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Xiao P, Meng L, Cui X, Liu X, Qin L, Meng F, Cai X, Kong D, An T, Wang H. VP0 Myristoylation Is Essential for Senecavirus A Replication. Pathogens 2024; 13:601. [PMID: 39057827 PMCID: PMC11280471 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13070601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2024] [Revised: 07/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Many picornaviruses require the myristoylation of capsid proteins for viral replication. Myristoylation is a site-specific lipidation to the N-terminal G residue of viral proteins, which is catalyzed by the ubiquitous eukaryotic enzyme N-myristoyltransferase (NMT) by allocating the myristoyl group to the N-terminal G residue. IMP-1088 and DDD85646 are two inhibitors that can deprive NMT biological functions. Whether Senecavirus A (SVA) uses NMT to modify VP0 and regulate viral replication remains unclear. Here, we found that NMT inhibitors could inhibit SVA replication. NMT1 knock-out in BHK-21 cells significantly suppressed viral replication. In contrast, the overexpression of NMT1 in BHK-21 cells benefited viral replication. These results indicated that VP0 is a potential NMT1 substrate. Moreover, we found that the myristoylation of SVA VP0 was correlated to the subcellular distribution of this protein in the cytoplasm. Further, we evaluated which residues at the N-terminus of VP0 are essential for viral replication. The substitution of N-terminal G residue, the myristoylation site of VP0, produced a nonviable virus. The T residue at the fifth position of the substrates facilitates the binding of the substrates to NMT. And our results showed that the T residue at the fifth position of VP0 played a positive role in SVA replication. Taken together, we demonstrated that SVA VP0 myristoylation plays an essential role in SVA replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiyu Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (P.X.); (L.M.); (X.C.); qinlei-@163.com (L.Q.); (F.M.); (X.C.)
| | - Liang Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (P.X.); (L.M.); (X.C.); qinlei-@163.com (L.Q.); (F.M.); (X.C.)
| | - Xingyang Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (P.X.); (L.M.); (X.C.); qinlei-@163.com (L.Q.); (F.M.); (X.C.)
| | - Xinran Liu
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, New York, NY 10591, USA;
| | - Lei Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (P.X.); (L.M.); (X.C.); qinlei-@163.com (L.Q.); (F.M.); (X.C.)
| | - Fandan Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (P.X.); (L.M.); (X.C.); qinlei-@163.com (L.Q.); (F.M.); (X.C.)
| | - Xuehui Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (P.X.); (L.M.); (X.C.); qinlei-@163.com (L.Q.); (F.M.); (X.C.)
- Heilongjiang Provincial Research Center for Veterinary Biomedicine, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Dongni Kong
- Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, No. 8 Nandajie, Zhongguancun, Haidian, Beijing 100081, China;
| | - Tongqing An
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (P.X.); (L.M.); (X.C.); qinlei-@163.com (L.Q.); (F.M.); (X.C.)
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Immunology, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Haiwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (P.X.); (L.M.); (X.C.); qinlei-@163.com (L.Q.); (F.M.); (X.C.)
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Immunology, Harbin 150069, China
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Ghanam RH, Eastep GN, Saad JS. Structural Insights into the Mechanism of HIV-1 Tat Secretion from the Plasma Membrane. J Mol Biol 2023; 435:167880. [PMID: 36370804 PMCID: PMC9822876 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2022.167880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) trans-activator of transcription (Tat) is a small, intrinsically disordered basic protein that plays diverse roles in the HIV-1 replication cycle, including promotion of efficient viral RNA transcription. Tat is released by infected cells and subsequently absorbed by healthy cells, thereby contributing to HIV-1 pathogenesis including HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder. It has been shown that, in HIV-1-infected primary CD4 T-cells, Tat accumulates at the plasma membrane (PM) for secretion, a mechanism mediated by phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PI(4,5)P2). However, the structural basis for Tat interaction with the PM and thereby secretion is lacking. Herein, we employed NMR and biophysical methods to characterize Tat86 (86 amino acids) interactions with PI(4,5)P2 and lipid nanodiscs (NDs). Our data revealed that Arg49, Lys50 and Lys51 (RKK motif) constitute the PI(4,5)P2 binding site, that Tat86 interaction with lipid NDs is dependent on PI(4,5)P2 and phosphatidylserine (PS), and that the arginine-rich motif (RRQRRR) preferentially interacts with PS. Furthermore, we show that Trp11, previously implicated in Tat secretion, penetrates deeply in the membrane; substitution of Trp11 severely reduced Tat86 interaction with membranes. Deletion of the entire highly basic region and Trp11 completely abolished Tat86 binding to lipid NDs. Our data support a mechanism by which HIV-1 Tat secretion from the PM is mediated by a tripartite signal consisting of binding of the RKK motif to PI(4,5)P2, arginine-rich motif to PS, and penetration of Trp11 in the membrane. Altogether, these findings provide new insights into the molecular requirements for Tat binding to membranes during secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruba H Ghanam
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, United States
| | - Gunnar N Eastep
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, United States
| | - Jamil S Saad
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, United States.
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