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Padilha Fontoura C, Ló Bertele P, Machado Rodrigues M, Elisa Dotta Maddalozzo A, Frassini R, Silvestrin Celi Garcia C, Tomaz Martins S, Crespo JDS, Figueroa CA, Roesch-Ely M, Aguzzoli C. Comparative Study of Physicochemical Properties and Biocompatibility (L929 and MG63 Cells) of TiN Coatings Obtained by Plasma Nitriding and Thin Film Deposition. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2021; 7:3683-3695. [PMID: 34291900 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.1c00393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Ti6Al4V is one of the most lightweight, mechanically resistant, and appropriate for biologically induced corrosion alloys. However, surface properties often must be tuned for fitting into biomedical applications, and therefore, surface modification is of paramount importance to carry on its use. This work compares the interaction between two different cell lines (L929 fibroblasts and osteoblast-like MG63) and medical grade Ti6Al4V after surface modification by plasma nitriding or thin film deposition. We studied the adhesion of these two cell lines, exploring which trends are consistent for cell behavior, correlating with osseointegration and in vivo conditions. Modified surfaces were analyzed through several physicochemical characterization techniques. Plasma nitriding led to a more pronounced increase in surface roughness, a thicker aluminum-free layer, made up of diverse titanium nitride phases, whereas thin film deposition resulted in a single-phase pure titanium nitride layer that leveled the ridged topography. The selective adhesion of osteoblast-like cells over fibroblasts was observed in nitrided samples but not in thin film deposited films, indicating that the competitive cellular behavior is more pronounced in plasma nitrided surfaces. The obtained coatings presented an appropriate performance for its use in biomedical-aimed applications, including the possibility of a higher success rate in osseointegration of implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Padilha Fontoura
- Graduate Program in Materials Science and Engineering (PPGMAT), University of Caxias do Sul (UCS), Francisco Getúlio Vargas 1130, Caxias do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul 95070-560 Brazil
| | - Patrícia Ló Bertele
- Graduate Program in Materials Science and Engineering (PPGMAT), University of Caxias do Sul (UCS), Francisco Getúlio Vargas 1130, Caxias do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul 95070-560 Brazil
| | - Melissa Machado Rodrigues
- Graduate Program in Materials Science and Engineering (PPGMAT), University of Caxias do Sul (UCS), Francisco Getúlio Vargas 1130, Caxias do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul 95070-560 Brazil
| | - Ana Elisa Dotta Maddalozzo
- Graduate Program in Materials Science and Engineering (PPGMAT), University of Caxias do Sul (UCS), Francisco Getúlio Vargas 1130, Caxias do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul 95070-560 Brazil
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Caxias do Sul (UCS), Francisco Getúlio Vargas 1130, Caxias do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul 95070-560, Brazil
| | - Rafaele Frassini
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Caxias do Sul (UCS), Francisco Getúlio Vargas 1130, Caxias do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul 95070-560, Brazil
| | - Charlene Silvestrin Celi Garcia
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Caxias do Sul (UCS), Francisco Getúlio Vargas 1130, Caxias do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul 95070-560, Brazil
| | - Sandro Tomaz Martins
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Caxias do Sul (UCS), Francisco Getúlio Vargas 1130, Caxias do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul 95070-560, Brazil
| | - Janaina da Silva Crespo
- Graduate Program in Materials Science and Engineering (PPGMAT), University of Caxias do Sul (UCS), Francisco Getúlio Vargas 1130, Caxias do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul 95070-560 Brazil
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Caxias do Sul (UCS), Francisco Getúlio Vargas 1130, Caxias do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul 95070-560, Brazil
| | - Carlos A Figueroa
- Graduate Program in Materials Science and Engineering (PPGMAT), University of Caxias do Sul (UCS), Francisco Getúlio Vargas 1130, Caxias do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul 95070-560 Brazil
| | - Mariana Roesch-Ely
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Caxias do Sul (UCS), Francisco Getúlio Vargas 1130, Caxias do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul 95070-560, Brazil
| | - Cesar Aguzzoli
- Graduate Program in Materials Science and Engineering (PPGMAT), University of Caxias do Sul (UCS), Francisco Getúlio Vargas 1130, Caxias do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul 95070-560 Brazil
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Caxias do Sul (UCS), Francisco Getúlio Vargas 1130, Caxias do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul 95070-560, Brazil
