1
|
Wang X, Gu Z, Sheng S, Song R, Jin R. The Current State and Progress of Mpox Vaccine Research. China CDC Wkly 2024; 6:118-125. [PMID: 38405601 PMCID: PMC10883320 DOI: 10.46234/ccdcw2024.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
On July 23, 2022, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the monkeypox (mpox) outbreak a "Public Health Emergency of International Concern." Since 2022, outbreaks of mpox in many countries around the world have primarily resulted in fatalities among immunocompromised individuals, such as untreated HIV/AIDS patients. Since the eradication of smallpox was declared by the WHO in 1980, the global vaccination against smallpox has been gradually discontinued. China also stopped routine smallpox vaccination in 1981. The protective effect of the smallpox vaccine has decreased over time due to aging and declining immunity in those who were vaccinated. For individuals, timely vaccination against smallpox is an effective means of protection against mpox. However, due to safety concerns with the smallpox vaccine and the limitations of current mpox vaccines, there is no vaccine that is safe, effective, and has low side effects applied in clinical settings. This article provides a comprehensive review of the development of mpox virus (MPXV) vaccines, their application in special populations, and the current state of vaccine research, considering the etiology, transmission, and prevention of the MPXV. Vaccination, as an effective method of epidemic prevention, can provide long-term immune protection and effectively reduce the severity of infection. However, as there is no licensed specific MPXV vaccine available globally, the vaccines currently used for mpox prevention are mostly smallpox vaccines. These smallpox vaccines can offer some degree of protection against mpox by activating cross-protection in the body.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinlong Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- National Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhixia Gu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- National Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Shugui Sheng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- National Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Song
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- National Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ronghua Jin
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- National Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Peng ZY, Yang S, Lu HZ, Wang LM, Li N, Zhang HT, Xing SY, Du YN, Deng SQ. A review on Zika vaccine development. Pathog Dis 2024; 82:ftad036. [PMID: 38192053 PMCID: PMC10901608 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftad036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV), which belongs to the Flavivirus family, is mainly transmitted via the bite of Aedes mosquitoes. In newborns, ZIKV infection can cause severe symptoms such as microcephaly, while in adults, it can lead to Guillain‒Barré syndrome (GBS). Due to the lack of specific therapeutic methods against ZIKV, the development of a safe and effective vaccine is extremely important. Several potential ZIKV vaccines, such as live attenuated, inactivated, nucleic acid, viral vector, and recombinant subunit vaccines, have demonstrated promising outcomes in clinical trials involving human participants. Therefore, in this review, the recent developmental progress, advantages and disadvantages of these five vaccine types are examined, and practical recommendations for future development are provided.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhe-Yu Peng
- The Key Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology of Anhui Province, the Key Laboratory of Zoon-oses of High Institutions in Anhui, Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Song Yang
- Institute of Agro-products Processing, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230031, Anhui, China
| | - Hong-Zheng Lu
- The Key Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology of Anhui Province, the Key Laboratory of Zoon-oses of High Institutions in Anhui, Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Lin-Min Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology of Anhui Province, the Key Laboratory of Zoon-oses of High Institutions in Anhui, Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Ni Li
- The Key Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology of Anhui Province, the Key Laboratory of Zoon-oses of High Institutions in Anhui, Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Hai-Ting Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology of Anhui Province, the Key Laboratory of Zoon-oses of High Institutions in Anhui, Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Si-Yu Xing
- The Key Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology of Anhui Province, the Key Laboratory of Zoon-oses of High Institutions in Anhui, Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Yi-Nan Du
- The Key Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology of Anhui Province, the Key Laboratory of Zoon-oses of High Institutions in Anhui, Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Sheng-Qun Deng
