with Hsc70 nucleotide binding domain modifies the chemical environment of residues located in important functional sites such as the interface between lobe I and II and the nucleotide binding site. Our data indicate that Apg2 C-terminal extension is a fine-tuner of human Hsc70 activity that optimizes the substrate remodeling ability of the chaperone system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yovana Cabrera
- Instituto Biofisika (UPV/EHU, CSIC) y Dpto. de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad del País Vasco, Barrio Sarriena S/N, 48490 Leioa, Spain; Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 9C, 41390 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Leire Dublang
- Instituto Biofisika (UPV/EHU, CSIC) y Dpto. de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad del País Vasco, Barrio Sarriena S/N, 48490 Leioa, Spain
| | - David Albesa-Jové
- Instituto Biofisika (UPV/EHU, CSIC) y Dpto. de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad del País Vasco, Barrio Sarriena S/N, 48490 Leioa, Spain; Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Natalia Orozco
- Fundación Biofísica Bizkaia, Barrio Sarriena S/N, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Ana Rosa Viguera
- Instituto Biofisika (UPV/EHU, CSIC) y Dpto. de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad del País Vasco, Barrio Sarriena S/N, 48490 Leioa, Spain
| | - Oscar Millet
- Precision Medicine and Metabolism Lab, CIC bioGUNE, Bizkaia Technology Park, 48160 Derio, Spain
| | - Arturo Muga
- Instituto Biofisika (UPV/EHU, CSIC) y Dpto. de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad del País Vasco, Barrio Sarriena S/N, 48490 Leioa, Spain
| | - Fernando Moro
- Instituto Biofisika (UPV/EHU, CSIC) y Dpto. de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad del País Vasco, Barrio Sarriena S/N, 48490 Leioa, Spain.
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5
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Kojima R, Takai S, Osada H, Yamamoto L, Furukawa M, Gullans SR. Novel function of the C-Terminal region of the Hsp110 family member Osp94 in unfolded protein refolding. J Cell Sci 2022; 135:274905. [PMID: 35237814 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.258542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Osp94, a member of the Hsp110/Sse1 family of heat shock proteins, has a longer C-terminus than Hsc70/Hsp70, composed of the loop region with partial SBDβ (L), and SBDα and the C-terminal extension (H), but the functions of these domains are poorly understood. Osp94 suppressed heat-induced aggregation of luciferase (Luc). Osp94-bound heat-inactivated Luc was reactivated in the presence of rabbit reticulocyte lysate (RRL) and/or a combination of Hsc70 and Hsp40. Targeted deletion mutagenesis revealed that the SBDβ and H domains of Osp94 are critical for protein disaggregation and RRL-mediated refolding. Reactivation of Hsp90-bound heat-inactivated Luc was abolished in the absence of RRL but compensated by PA28α, a proteasome activator. Interestingly, the LH domain also reactivated heat-inactivated Luc, independent of PA28α. Biotin-tag cross-linking experiments indicated that the LH domain and PA28α interact with Luc bound by Hsp90 during refolding. A chimera protein in which the H domain was exchanged for PA28α also mediated disaggregation and reactivation of heat-inactivated Luc. These results indicate that Osp94 acts as a holdase and that the C-terminal region plays a PA28α-like role in the refolding of unfolded proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoji Kojima
- Laboratory of Analytical Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, Aichi, 468-8503, Japan
| | - Shinichi Takai
- Laboratory of Analytical Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, Aichi, 468-8503, Japan
| | - Hinako Osada
- Laboratory of Analytical Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, Aichi, 468-8503, Japan
| | - Lina Yamamoto
- Laboratory of Analytical Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, Aichi, 468-8503, Japan
| | - Misa Furukawa
- Laboratory of Analytical Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, Aichi, 468-8503, Japan
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6
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Franco A, Cuéllar J, Fernández-Higuero JÁ, de la Arada I, Orozco N, Valpuesta JM, Prado A, Muga A. Truncation-Driven Lateral Association of α-Synuclein Hinders Amyloid Clearance by the Hsp70-Based Disaggregase. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222312983. [PMID: 34884786 PMCID: PMC8657883 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aggregation of α-synuclein is the hallmark of a collective of neurodegenerative disorders known as synucleinopathies. The tendency to aggregate of this protein, the toxicity of its aggregation intermediates and the ability of the cellular protein quality control system to clear these intermediates seems to be regulated, among other factors, by post-translational modifications (PTMs). Among these modifications, we consider herein proteolysis at both the N- and C-terminal regions of α-synuclein as a factor that could modulate disassembly of toxic amyloids by the human disaggregase, a combination of the chaperones Hsc70, DnaJB1 and Apg2. We find that, in contrast to aggregates of the protein lacking the N-terminus, which can be solubilized as efficiently as those of the WT protein, the deletion of the C-terminal domain, either in a recombinant context or as a consequence of calpain treatment, impaired Hsc70-mediated amyloid disassembly. Progressive removal of the negative charges at the C-terminal region induces lateral association of fibrils and type B* oligomers, precluding chaperone action. We propose that truncation-driven aggregate clumping impairs the mechanical action of chaperones, which includes fast protofilament unzipping coupled to depolymerization. Inhibition of the chaperone-mediated clearance of C-truncated species could explain their exacerbated toxicity and higher propensity to deposit found in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aitor Franco
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48080 Bilbao, Spain; (A.F.); (J.Á.F.-H.); (A.P.)