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Pezzato L, Brunelli K, Diodati S, Pigato M, Bonesso M, Dabalà M. Microstructural and Corrosion Properties of Hydroxyapatite Containing PEO Coating Produced on AZ31 Mg Alloy. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14061531. [PMID: 33801003 PMCID: PMC8003846 DOI: 10.3390/ma14061531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this work, the composition of an electrolyte was selected and optimized to induce the formation of hydroxyapatite during Plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) treatment on an AZ31 alloy for application in bioabsorbable implants. In detail, the PEO process, called PEO-BIO (Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation-Biocompatible), was performed using a silicate-phosphate-based electrolyte with the addition of calcium oxide in direct-current mode using high current densities and short treatment times. For comparison, a known PEO process for producing anticorrosive coatings, called standard, was applied on the same alloy. The coatings were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and XPS analyses. The corrosion performance was evaluated in simulated body fluid (SBF) at 37 °C. The coating produced on the PEO-BIO sample was porous and thicker than the standard PEO one, with zones enriched in Ca and P. The XRD analysis showed the formation of hydroxyapatite and calcium oxides in addition to magnesium-silicon oxide and magnesium oxide in the PEO-BIO sample. The corrosion resistance of PEO-BIO sample was comparable with that of a traditional PEO treated sample, and higher than that of the untreated alloy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Pezzato
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padua, Via Marzolo 9, 35131 Padova, Italy; (K.B.); (M.P.); (M.B.); (M.D.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-049-827-5498
| | - Katya Brunelli
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padua, Via Marzolo 9, 35131 Padova, Italy; (K.B.); (M.P.); (M.B.); (M.D.)
| | - Stefano Diodati
- Department of Chemical Science, University of Padua, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy;
- ICMATE-CNR, Corso Stati Uniti 4, 35127 Padova, Italy
| | - Mirko Pigato
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padua, Via Marzolo 9, 35131 Padova, Italy; (K.B.); (M.P.); (M.B.); (M.D.)
| | - Massimiliano Bonesso
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padua, Via Marzolo 9, 35131 Padova, Italy; (K.B.); (M.P.); (M.B.); (M.D.)
| | - Manuele Dabalà
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padua, Via Marzolo 9, 35131 Padova, Italy; (K.B.); (M.P.); (M.B.); (M.D.)
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Myakinin A, Turlybekuly A, Pogrebnjak A, Mirek A, Bechelany M, Liubchak I, Oleshko O, Husak Y, Korniienko V, Leśniak-Ziółkowska K, Dogadkin D, Banasiuk R, Moskalenko R, Pogorielov M, Simka W. In vitro evaluation of electrochemically bioactivated Ti6Al4V 3D porous scaffolds. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2021; 121:111870. [PMID: 33579496 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2021.111870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Triply periodic minimal surfaces (TPMS) are known for their advanced mechanical properties and are wrinkle-free with a smooth local topology. These surfaces provide suitable conditions for cell attachment and proliferation. In this study, the in vitro osteoinductive and antibacterial properties of scaffolds with different minimal pore diameters and architectures were investigated. For the first time, scaffolds with TPMS architecture were treated electrochemically by plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) with and without silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) to enhance the surface bioactivity. It was found that the scaffold architecture had a greater impact on the osteoblast cell activity than the pore size. Through control of the architecture type, the collagen production by osteoblast cells increased by 18.9% and by 43.0% in the case of additional surface PEO bioactivation. The manufactured scaffolds demonstrated an extremely low quasi-elastic modulus (comparable with trabecular and cortical bone), which was 5-10 times lower than that of bulk titanium (6.4-11.4 GPa vs 100-105 GPa). The AgNPs provided antibacterial properties against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and had no significant impact on the osteoblast cell growth. Complex experimental results show the in vitro effectiveness of the PEO-modified TPMS architecture, which could positively impact the clinical applications of porous bioactive implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandr Myakinin
- D. Serikbayev East Kazakhstan State Technical University, F02K6B2 Oskemen, Kazakhstan
| | | | - Alexander Pogrebnjak
- Sumy State University, Medical Institute, 40018 Sumy, Ukraine; al-Farabi Kazakh National University, 050040 Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Adam Mirek
- Institut Européen des Membranes, IEM, UMR-5635, University Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 34095 Montpellier CEDEX 5, France; Nalecz Institute of Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering PAS, 02-109 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mikhael Bechelany
- Institut Européen des Membranes, IEM, UMR-5635, University Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 34095 Montpellier CEDEX 5, France
| | - Iryna Liubchak
- Sumy State University, Medical Institute, 40018 Sumy, Ukraine
| | | | - Yevheniia Husak
- Sumy State University, Medical Institute, 40018 Sumy, Ukraine
| | | | | | - Dmitry Dogadkin
- D. Serikbayev East Kazakhstan State Technical University, F02K6B2 Oskemen, Kazakhstan
| | - Rafał Banasiuk
- NanoWave, 02-676 Warsaw, Poland; Institute of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, 80-172 Gdansk, Poland
| | | | - Maksym Pogorielov
- Sumy State University, Medical Institute, 40018 Sumy, Ukraine; NanoPrime, 32-900 Dębica, Poland
| | - Wojciech Simka
- Silesian University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland; NanoPrime, 32-900 Dębica, Poland.