- The Key Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology of Anhui Province, the Key Laboratory of Zoon-oses of High Institutions in Anhui, Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Daian E Silva DSO, Cox LJ, Rocha AS, Lopes-Ribeiro Á, Souza JPC, Franco GM, Prado JLC, Pereira-Santos TA, Martins ML, Coelho-Dos-Reis JGA, Gomes-de-Pinho TM, Da Fonseca FG, Barbosa-Stancioli EF. Preclinical assessment of an anti-HTLV-1 heterologous DNA/MVA vaccine protocol expressing a multiepitope HBZ protein. Virol J 2023; 20:304. [PMID: 38115107 PMCID: PMC10731796 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-023-02264-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human T-lymphotropic virus 1 (HTLV-1) is associated with the development of several pathologies and chronic infection in humans. The inefficiency of the available treatments and the challenge in developing a protective vaccine highlight the need to produce effective immunotherapeutic tools. The HTLV-1 basic leucine zipper (bZIP) factor (HBZ) plays an important role in the HTLV-1 persistence, conferring a survival advantage to infected cells by reducing the HTLV-1 proteins expression, allowing infected cells to evade immune surveillance, and enhancing cell proliferation leading to increased proviral load. METHODS We have generated a recombinant Modified Virus Vaccinia Ankara (MVA-HBZ) and a plasmid DNA (pcDNA3.1(+)-HBZ) expressing a multiepitope protein based on peptides of HBZ to study the immunogenic potential of this viral-derived protein in BALB/c mice model. Mice were immunized in a prime-boost heterologous protocol and their splenocytes (T CD4+ and T CD8+) were immunophenotyped by flow cytometry and the humoral response was evaluated by ELISA using HBZ protein produced in prokaryotic vector as antigen. RESULTS T CD4+ and T CD8+ lymphocytes cells stimulated by HBZ-peptides (HBZ42-50 and HBZ157-176) showed polyfunctional double positive responses for TNF-α/IFN-γ, and TNF-α/IL-2. Moreover, T CD8+ cells presented a tendency in the activation of effector memory cells producing granzyme B (CD44+High/CD62L-Low), and the activation of Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes (CTLs) and cytotoxic responses in immunized mice were inferred through the production of granzyme B by effector memory T cells and the expression of CD107a by CD8+ T cells. The overall data is consistent with a directive and effector recall response, which may be able to operate actively in the elimination of HTLV-1-infected cells and, consequently, in the reduction of the proviral load. Sera from immunized mice, differently from those of control animals, showed IgG-anti-HBZ production by ELISA. CONCLUSIONS Our results highlight the potential of the HBZ multiepitope protein expressed from plasmid DNA and a poxviral vector as candidates for therapeutic vaccine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D S O Daian E Silva
- Laboratório de Virologia Básica e Aplicada, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Campus Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG, CEP 31270-901, Brazil
- GIPH - Grupo Interdisciplinar de Pesquisas em HTLV, Interdisciplinary HTLV Research Group, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - L J Cox
- Laboratório de Virologia Básica e Aplicada, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Campus Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG, CEP 31270-901, Brazil
- GIPH - Grupo Interdisciplinar de Pesquisas em HTLV, Interdisciplinary HTLV Research Group, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - A S Rocha
- Laboratório de Virologia Básica e Aplicada, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Campus Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG, CEP 31270-901, Brazil
- GIPH - Grupo Interdisciplinar de Pesquisas em HTLV, Interdisciplinary HTLV Research Group, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Á Lopes-Ribeiro
- Laboratório de Virologia Básica e Aplicada, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Campus Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG, CEP 31270-901, Brazil
| | - J P C Souza
- Centro de Tecnologia de Vacinas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - G M Franco
- Laboratório de Virologia Básica e Aplicada, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Campus Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG, CEP 31270-901, Brazil
- GIPH - Grupo Interdisciplinar de Pesquisas em HTLV, Interdisciplinary HTLV Research Group, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - J L C Prado
- Laboratório de Virologia Básica e Aplicada, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Campus Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG, CEP 31270-901, Brazil
| | - T A Pereira-Santos
- Laboratório de Virologia Básica e Aplicada, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Campus Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG, CEP 31270-901, Brazil
- GIPH - Grupo Interdisciplinar de Pesquisas em HTLV, Interdisciplinary HTLV Research Group, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - M L Martins
- GIPH - Grupo Interdisciplinar de Pesquisas em HTLV, Interdisciplinary HTLV Research Group, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- Gerência de Desenvolvimento Técnico Científico, Fundação Centro de Hematologia e Hemoterapia do Estado de Minas Gerais - Hemominas, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - J G A Coelho-Dos-Reis
- Laboratório de Virologia Básica e Aplicada, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Campus Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG, CEP 31270-901, Brazil
- GIPH - Grupo Interdisciplinar de Pesquisas em HTLV, Interdisciplinary HTLV Research Group, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - T M Gomes-de-Pinho
- Centro de Tecnologia de Vacinas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - F G Da Fonseca
- Laboratório de Virologia Básica e Aplicada, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Campus Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG, CEP 31270-901, Brazil
- Centro de Tecnologia de Vacinas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - E F Barbosa-Stancioli
- Laboratório de Virologia Básica e Aplicada, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Campus Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG, CEP 31270-901, Brazil.