- Instituto Biofisika (UPV/EHU, CSIC), University of the Basque Country, 48940 Leioa, Spain; (I.d.l.A.); (N.O.)
| | - Jorge Cuéllar
- Department of Macromolecular Structure, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain; (J.C.); (J.M.V.)
| | - José Ángel Fernández-Higuero
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48080 Bilbao, Spain; (A.F.); (J.Á.F.-H.); (A.P.)
- Instituto Biofisika (UPV/EHU, CSIC), University of the Basque Country, 48940 Leioa, Spain; (I.d.l.A.); (N.O.)
| | - Igor de la Arada
- Instituto Biofisika (UPV/EHU, CSIC), University of the Basque Country, 48940 Leioa, Spain; (I.d.l.A.); (N.O.)
| | - Natalia Orozco
- Instituto Biofisika (UPV/EHU, CSIC), University of the Basque Country, 48940 Leioa, Spain; (I.d.l.A.); (N.O.)
- Fundación Biofísica Bizkaia/Biofisika Bizkaia Fundazioa (FBB), Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - José M. Valpuesta
- Department of Macromolecular Structure, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain; (J.C.); (J.M.V.)
| | - Adelina Prado
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48080 Bilbao, Spain; (A.F.); (J.Á.F.-H.); (A.P.)
- Instituto Biofisika (UPV/EHU, CSIC), University of the Basque Country, 48940 Leioa, Spain; (I.d.l.A.); (N.O.)
| | - Arturo Muga
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48080 Bilbao, Spain; (A.F.); (J.Á.F.-H.); (A.P.)
- Instituto Biofisika (UPV/EHU, CSIC), University of the Basque Country, 48940 Leioa, Spain; (I.d.l.A.); (N.O.)
- Correspondence:
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7
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Unzipping the Secrets of Amyloid Disassembly by the Human Disaggregase. Cells 2021; 10:cells10102745. [PMID: 34685723 PMCID: PMC8534776 DOI: 10.3390/cells10102745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) are increasingly positioned as leading causes of global deaths. The accelerated aging of the population and its strong relationship with neurodegeneration forecast these pathologies as a huge global health problem in the upcoming years. In this scenario, there is an urgent need for understanding the basic molecular mechanisms associated with such diseases. A major molecular hallmark of most NDs is the accumulation of insoluble and toxic protein aggregates, known as amyloids, in extracellular or intracellular deposits. Here, we review the current knowledge on how molecular chaperones, and more specifically a ternary protein complex referred to as the human disaggregase, deals with amyloids. This machinery, composed of the constitutive Hsp70 (Hsc70), the class B J-protein DnaJB1 and the nucleotide exchange factor Apg2 (Hsp110), disassembles amyloids of α-synuclein implicated in Parkinson’s disease as well as of other disease-associated proteins such as tau and huntingtin. We highlight recent studies that have led to the dissection of the mechanism used by this chaperone system to perform its disaggregase activity. We also discuss whether this chaperone-mediated disassembly mechanism could be used to solubilize other amyloidogenic substrates. Finally, we evaluate the implications of the chaperone system in amyloid clearance and associated toxicity, which could be critical for the development of new therapies.