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Cell response to plasma electrolytic oxidation surface-modified low-modulus β-type titanium alloys. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2019; 176:176-184. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2018.12.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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A comparison of micro-CT and histomorphometry for evaluation of osseointegration of PEO-coated titanium implants in a rat model. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16270. [PMID: 29176604 PMCID: PMC5701240 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16465-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to determine the correlation between bone volume density (BV/TV) around a titanium implant determined by micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) and bone area density (BA/TA) measurements obtained using histomorphometry. An intramedullary rat femur implant model was evaluated to compare raw titanium implants with plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO)-coated titanium implants. Titanium and PEO-treated titanium pins were inserted into rat femurs under general anesthesia. The animals were sacrificed and femurs harvested at 0, 2, 4 and 6 weeks, and subsequently, histomorphometry and micro-CT were performed. BV/TV and BA/TA values were strongly and positively correlated at all time points and locations (with all correlation coefficients being >0.8 and with P < 0.001). BV/TV and BA/TA were significantly higher proximal to the growth plate than distal to the growth plate, with estimated differences of 14.10% (P < 0.001) and 11.95% (P < 0.001), respectively. BV/TV and BA/TA were significantly higher on the PEO-coated surface than on the raw titanium surface, with estimated differences of 3.20% (P = 0.044) and 4.10% (P = 0.018), respectively. Therefore, quantitative micro-CT analysis of BV/TV is correlated with BA/TA determined by histomorphometry when artifacts around titanium implants are minimized by a region of interest modification.
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van Hengel IAJ, Riool M, Fratila-Apachitei LE, Witte-Bouma J, Farrell E, Zadpoor AA, Zaat SAJ, Apachitei I. Selective laser melting porous metallic implants with immobilized silver nanoparticles kill and prevent biofilm formation by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Biomaterials 2017. [PMID: 28622569 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Implant-associated infection and limited longevity are two major challenges that orthopedic devices need to simultaneously address. Additively manufactured porous implants have recently shown tremendous promise in improving bone regeneration and osseointegration, but, as any conventional implant, are threatened by infection. In this study, we therefore used rational design and additive manufacturing in the form of selective laser melting (SLM) to fabricate porous titanium implants with interconnected pores, resulting in a 3.75 times larger surface area than corresponding solid implants. The SLM implants were biofunctionalized by embedding silver nanoparticles in an oxide surface layer grown using plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) in Ca/P-based electrolytes. The PEO layer of the SLM implants released silver ions for at least 28 days. X-ray diffraction analysis detected hydroxyapatite on the SLM PEO implants but not on the corresponding solid implants. In vitro and ex vivo assays showed strong antimicrobial activity of these novel SLM PEO silver-releasing implants, without any signs of cytotoxicity. The rationally designed SLM porous implants outperformed solid implants with similar dimensions undergoing the same biofunctionalization treatment. This included four times larger amount of released silver ions, two times larger zone of inhibition, and one additional order of magnitude of reduction in numbers of CFU in an ex vivo mouse infection model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingmar A J van Hengel
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime, and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD, Delft, The Netherlands; Additive Manufacturing Lab, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime, and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn Riool
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lidy E Fratila-Apachitei
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime, and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD, Delft, The Netherlands; Additive Manufacturing Lab, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime, and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Janneke Witte-Bouma
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Special Dental Care and Orthodontics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eric Farrell
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Special Dental Care and Orthodontics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Amir A Zadpoor
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime, and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD, Delft, The Netherlands; Additive Manufacturing Lab, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime, and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Sebastian A J Zaat
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Iulian Apachitei
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime, and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD, Delft, The Netherlands; Additive Manufacturing Lab, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime, and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD, Delft, The Netherlands.