- GIPH - Grupo Interdisciplinar de Pesquisas em HTLV, Interdisciplinary HTLV Research Group, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Gómez-Carballa A, Albericio G, Montoto-Louzao J, Pérez P, Astorgano D, Rivero-Calle I, Martinón-Torres F, Esteban M, Salas A, García-Arriaza J. Lung transcriptomics of K18-hACE2 mice highlights mechanisms and genes involved in the MVA-S vaccine-mediated immune response and protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection. Antiviral Res 2023; 220:105760. [PMID: 37992765 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2023.105760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Unravelling the molecular mechanism of COVID-19 vaccines through transcriptomic pathways involved in the host response to SARS-CoV-2 infection is key to understand how vaccines work, and for the development of optimized COVID-19 vaccines that can prevent the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VoCs) and future outbreaks. In this study, we investigated the effects of vaccination with a modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA)-based vector expressing the full-length SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (MVA-S) on the lung transcriptome from susceptible K18-hACE2 mice after SARS-CoV-2 infection. One dose of MVA-S regulated genes related to viral infection control, inflammation processes, T-cell response, cytokine production and IFN-γ signalling. Down-regulation of Rhcg and Tnfsf18 genes post-vaccination with one and two doses of MVA-S may represent a mechanism for controlling infection immunity and vaccine-induced protection. One dose of MVA-S provided partial protection with a distinct lung transcriptomic profile to healthy animals, while two doses of MVA-S fully protected against infection with a transcriptomic profile comparable to that of non-vaccinated healthy animals. This suggests that the MVA-S booster generates a robust and rapid antigen-specific immune response preventing virus infection. Notably, down-regulation of Atf3 and Zbtb16 genes in mice vaccinated with two doses of MVA-S may contribute to vaccine control of innate immune system and inflammation processes in the lungs during SARS-CoV-2 infection. This study shows host transcriptomic mechanisms likely involved in the MVA-S vaccine-mediated immune response against SARS-CoV-2 infection, which could help in improving vaccine dose assessment and developing novel, well-optimized SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidates against prevalent or emerging VoCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Gómez-Carballa
- Genetics, Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Research Group (Genvip), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Unidade de Xenética, Instituto de Ciencias Forenses, Facultade de Medicina, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, and GenPoB Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (CHUS), Servicio Gallego de Salud (SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Guillermo Albericio
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Julián Montoto-Louzao
- Genetics, Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Research Group (Genvip), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Unidade de Xenética, Instituto de Ciencias Forenses, Facultade de Medicina, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, and GenPoB Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (CHUS), Servicio Gallego de Salud (SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia Pérez
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Madrid, Spain
| | - David Astorgano
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene Rivero-Calle
- Genetics, Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Research Group (Genvip), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain; Translational Pediatrics and Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (CHUS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Federico Martinón-Torres
- Genetics, Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Research Group (Genvip), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain; Translational Pediatrics and Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (CHUS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Mariano Esteban
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Salas
- Genetics, Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Research Group (Genvip), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Unidade de Xenética, Instituto de Ciencias Forenses, Facultade de Medicina, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, and GenPoB Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (CHUS), Servicio Gallego de Salud (SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Juan García-Arriaza
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Awasthi M, Macaluso A, Myscofski D, Prigge J, Koide F, Noyce RS, Fogarty S, Stillwell H, Goebel SJ, Daugherty B, Nasar F, Bavari S, Lederman S. Immunogenicity and Efficacy of TNX-1800, A Live Virus Recombinant Poxvirus Vaccine Candidate, against SARS-CoV-2 Challenge in Nonhuman Primates. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1682. [PMID: 38006014 PMCID: PMC10674175 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11111682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
TNX-1800 is a synthetically derived live recombinant chimeric horsepox virus (rcHPXV) vaccine candidate expressing Wuhan SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein. The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the immunogenicity and efficacy of TNX-1800 in two nonhuman primate species challenged with USA-WA1/2020 SARS-CoV-2. TNX-1800 vaccination was well tolerated with no serious adverse events or significant changes in clinical parameters. A single dose of TNX-1800 generated humoral responses in African Green Monkeys and Cynomolgus Macaques, as measured by the total binding of anti-SARS-CoV-2 S IgG and neutralizing antibody titers against the USA-WA1/2020 strain. In addition, a single dose of TNX-1800 induced an interferon-gamma (IFN-γ)-mediated T-cell response in Cynomolgus Macaques. Following challenge with SARS-CoV-2, African Green and Cynomolgus Macaques exhibited rapid clearance of virus in the upper and lower respiratory tract. Future studies will assess the efficacy of TNX-1800 against newly emerging variants and demonstrate its safety in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mayanka Awasthi
- Tonix Pharmaceuticals, Frederick, MD 21701, USA; (M.A.); (A.M.); (D.M.); (S.J.G.); (F.N.); (S.B.)
| | - Anthony Macaluso
- Tonix Pharmaceuticals, Frederick, MD 21701, USA; (M.A.); (A.M.); (D.M.); (S.J.G.); (F.N.); (S.B.)
| | - Dawn Myscofski
- Tonix Pharmaceuticals, Frederick, MD 21701, USA; (M.A.); (A.M.); (D.M.); (S.J.G.); (F.N.); (S.B.)
| | | | | | - Ryan S. Noyce
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada;
| | | | - Helen Stillwell
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA;
- Tonix Pharmaceuticals, Chatham, NJ 07928, USA;
| | - Scott J. Goebel
- Tonix Pharmaceuticals, Frederick, MD 21701, USA; (M.A.); (A.M.); (D.M.); (S.J.G.); (F.N.); (S.B.)
| | | | - Farooq Nasar
- Tonix Pharmaceuticals, Frederick, MD 21701, USA; (M.A.); (A.M.); (D.M.); (S.J.G.); (F.N.); (S.B.)
| | - Sina Bavari
- Tonix Pharmaceuticals, Frederick, MD 21701, USA; (M.A.); (A.M.); (D.M.); (S.J.G.); (F.N.); (S.B.)
| | | |
Collapse
|