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8
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Molecular mechanisms of mammalian autophagy. Biochem J 2021; 478:3395-3421. [PMID: 34554214 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20210314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The ubiquitin-proteasome pathway (UPP) and autophagy play integral roles in cellular homeostasis. As part of their normal life cycle, most proteins undergo ubiquitination for some form of redistribution, localization and/or functional modulation. However, ubiquitination is also important to the UPP and several autophagic processes. The UPP is initiated after specific lysine residues of short-lived, damaged or misfolded proteins are conjugated to ubiquitin, which targets these proteins to proteasomes. Autophagy is the endosomal/lysosomal-dependent degradation of organelles, invading microbes, zymogen granules and macromolecules such as protein, carbohydrates and lipids. Autophagy can be broadly separated into three distinct subtypes termed microautophagy, chaperone-mediated autophagy and macroautophagy. Although autophagy was once thought of as non-selective bulk degradation, advancements in the field have led to the discovery of several selective forms of autophagy. Here, we focus on the mechanisms of primary and selective mammalian autophagy pathways and highlight the current knowledge gaps in these molecular pathways.
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9
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All-or-none amyloid disassembly via chaperone-triggered fibril unzipping favors clearance of α-synuclein toxic species. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2105548118. [PMID: 34462355 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2105548118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
α-synuclein aggregation is present in Parkinson's disease and other neuropathologies. Among the assemblies that populate the amyloid formation process, oligomers and short fibrils are the most cytotoxic. The human Hsc70-based disaggregase system can resolve α-synuclein fibrils, but its ability to target other toxic assemblies has not been studied. Here, we show that this chaperone system preferentially disaggregates toxic oligomers and short fibrils, while its activity against large, less toxic amyloids is severely impaired. Biochemical and kinetic characterization of the disassembly process reveals that this behavior is the result of an all-or-none abrupt solubilization of individual aggregates. High-speed atomic force microscopy explicitly shows that disassembly starts with the destabilization of the tips and rapidly progresses to completion through protofilament unzipping and depolymerization without accumulation of harmful oligomeric intermediates. Our data provide molecular insights into the selective processing of toxic amyloids, which is critical to identify potential therapeutic targets against increasingly prevalent neurodegenerative disorders.
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10
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Budrass L, Fahlman RP, Mok SA. Deciphering Network Crosstalk: The Current Status and Potential of miRNA Regulatory Networks on the HSP40 Molecular Chaperone Network. Front Genet 2021; 12:689922. [PMID: 34234816 PMCID: PMC8255926 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.689922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular chaperone networks fulfill complex roles in protein homeostasis and are essential for maintaining cell health. Hsp40s (commonly referred to as J-proteins) have critical roles in development and are associated with a variety of human diseases, yet little is known regarding the J-proteins with respect to the post-transcriptional mechanisms that regulate their expression. With relatively small alterations in their abundance and stoichiometry altering their activity, post-transcriptional regulation potentially has significant impact on the functions of J-proteins. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a large group of non-coding RNAs that form a complex regulatory network impacting gene expression. Here we review and investigate the current knowledge and potential intersection of miRNA regulatory networks with the J-Protein chaperone network. Analysis of datasets from the current version of TargetScan revealed a great number of predicted microRNAs targeting J-proteins compared to the limited reports of interactions to date. There are likely unstudied regulatory interactions that influence chaperone biology contained within our analysis. We go on to present some criteria for prioritizing candidate interactions including potential cooperative targeting of J-Proteins by multiple miRNAs. In summary, we offer a view on the scope of regulation of J-Proteins through miRNAs with the aim of guiding future investigations by identifying key regulatory nodes within these two complex cellular networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lion Budrass
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Richard P Fahlman
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Sue-Ann Mok
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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11
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Inhibition of the Human Hsc70 System by Small Ligands as a Potential Anticancer Approach. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13122936. [PMID: 34208232 PMCID: PMC8230956 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13122936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary High levels of Heat shock proteins (Hsps) in specific cancers are usually linked to a poor prognosis, tumor progression, invasiveness, and resistance to treatment. Chaperone inhibition could therefore be toxic for cancer cells due to their high dependence on chaperone activity to survive. This study shows the potential to repurpose the small chemical compound pinaverium bromide, currently used to treat functional gastrointestinal disorders, as a possible antitumor drug since it displays a marked toxicity against two melanoma cell lines without affecting the viability of fibroblast and primary melanocytes. This compound interacts with structural regions shared by representatives of the Hsp70 and Hsp110 families, inhibiting the substrate remodeling ability of the Hsp70 system in vitro and in a cellular context. Abstract Heat shock protein (Hsp) synthesis is upregulated in a wide range of cancers to provide the appropriate environment for tumor progression. The Hsp110 and Hsp70 families have been associated to cancer cell survival and resistance to chemotherapy. In this study, we explore the strategy of drug repurposing to find new Hsp70 and Hsp110 inhibitors that display toxicity against melanoma cancer cells. We found that the hits discovered using Apg2, a human representative of the Hsp110 family, as the initial target bind also to structural regions present in members of the Hsp70 family, and therefore inhibit the remodeling activity of the Hsp70 system. One of these compounds, the spasmolytic agent pinaverium bromide used for functional gastrointestinal disorders, inhibits the intracellular chaperone activity of the Hsp70 system and elicits its cytotoxic activity specifically in two melanoma cell lines by activating apoptosis. Docking and molecular dynamics simulations indicate that this compound interacts with regions located in the nucleotide-binding domain and the linker of the chaperones, modulating their ATPase activity. Thus, repurposing of pinaverium bromide for cancer treatment appears as a promising novel therapeutic approach.
