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Bakhtiari H, Nouri A, Tolouei-Rad M. Fatigue Performance of 3D-Printed Poly-Lactic-Acid Bone Scaffolds with Triply Periodic Minimal Surface and Voronoi Pore Structures. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:2145. [PMID: 39125172 PMCID: PMC11314528 DOI: 10.3390/polym16152145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2024] [Revised: 07/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Bone scaffolds serve a crucial role in tissue engineering, particularly in facilitating bone regeneration where natural repair is insufficient. Despite advancements in the fabrication of polymeric bone scaffolds, the challenge remains to optimize their mechanical resilience. Specifically, research on the fatigue behaviour of polymeric bone scaffolds is scarce. This study investigates the influence of pore architecture on the mechanical performance of poly-lactic-acid (PLA) scaffolds under quasi-static and cyclic compression. PLA scaffolds with a 60% porosity were fabricated using extrusion-based 3D printing in various designs: Gyroid, Lidinoid, Fischer-Koch, IWP, and Voronoi. Results demonstrated that Gyroid scaffolds had the highest compressive strength (6.6 MPa), followed by Lidinoid, Fischer-Koch, IWP, and Voronoi designs. Increased strut thickness was linked to higher compressive strength. However, normalized fatigue resistance showed a different pattern. While scaffolds resisted fatigue cycles at low strain amplitudes, fatigue damage was observed at higher strains. Voronoi structures exhibited the highest normalized fatigue performance, enduring around 58,000 cycles at 85% strain amplitude, followed by Gyroid, Fischer-Koch, Lidinoid, and IWP structures. Enhanced fatigue performance in different topologies correlated with the minimum cross-sectional area of scaffolds. Given the importance of both static and fatigue strength, the Gyroid topology emerges as the superior choice overall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Bakhtiari
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Manufacturing (CAMM), School of Engineering, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia;
| | - Alireza Nouri
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia;
| | - Majid Tolouei-Rad
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Manufacturing (CAMM), School of Engineering, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia;
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Pagani S, Liverani E, Giavaresi G, De Luca A, Belvedere C, Fortunato A, Leardini A, Fini M, Tomesani L, Caravaggi P. Mechanical and in vitro biological properties of uniform and graded Cobalt-chrome lattice structures in orthopedic implants. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2021; 109:2091-2103. [PMID: 33964120 PMCID: PMC8518749 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.34857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Human bones are biological examples of functionally graded lattice capable to withstand large in vivo loading and allowing optimal stress distribution. Disruption of bone integrity may require biocompatible implants capable to restore the original bone structure and properties. This study aimed at comparing mechanical properties and biological behavior in vitro of uniform (POR‐FIX) and graded (POR‐VAR) Cobalt‐chrome alloy lattice structures manufactured via Selective Laser Melting. In compression, the POR‐VAR equivalent maximum stress was about 2.5 times lower than that of the POR‐FIX. According to the DIC analysis, the graded lattice structures showed a stratified deformation associated to unit cells variation. At each timepoint, osteoblast cells were observed to colonize the surface and the first layer of both scaffolds. Cell activity was always significantly higher in the POR‐VAR (p < 0.0005). In terms of gene expression, the OPG/RANKL ratio increased significantly over time (p < 0.0005) whereas IL1β and COX2 significantly decreased (7 day vs 1 day; p < 0.0005) in both scaffolds. Both uniform‐ and graded‐porosity scaffolds provided a suitable environment for osteoblasts colonization and proliferation, but graded structures seem to represent a better solution to improve stress distribution between implant and bone of orthopedic implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Pagani
- Complex Structure of Surgical Sciences and Technologies, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Erica Liverani
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Gianluca Giavaresi
- Complex Structure of Surgical Sciences and Technologies, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Angela De Luca
- Complex Structure of Surgical Sciences and Technologies, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Claudio Belvedere
- Movement Analysis Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Alberto Leardini
- Movement Analysis Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Milena Fini
- Complex Structure of Surgical Sciences and Technologies, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Luca Tomesani
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Paolo Caravaggi
