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Majumder P, Ahmed S, Ahuja P, Athreya A, Ranjan R, Penmatsa A. Cryo-EM structure of antibacterial efflux transporter QacA from Staphylococcus aureus reveals a novel extracellular loop with allosteric role. EMBO J 2023; 42:e113418. [PMID: 37458117 PMCID: PMC10425836 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2023113418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Efflux of antibacterial compounds is a major mechanism for developing antimicrobial resistance. In the Gram-positive pathogen Staphylococcus aureus, QacA, a 14 transmembrane helix containing major facilitator superfamily antiporter, mediates proton-coupled efflux of mono and divalent cationic antibacterial compounds. In this study, we report the cryo-EM structure of QacA, with a single mutation D411N that improves homogeneity and retains efflux activity against divalent cationic compounds like dequalinium and chlorhexidine. The structure of substrate-free QacA, complexed to two single-domain camelid antibodies, was elucidated to a resolution of 3.6 Å. The structure displays an outward-open conformation with an extracellular helical hairpin loop (EL7) between transmembrane helices 13 and 14, which is conserved in a subset of DHA2 transporters. Removal of the EL7 hairpin loop or disrupting the interface formed between EL7 and EL1 compromises efflux activity. Chimeric constructs of QacA with a helical hairpin and EL1 grafted from other DHA2 members, LfrA and SmvA, restore activity in the EL7 deleted QacA revealing the allosteric and vital role of EL7 hairpin in antibacterial efflux in QacA and related members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puja Majumder
- Molecular Biophysics UnitIndian Institute of ScienceBangaloreIndia
- Present address:
Memorial‐Sloan Kettering Cancer CenterNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Shahbaz Ahmed
- Molecular Biophysics UnitIndian Institute of ScienceBangaloreIndia
- Present address:
St. Jude Children's Research HospitalMemphisTNUSA
| | - Pragya Ahuja
- Molecular Biophysics UnitIndian Institute of ScienceBangaloreIndia
| | - Arunabh Athreya
- Molecular Biophysics UnitIndian Institute of ScienceBangaloreIndia
| | - Rakesh Ranjan
- ICAR‐National Research Centre on CamelJorbeerBikanerIndia
| | - Aravind Penmatsa
- Molecular Biophysics UnitIndian Institute of ScienceBangaloreIndia
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2
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Hou Z, Liu L, Wei J, Xu B. Progress in the Prevalence, Classification and Drug Resistance Mechanisms of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Infect Drug Resist 2023; 16:3271-3292. [PMID: 37255882 PMCID: PMC10226514 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s412308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a common human pathogen with a variety of virulence factors, which can cause multiple infectious diseases. In recent decades, due to the constant evolution and the abuse of antibiotics, Staphylococcus aureus was becoming more resistant, the infection rate of MRSA remained high, and clinical treatment of MRSA became more difficult. The genetic diversity of MRSA was mainly represented by the continuous emergence of epidemic strains, resulting in the constant changes of epidemic clones. Different classes of MRSA resulted in different epidemics and resistance characteristics, which could affect the clinical symptoms and treatments. MRSA had also spread from traditional hospitals to community and livestock environments, and the new clones established a relationship between animals and humans, promoting further evolution of MRSA. Since the resistance mechanism of MRSA is very complex, it is important to clarify these resistance mechanisms at the molecular level for the treatment of infectious diseases. We firstly described the diversity of SCCmec elements, and discussed the types of SCCmec, its drug resistance mechanisms and expression regulations. Then, we described how the vanA operon makes Staphylococcus aureus resistant to vancomycin and its expression regulation. Finally, a brief introduction was given to the drug resistance mechanisms of biofilms and efflux pump systems. Analyzing the resistance mechanism of MRSA can help study new anti-infective drugs and alleviate the evolution of MRSA. At the end of the review, we summarized the treatment strategies for MRSA infection, including antibiotics, anti-biofilm agents and efflux pump inhibitors. To sum up, here we reviewed the epidemic characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus, summarized its classifications, drug resistance mechanisms of MRSA (SCCmec element, vanA operon, biofilm and active efflux pump system) and novel therapy strategies, so as to provide a theoretical basis for the treatment of MRSA infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuru Hou
- Department of Basic Medicine, Fenyang College of Shanxi Medical University, Fenyang, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Lvliang for Clinical Molecular Diagnostics, Fenyang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ling Liu
- Key Laboratory of Lvliang for Clinical Molecular Diagnostics, Fenyang, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Fenyang College of Shanxi Medical University, Fenyang, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Fenyang Hospital of Shanxi Province, Fenyang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianhong Wei