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12
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Karunanayake C, Page RC. Cytosolic protein quality control machinery: Interactions of Hsp70 with a network of co-chaperones and substrates. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2021; 246:1419-1434. [PMID: 33730888 PMCID: PMC8243209 DOI: 10.1177/1535370221999812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The chaperone heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) and its network of co-chaperones serve as a central hub of cellular protein quality control mechanisms. Domain organization in Hsp70 dictates ATPase activity, ATP dependent allosteric regulation, client/substrate binding and release, and interactions with co-chaperones. The protein quality control activities of Hsp70 are classified as foldase, holdase, and disaggregase activities. Co-chaperones directly assisting protein refolding included J domain proteins and nucleotide exchange factors. However, co-chaperones can also be grouped and explored based on which domain of Hsp70 they interact. Here we discuss how the network of cytosolic co-chaperones for Hsp70 contributes to the functions of Hsp70 while closely looking at their structural features. Comparison of domain organization and the structures of co-chaperones enables greater understanding of the interactions, mechanisms of action, and roles played in protein quality control.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Richard C Page
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA
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13
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Stress-induced p53 drives BAG5 cochaperone expression to control α-synuclein aggregation in Parkinson's disease. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:20702-20727. [PMID: 33085644 PMCID: PMC7655153 DOI: 10.18632/aging.103998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder with the pathological hallmark of α-synuclein aggregation. Dysregulation of α-synuclein homeostasis caused by aging, genetic, and environmental factors underlies the pathogenesis of PD. While chaperones are essential for proteostasis, whether modulation of cochaperones may participate in PD formation has not been fully characterized. Here, we assessed the expression of several HSP70- and HSP90-related factors under various stresses and found that BAG5 expression is distinctively elevated in etoposide- or H2O2-treated SH-SY5Y cells. Stress-induced p53 binds to the BAG5 promoter directly to stimulate BAG5. Induced BAG5 binds α-synuclein and HSP70 in both cell cultures and brain lysates from PD patients. Overexpressed BAG5 may result in the loss of its ability to promote HSP70. Importantly, α-synuclein aggregation in SH-SY5Y cells requires BAG5. BAG5 expression is also detected in transgenic SNCA mutant mice and in PD patients. Together, our data reveal stress-induced p53-BAG5-HSP70 regulation that provides a potential therapeutic angle for PD.
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14
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Serlidaki D, van Waarde MAWH, Rohland L, Wentink AS, Dekker SL, Kamphuis MJ, Boertien JM, Brunsting JF, Nillegoda NB, Bukau B, Mayer MP, Kampinga HH, Bergink S. Functional diversity between HSP70 paralogs caused by variable interactions with specific co-chaperones. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:7301-7316. [PMID: 32284329 PMCID: PMC7247296 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.012449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) chaperones play a central role in protein quality control and are crucial for many cellular processes, including protein folding, degradation, and disaggregation. Human HSP70s compose a family of 13 members that carry out their functions with the aid of even larger families of co-chaperones. A delicate interplay between HSP70s and co-chaperone recruitment is thought to determine substrate fate, yet it has been generally assumed that all Hsp70 paralogs have similar activities and are largely functionally redundant. However, here we found that when expressed in human cells, two highly homologous HSP70s, HSPA1A and HSPA1L, have opposing effects on cellular handling of various substrates. For example, HSPA1A reduced aggregation of the amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-associated protein variant superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1)-A4V, whereas HSPA1L enhanced its aggregation. Intriguingly, variations in the substrate-binding domain of these HSP70s did not play a role in this difference. Instead, we observed that substrate fate is determined by differential interactions of the HSP70s with co-chaperones. Whereas most co-chaperones bound equally well to these two HSP70s, Hsp70/Hsp90-organizing protein (HOP) preferentially bound to HSPA1L, and the Hsp110 nucleotide-exchange factor HSPH2 preferred HSPA1A. The role of HSPH2 was especially crucial for the HSPA1A-mediated reduction in SOD1-A4V aggregation. These findings reveal a remarkable functional diversity at the level of the cellular HSP70s and indicate that this diversity is defined by their affinities for specific co-chaperones such as HSPH2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Despina Serlidaki
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Maria A W H van Waarde
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lukas Rohland
- Center for Molecular Biology of the University of Heidelberg and the German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anne S Wentink
- Center for Molecular Biology of the University of Heidelberg and the German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Suzanne L Dekker
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten J Kamphuis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jeffrey M Boertien
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jeanette F Brunsting
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nadinath B Nillegoda
- Center for Molecular Biology of the University of Heidelberg and the German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Bernd Bukau
- Center for Molecular Biology of the University of Heidelberg and the German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Matthias P Mayer
- Center for Molecular Biology of the University of Heidelberg and the German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Harm H Kampinga
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Steven Bergink
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands.
