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Dubey A, Jaiswal S, Lahiri D. Promises of Functionally Graded Material in Bone Regeneration: Current Trends, Properties, and Challenges. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2022; 8:1001-1027. [PMID: 35201746 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.1c01416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Functionally graded materials (FGMs) are emerging materials systems, with structures and compositions gradually changing in a particular direction. Consequently, the properties of the materials gradually change in the desired direction to achieve particular nonhomogeneous service demands without abrupting the compositional and behavioral interface at the macroscale. FGMs have been found to have high potential as orthopedic implants; because the functional gradient can be adapted in such a manner that the core of FGM should be compatible with the density and strength of bone, interlayers can maintain the structural integrity and outermost layers would provide bioactivity and corrosion resistance, thus overall tailoring the stress shielding effect. This review article discusses the typical FGM systems existing in nature and the human body, focusing on bone tissue. Further, the reason behind the application of these FGMs systems in orthopedic implants is explored in detail, considering the physical and biological necessities. The substantial focus of the present critical review is devoted to two primary topics related to the usage of FGMs for orthopedic implants: (1) the synthesizing techniques currently available to produce FGMs for load-bearing orthopedic applications and (2) the properties, such as mechanical, structural, and biological behavior of the FGMs. This review article gives an insight into the potential of FGMs for orthopedic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anshu Dubey
- Biomaterials and Multiscale Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India
| | - Satish Jaiswal
- Biomaterials and Multiscale Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India
| | - Debrupa Lahiri
- Biomaterials and Multiscale Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India
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Cytotoxicity and Ion Release of Functionally Graded Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>- Ti Orthopedic Biomaterial. JOURNAL OF BIOMIMETICS BIOMATERIALS AND BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/jbbbe.54.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the biocompatibility of Al2O3-Ti functionally graded material (FGM) successfully fabricated by Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) technology, and to compare with pure Ti and alumina. Pre-osteoblast MC3T3-E1 cells were used to examine cell viability, proliferation and differentiation using lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) cytotoxicity detection kit, MTT assay and Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) colorimetric test at different time points. Furthermore, ion release from the materials into the culture medium was assessed. The results showed cell viability over 80% for FGM and alumina which dismissed any cytotoxicity risk due to materials or manufacturing. The results of MTT tests identified superiority of FGM than Ti and alumina, particularly in late proliferation. Nevertheless, in cell differentiation, all materials performed similarly with no statistical differences. Furthermore, it was indicated that Ti had no ion release, while alumina had small amount of Al ion dissolution. FGM, however, had more ions detachment, particularly Al ions.
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Shi H, Zhou P, Li J, Liu C, Wang L. Functional Gradient Metallic Biomaterials: Techniques, Current Scenery, and Future Prospects in the Biomedical Field. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 8:616845. [PMID: 33553121 PMCID: PMC7863761 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.616845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional gradient materials (FGMs), as a modern group of materials, can provide multiple functions and are able to well mimic the hierarchical and gradient structure of natural systems. Because biomedical implants usually substitute the bone tissues and bone is an organic, natural FGM material, it seems quite reasonable to use the FGM concept in these applications. These FGMs have numerous advantages, including the ability to tailor the desired mechanical and biological response by producing various gradations, such as composition, porosity, and size; mitigating some limitations, such as stress-shielding effects; improving osseointegration; and enhancing electrochemical behavior and wear resistance. Although these are beneficial aspects, there is still a notable lack of comprehensive guidelines and standards. This paper aims to comprehensively review the current scenery of FGM metallic materials in the biomedical field, specifically its dental and orthopedic applications. It also introduces various processing methods, especially additive manufacturing methods that have a substantial impact on FGM production, mentioning its prospects and how FGMs can change the direction of both industry and biomedicine. Any improvement in FGM knowledge and technology can lead to big steps toward its industrialization and most notably for much better implant designs with more biocompatibility and similarity to natural tissues that enhance the quality of life for human beings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyuan Shi
- School of Aeronautical Materials Engineering, Xi'an Aeronautical Polytechnic Institute, Xi'an, China
| | - Peng Zhou
- School of Aeronautical Materials Engineering, Xi'an Aeronautical Polytechnic Institute, Xi'an, China
| | - Jie Li
- School of Aeronautical Materials Engineering, Xi'an Aeronautical Polytechnic Institute, Xi'an, China
| | - Chaozong Liu
- Institute of Orthopaedic & Musculoskeletal Science, University College London, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Liqiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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Promising electrodeposited biocompatible coatings for steel obtained from polymerized microemulsions. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2020.124555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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AYDIN G, YILDIRIM K, KALEMTAS A. Naturally Derived a-Tricalcium Phosphate Based Porous Composite Bead Production. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.13005/msri/160307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a simple, innovative approach is applied to produce porous a-TCP-CeO2-Al2O3 composite beads via using bovine bone-derived hydroxyapatite, cerium oxide, and alumina ceramics. Bovine-bone derived hydroxyapatite was obtained via calcination of bones at 950°C for 3 hours. Hydroxyapatite is a thermally unstable biomaterial at high temperatures, and depending on its stoichiometry decomposes at 800-1200°C. Sodium alginate was successfully used as an in situ gelling templates for the production of the ceramic beads and starch, an environmentally friendly and economic pore-forming agent, is used to achieve interconnected, highly open porosity containing composite beads. Sintering of the ceramic−starch−alginate green composite beads at 1200°C for 1 hour resulted in the decomposition of the hydroxyapatite phase and formation of a-TCP. XRD analysis revealed that a-TCP-CeO2-Al2O3 composite beads were achieved. XRD analysis confirmed the formation of a-TCP phase in all composite compositions. SEM investigations of the produced composite beads revealed that bimodal pore size distribution, fine and coarse, was achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulsum AYDIN
- Selcuk University, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Department of Biotechnology, Konya, Turkey
| | - Kenan YILDIRIM
- Bursa Technical University Central Research Laboratory, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Ayse KALEMTAS
- Bursa Technical University, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Bursa, Turkey
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Sedelnikova MB, Komarova EG, Sharkeev YP, Ugodchikova AV, Tolkacheva TV, Rau JV, Buyko EE, Ivanov VV, Sheikin VV. Modification of titanium surface via Ag-, Sr- and Si-containing micro-arc calcium phosphate coating. Bioact Mater 2019; 4:224-235. [PMID: 31406950 PMCID: PMC6684518 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2019.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The current research is devoted to the study of the modification of the titanium implants by the micro-arc oxidation with bioactive calcium phosphate coatings containing Ag or Sr and Si elements. The coatings' microstructure, phase composition, morphology, physicochemical and biological properties were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Ag-containing and Sr-Si-incorporated coatings were formed in alkaline and acid electrolytes, respectively. The formation of the coatings occurred at different ranges of the applied voltages, which led to the significant difference in the coatings properties. The trace elements Ag, Sr and Si participated intensively in the plasma-chemical reactions of the micro-arc coatings formation. Ag-containing coatings demonstrated strong antibacterial effect against Staphylococcus aureus AТСС 6538-P. MTT in vitro test with 3T3-L1 fibroblasts showed no cytotoxicity appearance on Sr-Si-incorporated coatings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariya B. Sedelnikova
- Institute of Strength Physics and Materials Science of SB RAS, Academicheskii Prospect 2/4, Tomsk, 634055, Russia
| | - Ekaterina G. Komarova
- Institute of Strength Physics and Materials Science of SB RAS, Academicheskii Prospect 2/4, Tomsk, 634055, Russia
| | - Yurii P. Sharkeev
- Institute of Strength Physics and Materials Science of SB RAS, Academicheskii Prospect 2/4, Tomsk, 634055, Russia
- National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, Lenina Prospect 30, Tomsk, 634050, Russia
| | - Anna V. Ugodchikova
- National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, Lenina Prospect 30, Tomsk, 634050, Russia
| | - Tatiana V. Tolkacheva
- Institute of Strength Physics and Materials Science of SB RAS, Academicheskii Prospect 2/4, Tomsk, 634055, Russia
| | - Julietta V. Rau
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (ISM-CNR), Via del Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Evgeny E. Buyko
- National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, Lenina Prospect 30, Tomsk, 634050, Russia
- Siberian State Medical University, Moscovskii Tract 2, Tomsk, 634050, Russia
| | - Vladimir V. Ivanov
- Siberian State Medical University, Moscovskii Tract 2, Tomsk, 634050, Russia
| | - Vladimir V. Sheikin
- Siberian State Medical University, Moscovskii Tract 2, Tomsk, 634050, Russia
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Tarlochan F, Mehboob H, Mehboob A, Chang SH. Influence of functionally graded pores on bone ingrowth in cementless hip prosthesis: a finite element study using mechano-regulatory algorithm. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2017; 17:701-716. [PMID: 29168071 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-017-0987-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Cementless hip prostheses with porous outer coating are commonly used to repair the proximally damaged femurs. It has been demonstrated that stability of prosthesis is also highly dependent on the bone ingrowth into the porous texture. Bone ingrowth is influenced by the mechanical environment produced in the callus. In this study, bone ingrowth into the porous structure was predicted by using a mechano-regulatory model. Homogenously distributed pores (200 and 800 [Formula: see text]m in diameter) and functionally graded pores along the length of the prosthesis were introduced as a porous coating. Bone ingrowth was simulated using 25 and 12 [Formula: see text]m micromovements. Load control simulations were carried out instead of traditionally used displacement control. Spatial and temporal distributions of tissues were predicted in all cases. Functionally graded pore decreasing models gave the most homogenous bone distribution, the highest bone ingrowth (98%) with highest average Young's modulus of all tissue phenotypes approximately 4.1 GPa. Besides this, the volume of the initial callus increased to 8.33% in functionally graded pores as compared to the 200 [Formula: see text]m pore size models which increased the bone volume. These findings indicate that functionally graded porous surface promote bone ingrowth efficiently which can be considered to design of surface texture of hip prosthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faris Tarlochan
- Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Hassan Mehboob
- Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Ali Mehboob
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Chung-Ang University, 221, Heukseok-Dong, Dongjak-Gu, Seoul, 156-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Hwan Chang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Chung-Ang University, 221, Heukseok-Dong, Dongjak-Gu, Seoul, 156-756, Republic of Korea
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Bahraminasab M, Farahmand F. State of the art review on design and manufacture of hybrid biomedical materials: Hip and knee prostheses. Proc Inst Mech Eng H 2017; 231:785-813. [PMID: 28486859 DOI: 10.1177/0954411917705911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The trend in biomaterials development has now headed for tailoring the properties and making hybrid materials to achieve the optimal performance metrics in a product. Modern manufacturing processes along with advanced computational techniques enable systematical fabrication of new biomaterials by design strategy. Functionally graded materials as a recent group of hybrid materials have found numerous applications in biomedical area, particularly for making orthopedic prostheses. This article, therefore, seeks to address the following research questions: (RQ1) What is the desired structure of orthopedic hybrid materials? (RQ2) What is the contribution of the literature in the development of hybrid materials in the field of orthopedic research? (RQ3) Which type of manufacturing approaches is prevalently used to build these materials for knee and hip implants? (RQ4) Is there any inadequacy in the methods applied?
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjan Bahraminasab
- 1 Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Farzam Farahmand
- 2 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.,3 RCSTIM, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Bahraminasab M, Ghaffari S, Eslami-Shahed H. Al 2O 3-Ti functionally graded material prepared by spark plasma sintering for orthopaedic applications. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2017; 72:82-89. [PMID: 28463814 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2017.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Revised: 04/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Orthopaedic prostheses still suffer from limited lifetime which imposes revision surgery with the associated risks involved. This, to some extent, is related to the vulnerability of the biomaterials used for their fabrication that are commonly single-constituent and uniform. Therefore, hybrid biomaterials such as composites and functionally graded materials (FGMs) are being developed to overcome the shortcomings of available biomaterials. The present paper focuses on the study of the structural, physical and mechanical properties of a FGM made of alumina-titanium fabricated by spark plasma sintering (SPS). The corresponding composites of the individual FGM layer were also fabricated. After sintering, the structural, mechanical and physical tests were carried out. The microstructural analysis using X-ray diffraction revealed the presence of Ti3Al and TiAl in the composites, particularly with the increase of titanium content. Scanning electron micrographs revealed good adhesion and bonding between the two phases and between the FGM layers. The hardness and bending strength of the composites and FGM samples were tested and it was found that the increase in amount of Ti volume fraction decreases these properties monotonically. Furthermore, the sintering behaviour and fracture mechanisms of the FGM sample were studied and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjan Bahraminasab
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran.
| | - S Ghaffari
- Department of ceramics, Materials and Energy Research Center, P.O. Box 31787316, Karaj, Alborz, Iran
| | - Hossein Eslami-Shahed
- Department of ceramics, Materials and Energy Research Center, P.O. Box 31787316, Karaj, Alborz, Iran
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Finšgar M, Uzunalić AP, Stergar J, Gradišnik L, Maver U. Novel chitosan/diclofenac coatings on medical grade stainless steel for hip replacement applications. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26653. [PMID: 27215333 PMCID: PMC4877581 DOI: 10.1038/srep26653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Corrosion resistance, biocompatibility, improved osteointegration, as well the prevention of inflammation and pain are the most desired characteristics of hip replacement implants. In this study we introduce a novel multi-layered coating on AISI 316LVM stainless steel that shows promise with regard to all mentioned characteristics. The coating is prepared from alternating layers of the biocompatible polysaccharide chitosan and the non-steroid anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), diclofenac. Electrochemical methods were employed to characterize the corrosion behavior of coated and uncoated samples in physiological solution. It is shown that these coatings improve corrosion resistance. It was also found that these coatings release the incorporated drug in controlled, multi-mechanism manner. Adding additional layers on top of the as-prepared samples, has potential for further tailoring of the release profile and increasing the drug dose. Biocompatibility was proven on human-derived osteoblasts in several experiments. Only viable cells were found on the sample surface after incubation of the samples with the same cell line. This novel coating could prove important for prolongation of the application potential of steel-based hip replacements, which are these days often replaced by more expensive ceramic or other metal alloys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matjaž Finšgar
- University of Maribor, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Smetanova ulica 17, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Amra Perva Uzunalić
- University of Maribor, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Smetanova ulica 17, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Janja Stergar
- University of Maribor, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Taborska ulica 8, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Lidija Gradišnik
- University of Maribor, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Taborska ulica 8, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Uroš Maver
- University of Maribor, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Taborska ulica 8, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia
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Gautam CR, Kumar S, Biradar S, Jose S, Mishra VK. Synthesis and enhanced mechanical properties of MgO substituted hydroxyapatite: a bone substitute material. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra10839c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydroxyapatite (HAp) nano-ceramic powder was synthesized successfully via microwave irradiation technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. R. Gautam
- Advanced Glass and Glass Ceramic Research Laboratory
- Department of Physics
- University of Lucknow
- Lucknow-226007
- India
| | - Sunil Kumar
- Advanced Glass and Glass Ceramic Research Laboratory
- Department of Physics
- University of Lucknow
- Lucknow-226007
- India
| | | | - Sujin Jose
- School of Physics
- Madurai Kamaraj University
- Madurai-625021
- India
| | - Vijay Kumar Mishra
- Department of Physics
- Institute of Science
- Banaras Hindu University
- Varanasi-221005
- India
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