- Department of Basic Medicine, Fenyang College of Shanxi Medical University, Fenyang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Benjin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Lvliang for Clinical Molecular Diagnostics, Fenyang, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Fenyang College of Shanxi Medical University, Fenyang, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Fenyang Hospital of Shanxi Province, Fenyang, People’s Republic of China
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3
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Dashtbani-Roozbehani A, Chitsaz M, Brown MH. The role of TMS 12 in the staphylococcal multidrug efflux protein QacA. J Antimicrob Chemother 2023:7143693. [PMID: 37100459 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkad121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To elucidate the importance of a region in QacA predicted to be important in antimicrobial substrate recognition. METHODS A total of 38 amino acid residues within or flanking putative transmembrane helix segment (TMS) 12 of QacA were individually replaced with cysteine using site-directed mutagenesis. The impact of these mutations on protein expression, drug resistance, transport activity and interaction with sulphhydryl-binding compounds was determined. RESULTS Accessibility analysis of cysteine-substituted mutants identified the extents of TMS 12, which allowed for refinement of the QacA topology model. Mutation of Gly-361, Gly-379 and Ser-387 in QacA resulted in reduced resistance to at least one bivalent substrate. Interaction with sulphhydryl-binding compounds in efflux and binding assays demonstrated the role of Gly-361 and Ser-387 in the binding and transport pathway of specific substrates. The highly conserved residue Gly-379 was found to be important for the transport of bivalent substrates, commensurate with the role of glycine residues in helical flexibility and interhelical interactions. CONCLUSIONS TMS 12 and its external flanking loop is required for the structural and functional integrity of QacA and contains amino acids directly involved in the interaction with substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohsen Chitsaz
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia
| | - Melissa H Brown
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia
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4
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Premageetha GTR, Dhanabalan K, Bose S, Manjunath L, Joseph D, Paz A, Grandfield S, Nayak V, Bredeston LM, Abramson J, Ramaswamy S. Biochemical characterization of a GDP-mannose transporter from Chaetomium thermophilum. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0280975. [PMID: 37079572 PMCID: PMC10118193 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0280975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Nucleotide Sugar Transporters (NSTs) belong to the SLC35 family (human solute carrier) of membrane transport proteins and are crucial components of the glycosylation machinery. NSTs are localized in the ER and Golgi apparatus membranes, where they accumulate nucleotide sugars from the cytosol for subsequent polysaccharide biosynthesis. Loss of NST function impacts the glycosylation of cell surface molecules. Mutations in NSTs cause several developmental disorders, immune disorders, and increased susceptibility to infection. Atomic resolution structures of three NSTs have provided a blueprint for a detailed molecular interpretation of their biochemical properties. In this work, we have identified, cloned, and expressed 18 members of the SLC35 family from various eukaryotic organisms in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Out of 18 clones, we determined Vrg4 from Chaetomium thermophilum (CtVrg4) is a GDP-mannose transporter with an enhanced melting point temperature (Tm) of 56.9°C, which increases with the addition of substrates, GMP and GDP-mannose. In addition, we report-for the first time-that the CtVrg4 shows an affinity to bind to phosphatidylinositol lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gowtham Thambra Rajan Premageetha
- Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - KanagaVijayan Dhanabalan
- Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Sucharita Bose
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Lavanyaa Manjunath
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Deepthi Joseph
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Aviv Paz
- Department of Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Samuel Grandfield
- Department of Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Vinod Nayak
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Luis M. Bredeston
- Departamento de Química Biológica-IQUIFIB, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires-CONICET, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Junín, Argentina
| | - Jeff Abramson
- Department of Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Subramanian Ramaswamy
- Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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5