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15
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Niu L, Lou F, Sun Y, Sun L, Cai X, Liu Z, Zhou H, Wang H, Wang Z, Bai J, Yin Q, Zhang J, Chen L, Peng D, Xu Z, Gao Y, Tang S, Fan L, Wang H. A micropeptide encoded by lncRNA MIR155HG suppresses autoimmune inflammation via modulating antigen presentation. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaaz2059. [PMID: 32671205 PMCID: PMC7314557 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaz2059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Many annotated long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) harbor predicted short open reading frames (sORFs), but the coding capacities of these sORFs and the functions of the resulting micropeptides remain elusive. Here, we report that human lncRNA MIR155HG encodes a 17-amino acid micropeptide, which we termed miPEP155 (P155). MIR155HG is highly expressed by inflamed antigen-presenting cells, leading to the discovery that P155 interacts with the adenosine 5'-triphosphate binding domain of heat shock cognate protein 70 (HSC70), a chaperone required for antigen trafficking and presentation in dendritic cells (DCs). P155 modulates major histocompatibility complex class II-mediated antigen presentation and T cell priming by disrupting the HSC70-HSP90 machinery. Exogenously injected P155 improves two classical mouse models of DC-driven auto inflammation. Collectively, we demonstrate the endogenous existence of a micropeptide encoded by a transcript annotated as "non-protein coding" and characterize a micropeptide as a regulator of antigen presentation and a suppressor of inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liman Niu
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTU-SM), Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Fangzhou Lou
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTU-SM), Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Yang Sun
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTU-SM), Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Libo Sun
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTU-SM), Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Xiaojie Cai
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTU-SM), Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Zhaoyuan Liu
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTU-SM), Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Hong Zhou
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTU-SM), Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTU-SM), Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Zhikai Wang
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTU-SM), Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Jing Bai
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTU-SM), Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Qianqian Yin
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTU-SM), Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Junxun Zhang
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTU-SM), Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Linjiao Chen
- Second Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Danhong Peng
- Second Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zhenyao Xu
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTU-SM), Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Yuanyuan Gao
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTU-SM), Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Sibei Tang
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTU-SM), Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Li Fan
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTU-SM), Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Honglin Wang
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTU-SM), Shanghai 200025, China
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16
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Velasco L, Dublang L, Moro F, Muga A. The Complex Phosphorylation Patterns that Regulate the Activity of Hsp70 and Its Cochaperones. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20174122. [PMID: 31450862 PMCID: PMC6747476 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20174122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteins must fold into their native structure and maintain it during their lifespan to display the desired activity. To ensure proper folding and stability, and avoid generation of misfolded conformations that can be potentially cytotoxic, cells synthesize a wide variety of molecular chaperones that assist folding of other proteins and avoid their aggregation, which unfortunately is unavoidable under acute stress conditions. A protein machinery in metazoa, composed of representatives of the Hsp70, Hsp40, and Hsp110 chaperone families, can reactivate protein aggregates. We revised herein the phosphorylation sites found so far in members of these chaperone families and the functional consequences associated with some of them. We also discuss how phosphorylation might regulate the chaperone activity and the interaction of human Hsp70 with its accessory and client proteins. Finally, we present the information that would be necessary to decrypt the effect that post-translational modifications, and especially phosphorylation, could have on the biological activity of the Hsp70 system, known as the “chaperone code”.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorea Velasco
- Biofisika Institute (UPV/EHU, CSIC) and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Leire Dublang
- Biofisika Institute (UPV/EHU, CSIC) and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Fernando Moro
- Biofisika Institute (UPV/EHU, CSIC) and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940 Leioa, Spain.
| | - Arturo Muga
- Biofisika Institute (UPV/EHU, CSIC) and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940 Leioa, Spain.
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