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An accelerated buoyancy adhesion assay combined with 3-D morphometric analysis for assessing osteoblast adhesion on microgrooved substrata. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2016; 60:22-37. [PMID: 26773651 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2015.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Revised: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
An accelerated negative buoyancy method has been developed to assess cell adhesion strength. This method has been used in conjunction with 3-D morphometric analysis to understand the effects of surface topology on cell response. Aligned micro-grooved surface topographies (with a range of groove depths) were produced on stainless steel 316L substrates by laser ablation. An investigation was carried out on the effect of the micro-grooved surface topography on cell adhesion strength, cell and nucleus volumes, cell phenotypic expression and attachment patterns. Increased hydrophobicity and anisotropic wettability was observed on surfaces with deeper grooves. A reduction was noted in cell volume, projected areas and adhesion sites for deeper grooves, linked to lower cell proliferation and differentiation rates and also to reduced adhesion strength. The results suggest that the centrifugation assay combined with three-dimensional cell morphometric analysis has considerable potential for obtaining improved understanding of the cell/substrate interface.
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Huang L, Goddard SC, Soundarapandian S, Cao Y, Dahotre NB, He W. MC3T3-E1 osteoblast adhesion to laser induced hydroxyapatite coating on Ti alloy. BIOMATERIALS AND BIOMECHANICS IN BIOENGINEERING 2014. [DOI: 10.12989/bme.2014.1.2.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Effect of Anodic Current Density on Characteristics and Low Temperature IR Emissivity of Ceramic Coating on Aluminium 6061 Alloy Prepared by Microarc Oxidation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1155/2013/350931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
High emitter MAO ceramic coatings were fabricated on the Al 6061 alloy, using different bipolar anodic current densities, in an alkali silicate electrolyte. We found that, as the current density increased from 10.94 A/dm2 to 43.75 A/dm2, the layer thickness was increased from 10.9 μm to 18.5 μm, the surface roughness was increased from 0.79 μm to 1.27 μm, the area ratio of volcano-like microstructure was increased from 55.6% to 59.6%, the volcano-like density was decreased from 2620 mm−2 to 1420 mm−2, and the γ-alumina phase was decreased from 66.6 wt.% to 26.2 wt.%, while the α-alumina phase was increased from 3.9 wt.% to 27.6 wt.%. The sillimanite and cristobalite phases were around 20 wt.% and 9 wt.%, respectively, for 10.94 A/dm2 and approximately constant around 40 wt.% and less than 5 wt.%, respectively, for the anodic current densities 14.58, 21.88, and 43.75 A/dm2. The ceramic surface roughness and thickness slightly enhanced the IR emissivity in the semitransparent region (4.0–7.8 μm), while the existing phases contributed together to raise the emissivity in the opaque region (8.6–16.0 μm) to higher but approximately the same emissivities.
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Williamson RS, Disegi J, Griggs JA, Roach MD. Nanopore formation on the surface oxide of commercially pure titanium grade 4 using a pulsed anodization method in sulfuric acid. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2013; 24:2327-2335. [PMID: 23807314 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-013-4985-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Titanium and its alloys form a thin amorphous protective surface oxide when exposed to an oxygen environment. The properties of this oxide layer are thought to be responsible for titanium and its alloys biocompatibility, chemical inertness, and corrosion resistance. Surface oxide crystallinity and pore size are regarded to be two of the more important properties in establishing successful osseointegration. Anodization is an electrochemical method of surface modification used for colorization marking and improved bioactivity on orthopedic and dental titanium implants. Research on titanium anodization using sulphuric acid has been reported in the literature as being primarily conducted in molarity levels 3 M and less using either galvanostatic or potentiostatic methods. A wide range of pore diameters ranging from a few nanometers up to 10 μm have been shown to form in sulfuric acid electrolytes using the potentiostatic and galvanostatic methods. Nano sized pores have been shown to be beneficial for bone cell attachment and proliferation. The purpose of the present research was to investigate oxide crystallinity and pore formation during titanium anodization using a pulsed DC waveform in a series of sulfuric acid electrolytes ranging from 0.5 to 12 M. Anodizing titanium in increasing sulfuric acid molarities showed a trend of increasing transformations of the amorphous natural forming oxide to the crystalline phases of anatase and rutile. The pulsed DC waveform was shown to produce pores with a size range from ≤0.01 to 1 μm(2). The pore size distributions produced may be beneficial for bone cell attachment and proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Williamson
- The University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
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Simka W, Krząkała A, Korotin DM, Zhidkov IS, Kurmaev EZ, Cholakh SO, Kuna K, Dercz G, Michalska J, Suchanek K, Gorewoda T. Modification of a Ti–Mo alloy surface via plasma electrolytic oxidation in a solution containing calcium and phosphorus. Electrochim Acta 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2013.02.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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12
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Simka W, Krząkała A, Masełbas M, Dercz G, Szade J, Winiarski A, Michalska J. Formation of bioactive coatings on Ti–13Nb–13Zr alloy for hard tissue implants. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra23256e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
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