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Stephen J, Salam F, Lekshmi M, Kumar SH, Varela MF. The Major Facilitator Superfamily and Antimicrobial Resistance Efflux Pumps of the ESKAPEE Pathogen Staphylococcus aureus. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12020343. [PMID: 36830254 PMCID: PMC9952236 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12020343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The ESKAPEE bacterial pathogen Staphylococcus aureus has posed a serious public health concern for centuries. Throughout its evolutionary course, S. aureus has developed strains with resistance to antimicrobial agents. The bacterial pathogen has acquired multidrug resistance, causing, in many cases, untreatable infectious diseases and raising serious public safety and healthcare concerns. Amongst the various mechanisms for antimicrobial resistance, integral membrane proteins that serve as secondary active transporters from the major facilitator superfamily constitute a chief system of multidrug resistance. These MFS transporters actively export structurally different antimicrobial agents from the cells of S. aureus. This review article discusses the S. aureus-specific MFS multidrug efflux pump systems from a molecular mechanistic perspective, paying particular attention to structure-function relationships, modulation of antimicrobial resistance mediated by MFS drug efflux pumps, and direction for future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerusha Stephen
- ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education (CIFE), Mumbai 400061, India
| | - Fathima Salam
- ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education (CIFE), Mumbai 400061, India
| | - Manjusha Lekshmi
- ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education (CIFE), Mumbai 400061, India
| | - Sanath H. Kumar
- ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education (CIFE), Mumbai 400061, India
| | - Manuel F. Varela
- Department of Biology, Eastern New Mexico University, Portales, NM 88130, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-575-562-2464
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6
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Li Y, Ge X. Molecular Dynamics Investigation of MFS Efflux Pump MdfA Reveals an Intermediate State between Its Inward and Outward Conformations. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010356. [PMID: 36613823 PMCID: PMC9820426 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Multidrug resistance poses a major challenge to antibiotic therapy. A principal cause of antibiotic resistance is through active export by efflux pumps embedded in the bacterial membrane. Major facilitator superfamily (MFS) efflux pumps constitute a major group of transporters, which are often related to quinolone resistance in clinical settings. Although a rocker-switch model is proposed for description of their conformational transitions, detailed changes in this process remain poorly understood. Here we used MdfA from E. coli as a representative MFS efflux pump to investigate factors that can affect its conformational transition in silico. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of MdfA's inward and outward conformations revealed an intermediate state between these two conformations. By comparison of the subtle differences between the intermediate state and the average state, we indicated that conformational transition from outward to inward was initiated by protonation of the periplasmic side. Subsequently, hydrophilic interaction of the periplasmic side with water was promoted and the regional structure of helix 1 was altered to favor this process. As the hydrophobic interaction between MdfA and membrane was also increased, energy was concentrated and stored for the opposite transition. In parallel, salt bridges at the cytoplasmic side were altered to lower probabilities to facilitate the entrance of substrate. In summary, we described the total and local changes during MdfA's conformational transition, providing insights for the development of potential inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xizhen Ge
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-10-5207-2337
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7
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Dashtbani-Roozbehani A, Brown MH. Efflux Pump Mediated Antimicrobial Resistance by Staphylococci in Health-Related Environments: Challenges and the Quest for Inhibition. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10121502. [PMID: 34943714 PMCID: PMC8698293 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10121502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The increasing emergence of antimicrobial resistance in staphylococcal bacteria is a major health threat worldwide due to significant morbidity and mortality resulting from their associated hospital- or community-acquired infections. Dramatic decrease in the discovery of new antibiotics from the pharmaceutical industry coupled with increased use of sanitisers and disinfectants due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic can further aggravate the problem of antimicrobial resistance. Staphylococci utilise multiple mechanisms to circumvent the effects of antimicrobials. One of these resistance mechanisms is the export of antimicrobial agents through the activity of membrane-embedded multidrug efflux pump proteins. The use of efflux pump inhibitors in combination with currently approved antimicrobials is a promising strategy to potentiate their clinical efficacy against resistant strains of staphylococci, and simultaneously reduce the selection of resistant mutants. This review presents an overview of the current knowledge of staphylococcal efflux pumps, discusses their clinical impact, and summarises compounds found in the last decade from plant and synthetic origin that have the potential to be used as adjuvants to antibiotic therapy against multidrug resistant staphylococci. Critically, future high-resolution structures of staphylococcal efflux pumps could aid in design and development of safer, more target-specific and highly potent efflux pump inhibitors to progress into clinical use.