- Movement Analysis Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
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Dziaduszewska M, Zieliński A. Structural and Material Determinants Influencing the Behavior of Porous Ti and Its Alloys Made by Additive Manufacturing Techniques for Biomedical Applications. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:712. [PMID: 33546358 PMCID: PMC7913507 DOI: 10.3390/ma14040712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
One of the biggest challenges in tissue engineering is the manufacturing of porous structures that are customized in size and shape and that mimic natural bone structure. Additive manufacturing is known as a sufficient method to produce 3D porous structures used as bone substitutes in large segmental bone defects. The literature indicates that the mechanical and biological properties of scaffolds highly depend on geometrical features of structure (pore size, pore shape, porosity), surface morphology, and chemistry. The objective of this review is to present the latest advances and trends in the development of titanium scaffolds concerning the relationships between applied materials, manufacturing methods, and interior architecture determined by porosity, pore shape, and size, and the mechanical, biological, chemical, and physical properties. Such a review is assumed to show the real achievements and, on the other side, shortages in so far research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magda Dziaduszewska
- Biomaterials Technology Division, Institute of Machines Technology and Materials, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Ship Building, Gdańsk University of Technology, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland;
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Michalcová A, Vojtěch D, Vavřík J, Bartha K, Beran P, Drahokoupil J, Džugan J, Palán J, Čížek J, Lejček P. Structure and Properties of High‑Strength Ti Grade 4 Prepared by Severe Plastic Deformation and Subsequent Heat Treatment. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13051116. [PMID: 32138179 PMCID: PMC7084982 DOI: 10.3390/ma13051116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Severe plastic deformation represented by three passes in Conform SPD and subsequent rotary swaging was applied on Ti grade 4. This process caused extreme strengthening of material, accompanied by reduction of ductility. Mechanical properties of such material were then tuned by a suitable heat treatment. Measurements of in situ electrical resistance, in situ XRD and hardness indicated the appropriate temperature to be 450 °C for the heat treatment required to obtain desired mechanical properties. The optimal duration of annealing was stated to be 3 h. As was verified by neutron diffraction, SEM and TEM microstructure observation, the material underwent recrystallization during this heat treatment. That was documented by changes of the grain shape and evaluation of crystallite size, as well as of the reduction of internal stresses. In annealed state, the yield stress and ultimate tensile stress decreased form 1205 to 871 MPa and 1224 to 950 MPa, respectively, while the ductility increased from 7.8% to 25.1%. This study also shows that mechanical properties of Ti grade 4 processed by continual industrially applicable process (Conform SPD) are comparable with those obtained by ECAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alena Michalcová
- Department of Metals and Corrosion Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology in Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic; (D.V.); (J.V.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +42-022-044-2018
| | - Dalibor Vojtěch
- Department of Metals and Corrosion Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology in Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic; (D.V.); (J.V.)
| | - Jaroslav Vavřík
- Department of Metals and Corrosion Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology in Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic; (D.V.); (J.V.)
| | - Kristína Bartha
- Department of Physics of Materials, Charles University, Ke Karlovu 5, 121 16 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Přemysl Beran
- Nuclear Physics Institute ASCR in Řež, Husinec-Řež 130, 250 68 Řež, Czech Republic;
- European Spallation Source ERIC, 222 70 Lund, Sweden
| | - Jan Drahokoupil
- Institute of Physics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Na Slovance 2, 182 21 Prague 8, Czech Republic; (J.D.); (P.L.)
| | - Jan Džugan
- COMTES FHT, Department of Mechanical Testing and Thermophysical Measurement, Průmyslová 995, 334 41 Dobřany, Czech Republic; (J.D.); (J.P.)
| | - Jan Palán
- COMTES FHT, Department of Mechanical Testing and Thermophysical Measurement, Průmyslová 995, 334 41 Dobřany, Czech Republic; (J.D.); (J.P.)
| | - Jakub Čížek
- Department of Low-Temperature Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, V Holešovičkách 2, CZ-180 00 Prague 8, Czech Republic;
| | - Pavel Lejček
- Institute of Physics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Na Slovance 2, 182 21 Prague 8, