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Movva S, Burrell RK, Garmestani H, Jacob KI. Characterization of hardness and elastic modulus using nanoindentation and correlation with wear behavior of UHMWPE during uniaxial tension. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2023; 147:106142. [PMID: 37806277 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2023.106142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
UHMWPE is the material of choice for bearing surfaces in total joint arthroplasty making its wear and mechanical properties important factors of contribution in longevity of prosthetic hip/knee implants. In this study, the variation of hardness and elastic modulus with applied load in textured UHMWPE has been investigated. Texture has been induced through uniaxial tension of UHMWPE modifying its microstructure which in turn influences the wear resistance and hence the mechanical properties of the material. Previous studies have shown hardness to be a major factor influencing wear resistance. However, recently, the ratio of hardness (H) to elastic modulus (E) has been recognized as a more influential parameter of wear resistance. The validity of predicting wear resistance using H/E ratio has been examined in this work. Power law variation with load for the bioimplant material UHMWPE has been investigated at different strain levels. It has been observed that power law exponent of 2 can only be achieved at higher load levels. Overall, this work provides an insight into influencing the properties of bioimplant material UHMWPE by modifying the microstructure of the material through inducing texture which ultimately affects the longevity of the prosthetic implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahitya Movva
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA; Intel Corporation, 2501 NE Century Blvd, Hillsboro, OR, 97124, USA.
| | - Reeshemah K Burrell
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Center for Materials Research & Tech, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Tallahassee, FL, 32310-6046, USA
| | - Hamid Garmestani
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Center for Materials Research & Tech, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Tallahassee, FL, 32310-6046, USA; Renewable Bioproducts Institute, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Karl I Jacob
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA; The George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA; Renewable Bioproducts Institute, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
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2
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Etchels L, Wang L, Thompson J, Wilcox R, Jones A. Dynamic finite element analysis of hip replacement edge loading: Balancing precision and run time in a challenging model. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2023; 143:105865. [PMID: 37182367 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2023.105865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
An important aspect in evaluating the resilience of hip replacement designs is testing their performance under adverse conditions that cause edge loading of the acetabular liner. The representation of edge loading conditions in finite element models is computationally challenging due to the changing contact locations, need for fine meshes, and dynamic nature of the system. In this study, a combined mesh and mass-scaling sensitivity study was performed to identify an appropriate compromise between convergence and solution time of explicit finite element analysis in investigating edge loading in hip replacement devices. The optimised model was then used to conduct a sensitivity test investigating the effect of different hip simulator features (the mass of the translating fixture and mediolateral spring damping) on the plastic strain in the acetabular liner. Finally, the effect of multiple loading cycles on the progressive accumulation of plastic strain was then also examined using the optimised model. A modelling approach was developed which provides an effective compromise between mass-scaling effects and mesh refinement for a solution time per cycle of less than 1 h. This 'Recommended Mesh' model underestimated the plastic strains by less than 10%, compared to a 'Best Estimate' model with a run time of ∼190 h. Starting with this model setup would therefore significantly reduce any new model development time while also allowing the flexibility to incorporate additional complexities as required. The polyethylene liner plastic strain was found to be sensitive to the simulator mass and damping (doubling the mass or damping had a similar magnitude effect to doubling the swing phase load) and these should ideally be described in future experimental studies. The majority of the plastic strain (99%) accumulated within the first three load cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee Etchels
- Institute of Medical and Biological Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - Lin Wang
- Institute of Medical and Biological Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK; Depuy Synthes, St Anthony's Road, Leeds, LS11 8DT, UK
| | - Jonathan Thompson
- Institute of Medical and Biological Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK; Depuy Synthes, St Anthony's Road, Leeds, LS11 8DT, UK
| | - Ruth Wilcox
- Institute of Medical and Biological Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Alison Jones
- Institute of Medical and Biological Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
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3
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Zhu L, Gao W, Dikin DA, Percec S, Ren F. Anti-Ballistic Performance of PPTA/UHMWPE Laminates. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15102281. [PMID: 37242856 DOI: 10.3390/polym15102281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Poly(p-phenylene terephthalamide) (PPTA) and ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) are high-performance polymer materials largely used for body armor applications. Although composite structures from a combination of PPTA and UHMWPE have been created and described in the literature, the manufacture of layered composites from PPTA fabrics and UHMWPE films with UHMWPE film as an adhesive layer has not been reported. Such a new design can provide the obvious advantage of simple manufacturing technology. In this study, for the first time, we prepared PPTA fabrics/UHMWPE films laminate panels using plasma treatment and hot-pressing and examined their ballistic performance. Ballistic testing results indicated that samples with moderate interlayer adhesion between PPTA and UHMWPE layers exhibited enhanced performance. A further increase in interlayer adhesion showed a reverse effect. This finding implies that optimization of interface adhesion is essential to achieve maximum impact energy absorption through the delamination process. In addition, it was found that the stacking sequence of the PPTA and UHMWPE layers affected ballistic performance. Samples with PPTA as the outermost layer performed better than those with UHMWPE as the outermost layer. Furthermore, microscopy of the tested laminate samples showed that PPTA fibers exhibited shear cutting failure on the entrance side and tensile failure on the exit side of the panel. UHMWPE films exhibited brittle failure and thermal damage at high compression strain rate on the entrance side and tensile fracture on the exit side. For the first time, findings from this study reported in-field bullet testing results of PPTA/UHMWPE composite panels, which can provide important insights for designing, fabricating, and failure analysis of such composite structures for body armors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Zhu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Weixiao Gao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Dmitriy A Dikin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Simona Percec
- Temple Materials Institute, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Fei Ren
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
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4
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Cardoso PSM, Ueki MM, Barbosa JDV, Garcia Filho FC, Lazarus BS, Azevedo JB. The Effect of Dialkyl Peroxide Crosslinking on the Properties of LLDPE and UHMWPE. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:3062. [PMID: 34577963 PMCID: PMC8470150 DOI: 10.3390/polym13183062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxide has been considered a chemical agent that can be used to tune the properties of polymeric materials. This research evaluated the influence of different concentrations of dialkyl peroxides on the mechanical, thermal, and morphological properties of linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) and ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE). The neat polymer, as well as those with the addition of 1% and 2% by mass of dialkyl peroxides, were subjected to compression molding and immersion in water for 1 h, under controlled temperatures of 90 °C. The values of the gel content found in the samples indicated that the addition of peroxide to the LLDPE and to the UHMWPE promoted the formation of a reticulated network. The structure obtained by the crosslinking led to less reorganization of the chains during the crystallization process, resulting in the formation of imperfect crystals and, consequently, in the reduction in melting temperatures, crystallization and enthalpy. The mechanical properties were altered with the presence of the crosslinker. The polymers presented had predominant characteristics of a ductile material, with the occurrence of crazing with an increased peroxide content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pollyana S. M. Cardoso
- Department of Materials, University Center SENAI CIMATEC, Salvador 41650-010, BA, Brazil;
- Graduate Program in Materials Science and Engineering—P2CEM, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), Aracaju 49100-000, SE, Brazil;
| | - Marcelo M. Ueki
- Graduate Program in Materials Science and Engineering—P2CEM, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), Aracaju 49100-000, SE, Brazil;
| | - Josiane D. V. Barbosa
- Department of Materials, University Center SENAI CIMATEC, Salvador 41650-010, BA, Brazil;
| | | | - Benjamin S. Lazarus
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Califórnia San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA;
| | - Joyce B. Azevedo
- Institute of Science, Technology and Innovation, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 42809-000, BA, Brazil;
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5
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Wegner N, Scholz R, Knyazeva M, Walther F. Service life characterization of orthopedic implant material made of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene under physiological conditions. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2020; 104:103617. [PMID: 32174385 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2020.103617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nils Wegner
- Department of Materials Test Engineering (WPT), TU Dortmund University, Baroper Str. 303, 44227, Dortmund, Germany.
| | - Ronja Scholz
- Department of Materials Test Engineering (WPT), TU Dortmund University, Baroper Str. 303, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Marina Knyazeva
- Department of Materials Test Engineering (WPT), TU Dortmund University, Baroper Str. 303, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Frank Walther
- Department of Materials Test Engineering (WPT), TU Dortmund University, Baroper Str. 303, 44227, Dortmund, Germany.
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Liu Z, Wang J, Gao H, Gao L. Biaxial fatigue crack propagation behavior of ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene reinforced by carbon nanofibers and hydroxyapatite. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2019; 108:1603-1615. [PMID: 31633296 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.34507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) artificial joint has remained the preferred polymer component in total joint replacement surgery. However, more and more concerns have been raised about the failure of UHMWPE components due to the initiation and propagation of cracks at the notches with fixed functions. For this reason, biaxial fatigue crack growth (FCG) experiments of UHMWPE reinforced by carbon nanofibers (CNF) and hydroxyapatite (HA) were carried out using elastic-plastic fracture mechanics theory. The FCG resistance of UHMWPE, UHMWPE/CNF, and UHMWPE/HA was compared, and the effects of stress ratio (R) value and phase difference on FCG rate were investigated. At the same time, the influence of loading path was considered, and the corresponding crack path was analyzed. Results suggest that UHMWPE/CNF has better FCG resistance and the FCG rate increases with the increase of R value and the existence of 180° phase difference. In addition, crack bifurcation behavior is not observed under nonproportional loading conditions. The findings in this study will provide experimental validation and data support for better clinical application of UHMWPE-modified materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenduo Liu
- Department of Process Equipment and Control Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jianhai Wang
- Department of Process Equipment and Control Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Hong Gao
- Department of Process Equipment and Control Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Lilan Gao
- Department of Process Equipment and Control Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, China
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7
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Zheng X, Wu K, Wang J, Ma L, Yu J, Xu J. Mechanical characteristics of medical grade UHMWPE under dynamic compression. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2019; 30:50. [PMID: 31004245 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-019-6254-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The mechanical properties of medical grade ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) are critical for the safety and integrity of UHMWPE implantation. Accordingly, the mechanical features of UHMWPE are tested under repeated stress-controlled and strain-controlled compression at room temperature. Some important effect factors, such as stress rate, mean stress, stress amplitude, strain rate, mean strain, strain range and multiple load steps are further considered in detail. Results indicate that the lower stress rate causes the greater accumulated plastic strain and the accumulated plastic strain rate becomes increasingly lower with increasing number of cycles. The strain range and accumulated plastic strain rate decrease rapidly in the first stage, and then become almost steady during the second stage. Especially, the accumulated plastic strain rate per cycle for each case is less than 0.01 %/cycle after the initial 100 cycles. This means that the plastic strain accumulates very slowly and the shakedown behavior always occurs. Moreover, obvious cyclic softening and stress relaxation behaviors can be observed under cyclic strain-controlled compression during the first 50 cycles. This indicates that the accumulated plastic stain in the initial 100 cycles and the cyclic stress relaxation during the first 50 cycles should be assessed for the functionality of UHMWPE implantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotao Zheng
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Equipment Intensification and Intrinsic Safety, School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, P. R. China.
| | - Kewei Wu
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Equipment Intensification and Intrinsic Safety, School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, P. R. China
| | - Jiqiang Wang
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Equipment Intensification and Intrinsic Safety, School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, P. R. China
| | - Linwei Ma
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Equipment Intensification and Intrinsic Safety, School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, P. R. China
| | - Jiuyang Yu
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Equipment Intensification and Intrinsic Safety, School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, P. R. China
| | - Jianmin Xu
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Equipment Intensification and Intrinsic Safety, School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, P. R. China
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Berumen JO, De la Mora T, López-Perrusquia N, Jiménez-Palomar I, Muhl S, Hernández-Navarro C, García E. Structural, chemical and mechanical study of TiAlV film on UHMWPE produced by DC magnetron sputtering. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2019; 93:23-30. [PMID: 30739857 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2019.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Ultra High Molecular Weight Polyethylene (UHMWPE), with a semi-trapezoidal topography, and glass samples were coated with a TiAlV film using magnetron sputtering in order to study its structure, chemical composition and the adhesion film properties on the polymer surfaces. The magnetron sputtering is a PVD technique that depending on the deposited parameter produces a coating with structural, chemical and specific topographic characteristics that increase the electrical, mechanical, optical and biological surface properties of the organic compounds. The quantities of Vanadium (V) and Aluminum (Al) were similar to that of Ti64 alloy. The metallic film obtained presents α-Ti phase structure with a (200) preferential orientation. The TiAlV film on polymeric surfaces with semi-trapezoidal topography exhibit irregularities and uncoated zones but on the glass, the metallic coating was smooth and continuous. The scratch tests were carried out using an incremental load configuration with a Tribotechnic scratch tester equipment. The metallic film decreased the viscoelastic recovering of the polymeric surface but increased the load capacity. The metallic film did not present complete delamination but fractures and small zones of coating detachment were observed on all the scratch tracks.
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Affiliation(s)
- J O Berumen
- Universidad de Guadalajara-CUCEI, Guadalajara,Jalisco, México
| | - T De la Mora
- Universidad Politécnica del Valle de México, Tultitlán, Edo. México, México
| | - N López-Perrusquia
- Universidad Politécnica del Valle de México, Tultitlán, Edo. México, México
| | | | - S Muhl
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales-UNAM, Coyoacán, Cd. de México, México
| | | | - E García
- Cátedras-CONACyT, Universidad de Guadalajara-CUCEI, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México.
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Sirimamilla A, Rimnac CM. Crack initiation from a clinically relevant notch in a highly-crosslinked UHMWPE subjected to static and cyclic loading. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2018; 91:366-372. [PMID: 30658250 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2018.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Crosslinked Ultra High Molecular Weight Polyethylene (UHMWPE), which is used as a bearing material in total joint replacement components, is subjected to static and cyclic loads in vivo. Resistance to crack initiation from a notch as a function of static and cyclic loads is not well understood for crosslinked UHMWPE. This study estimated the resistance of crosslinked UHMWPE (crosslinked with 100 kGy gamma radiation and remelted to extinguish free radicals) to crack initiation for a clinically relevant notch under both static and cyclic loading conditions. For cyclic loading, four frequencies were applied with a sine waveform and two frequencies were applied with a square waveform to independently estimate the effect of frequency and rate of loading on crack initiation. Crack initiation time and cycles to crack initiation were determined. Crack initiation time for fatigue loading conditions was substantially lower compared to static loading conditions. Crack initiation time decreased with an increase in test frequency. A square wave resulted in shorter crack initiation time compared to a sine wave. The results suggest that crosslinked UHMWPE is more resistant to crack initiation from a notch under static loading conditions compared to fatigue loading conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhi Sirimamilla
- Microsoft Hardware Group, One Microsoft Way, Redmond, WA 98052, United States.
| | - Clare M Rimnac
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, United States.
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Wang J, Gao H, Gao L, Cui Y, Song Z. Ratcheting behavior of UHMWPE reinforced by carbon nanofibers (CNF) and hydroxyapatite (HA): Experiment and simulation. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2018; 88:176-184. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2018.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Single-Point Incremental Forming of Two Biocompatible Polymers: An Insight into Their Thermal and Structural Properties. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:polym10040391. [PMID: 30966426 PMCID: PMC6415463 DOI: 10.3390/polym10040391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sheets of polycaprolactone (PCL) and ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) were fabricated and shaped by the Single-Point Incremental Forming process (SPIF). The performance of these biocompatible polymers in SPIF was assessed through the variation of four main parameters: the diameter of the forming tool, the spindle speed, the feed rate, and the step size based on a Box⁻Behnken design of experiments of four variables and three levels. The design of experiments allowed us to identify the parameters that most affect the forming of PCL and UHMWPE. The study was completed by means of a deep characterization of the thermal and structural properties of both polymers. These properties were correlated to the performance of the polymers observed in SPIF, and it was found that the polymer chains are oriented as a consequence of the SPIF processing. Moreover, by X-ray diffraction it was proved that polymer chains behave differently on each surface of the fabricated parts, since the chains on the surface in contact with the forming tool are oriented horizontally, while on the opposite surface they are oriented in the vertical direction. The unit cell of UHMWPE is distorted, passing from an orthorhombic cell to a monoclinic due to the slippage between crystallites. This slippage between crystallites was observed in both PCL and UHMWPE, and was identified as an alpha star thermal transition located in the rubbery region between the glass transition and the melting point of each polymer.
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