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8
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Expression, purification and characterization of human proton-coupled oligopeptide transporter 1 hPEPT1. Protein Expr Purif 2021; 190:105990. [PMID: 34637915 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2021.105990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The human peptide transporter hPEPT1 (SLC15A1) is responsible for uptake of dietary di- and tripeptides and a number of drugs from the small intestine by utilizing the proton electrochemical gradient, and hence an important target for peptide-like drug design and drug delivery. hPEPT1 belongs to the ubiquitous major facilitator superfamily that all contain a 12TM core structure, with global conformational changes occurring during the transport cycle. Several bacterial homologues of these transporters have been characterized, providing valuable insight into the transport mechanism of this family. Here we report the overexpression and purification of recombinant hPEPT1 in a detergent-solubilized state. Thermostability profiling of hPEPT1 at different pH values revealed that hPEPT1 is more stable at pH 6 as compared to pH 7 and 8. Micro-scale thermophoresis (MST) confirmed that the purified hPEPT1 was able to bind di- and tripeptides respectively. To assess the in-solution oligomeric state of hPEPT1, negative stain electron microscopy was performed, demonstrating a predominantly monomeric state.
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9
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Dubey S, Majumder P, Penmatsa A, Sardesai AA. Topological analyses of the L-lysine exporter LysO reveal a critical role for a conserved pair of intramembrane solvent-exposed acidic residues. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:101168. [PMID: 34487760 PMCID: PMC8498466 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
LysO, a prototypical member of the LysO family, mediates export of L-lysine (Lys) and resistance to the toxic Lys antimetabolite, L-thialysine (Thl) in Escherichia coli. Here, we have addressed unknown aspects of LysO function pertaining to its membrane topology and the mechanism by which it mediates Lys/Thl export. Using substituted cysteine (Cys) accessibility, here we delineated the membrane topology of LysO. Our studies support a model in which both the N- and C-termini of LysO are present at the periplasmic face of the membrane with a transmembrane (TM) domain comprising eight TM segments (TMSs) between them. In addition, a feature of intramembrane solvent exposure in LysO is inferred with the identification of membrane-located solvent-exposed Cys residues. Isosteric substitutions of a pair of conserved acidic residues, one E233, located in the solvent-exposed TMS7 and the other D261, in a solvent-exposed intramembrane segment located between TMS7 and TMS8, abolished LysO function in vivo. Thl, but not Lys, elicited proton release in inside-out membrane vesicles, a process requiring the presence of both E233 and D261. We postulate that Thl may be exported in antiport with H+ and that Lys may be a low-affinity export substrate. Our findings are compatible with a physiological scenario wherein in vivo LysO exports the naturally occurring antimetabolite Thl with higher affinity over the essential cellular metabolite Lys, thus affording protection from Thl toxicity and limiting wasteful export of Lys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Dubey
- Laboratory of Bacterial Genetics, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics, Hyderabad, India; Graduate Studies, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Puja Majumder
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Aravind Penmatsa
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Abhijit A Sardesai
- Laboratory of Bacterial Genetics, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics, Hyderabad, India.
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10
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Short FL, Liu Q, Shah B, Clift HE, Naidu V, Li L, Prity FT, Mabbutt BC, Hassan KA, Paulsen IT. The Acinetobacter baumannii disinfectant resistance protein, AmvA, is a spermidine and spermine efflux pump. Commun Biol 2021; 4:1114. [PMID: 34552198 PMCID: PMC8458285 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02629-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance genes, including multidrug efflux pumps, evolved long before the ubiquitous use of antimicrobials in medicine and infection control. Multidrug efflux pumps often transport metabolites, signals and host-derived molecules in addition to antibiotics or biocides. Understanding their ancestral physiological roles could inform the development of strategies to subvert their activity. In this study, we investigated the response of Acinetobacter baumannii to polyamines, a widespread, abundant class of amino acid-derived metabolites, which led us to identify long-chain polyamines as natural substrates of the disinfectant efflux pump AmvA. Loss of amvA dramatically reduced tolerance to long-chain polyamines, and these molecules induce expression of amvA through binding to its cognate regulator AmvR. A second clinically-important efflux pump, AdeABC, also contributed to polyamine tolerance. Our results suggest that the disinfectant resistance capability that allows A. baumannii to survive in hospitals may have evolutionary origins in the transport of polyamine metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca L. Short
- grid.1004.50000 0001 2158 5405Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW Australia ,grid.1002.30000 0004 1936 7857Department of Microbiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC Australia
| | - Qi Liu
- grid.1004.50000 0001 2158 5405Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW Australia
| | - Bhumika Shah
- grid.1004.50000 0001 2158 5405Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW Australia
| | - Heather E. Clift
- grid.1004.50000 0001 2158 5405Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW Australia ,grid.280427.b0000 0004 0434 015XPresent Address: Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee, WI USA
| | - Varsha Naidu
- grid.1004.50000 0001 2158 5405Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW Australia
| | - Liping Li
- grid.1004.50000 0001 2158 5405Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW Australia
| | - Farzana T. Prity
- grid.1004.50000 0001 2158 5405Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW Australia
| | - Bridget C. Mabbutt
- grid.1004.50000 0001 2158 5405Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW Australia
| | - Karl A. Hassan
- grid.266842.c0000 0000 8831 109XSchool of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW Australia
| | - Ian T. Paulsen
- grid.1004.50000 0001 2158 5405Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW Australia
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11
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Pasqua M, Bonaccorsi di Patti MC, Fanelli G, Utsumi R, Eguchi Y, Trirocco R, Prosseda G, Grossi M, Colonna B. Host - Bacterial Pathogen Communication: The Wily Role of the Multidrug Efflux Pumps of the MFS Family. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:723274. [PMID: 34381818 PMCID: PMC8350985 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.723274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial pathogens are able to survive within diverse habitats. The dynamic adaptation to the surroundings depends on their ability to sense environmental variations and to respond in an appropriate manner. This involves, among others, the activation of various cell-to-cell communication strategies. The capability of the bacterial cells to rapidly and co-ordinately set up an interplay with the host cells and/or with other bacteria facilitates their survival in the new niche. Efflux pumps are ubiquitous transmembrane transporters, able to extrude a large set of different molecules. They are strongly implicated in antibiotic resistance since they are able to efficiently expel most of the clinically relevant antibiotics from the bacterial cytoplasm. Besides antibiotic resistance, multidrug efflux pumps take part in several important processes of bacterial cell physiology, including cell to cell communication, and contribute to increase the virulence potential of several bacterial pathogens. Here, we focus on the structural and functional role of multidrug efflux pumps belonging to the Major Facilitator Superfamily (MFS), the largest family of transporters, highlighting their involvement in the colonization of host cells, in virulence and in biofilm formation. We will offer an overview on how MFS multidrug transporters contribute to bacterial survival, adaptation and pathogenicity through the export of diverse molecules. This will be done by presenting the functions of several relevant MFS multidrug efflux pumps in human life-threatening bacterial pathogens as Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Shigella/E. coli, Acinetobacter baumannii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Pasqua
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "C. Darwin", Istituto Pasteur Italia, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Giulia Fanelli
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "C. Darwin", Istituto Pasteur Italia, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Ryutaro Utsumi
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (SANKEN), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoko Eguchi
- Department of Science and Technology on Food Safety, Kindai University, Kinokawa, Japan
| | - Rita Trirocco
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "C. Darwin", Istituto Pasteur Italia, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Gianni Prosseda
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "C. Darwin", Istituto Pasteur Italia, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Milena Grossi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "C. Darwin", Istituto Pasteur Italia, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Bianca Colonna
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "C. Darwin", Istituto Pasteur Italia, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
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12
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Kumar S, Athreya A, Gulati A, Nair RM, Mahendran I, Ranjan R, Penmatsa A. Structural basis of inhibition of a transporter from Staphylococcus aureus, NorC, through a single-domain camelid antibody. Commun Biol 2021; 4:836. [PMID: 34226658 PMCID: PMC8257674 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02357-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Transporters play vital roles in acquiring antimicrobial resistance among pathogenic bacteria. In this study, we report the X-ray structure of NorC, a 14-transmembrane major facilitator superfamily member that is implicated in fluoroquinolone resistance in drug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains, at a resolution of 3.6 Å. The NorC structure was determined in complex with a single-domain camelid antibody that interacts at the extracellular face of the transporter and stabilizes it in an outward-open conformation. The complementarity determining regions of the antibody enter and block solvent access to the interior of the vestibule, thereby inhibiting alternating-access. NorC specifically interacts with an organic cation, tetraphenylphosphonium, although it does not demonstrate an ability to transport it. The interaction is compromised in the presence of NorC-antibody complex, consequently establishing a strategy to detect and block NorC and related transporters through the use of single-domain camelid antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushant Kumar
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
- Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Arunabh Athreya
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Ashutosh Gulati
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rahul Mony Nair
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
- Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Ithayaraja Mahendran
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
- Structural Parasitology Lab, International Centre for Genetic engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Rakesh Ranjan
- Principal Scientist, ICAR-National Research Centre of Camel (NRCC), Bikaner, India
| | - Aravind Penmatsa
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India.
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Henderson PJF, Maher C, Elbourne LDH, Eijkelkamp BA, Paulsen IT, Hassan KA. Physiological Functions of Bacterial "Multidrug" Efflux Pumps. Chem Rev 2021; 121:5417-5478. [PMID: 33761243 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial multidrug efflux pumps have come to prominence in human and veterinary pathogenesis because they help bacteria protect themselves against the antimicrobials used to overcome their infections. However, it is increasingly realized that many, probably most, such pumps have physiological roles that are distinct from protection of bacteria against antimicrobials administered by humans. Here we undertake a broad survey of the proteins involved, allied to detailed examples of their evolution, energetics, structures, chemical recognition, and molecular mechanisms, together with the experimental strategies that enable rapid and economical progress in understanding their true physiological roles. Once these roles are established, the knowledge can be harnessed to design more effective drugs, improve existing microbial production of drugs for clinical practice and of feedstocks for commercial exploitation, and even develop more sustainable biological processes that avoid, for example, utilization of petroleum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J F Henderson
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Claire Maher
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan 2308, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Liam D H Elbourne
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney 2109, New South Wales, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Synthetic Biology, Macquarie University, Sydney 2019, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Bart A Eijkelkamp
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park 5042, South Australia, Australia
| | - Ian T Paulsen
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney 2109, New South Wales, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Synthetic Biology, Macquarie University, Sydney 2019, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Karl A Hassan
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan 2308, New South Wales, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Synthetic Biology, Macquarie University, Sydney 2019, New South Wales, Australia
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Bailly C. Medicinal applications and molecular targets of dequalinium chloride. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 186:114467. [PMID: 33577890 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
For more than 60 years dequalinium chloride (DQ) has been used as anti-infective drug, mainly to treat local infections. It is a standard drug to treat bacterial vaginosis and an active ingredient of sore-throat lozenges. As a lipophilic bis-quaternary ammonium molecule, the drug displays membrane effects and selectively targets mitochondria to deplete DNA and to block energy production in cells. But beyond its mitochondriotropic property, DQ can interfere with the correct functioning of diverse proteins. A dozen of DQ protein targets have been identified and their implication in the antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, antiparasitic and anticancer properties of the drug is discussed here. The anticancer effects of DQ combine a mitochondrial action, a selective inhibition of kinases (PKC-α/β, Cdc7/Dbf4), and a modulation of Ca2+-activated K+ channels. At the bacterial level, DQ interacts with different multidrug transporters (QacR, AcrB, EmrE) and with the transcriptional regulator RamR. Other proteins implicated in the antiviral (MPER domain of gp41 HIV-1) and antiparasitic (chitinase A from Vibrio harveyi) activities have been identified. DQ also targets α -synuclein oligomers to restrict protofibrils formation implicated in some neurodegenerative disorders. In addition, DQ is a typical bolaamphiphile molecule, well suited to form liposomes and nanoparticules useful for drug entrapment and delivery (DQAsomes and others). Altogether, the review highlights the many pharmacological properties and therapeutic benefits of this old 'multi-talented' drug, which may be exploited further. Its multiple sites of actions in cells should be kept in mind when using DQ in experimental research.
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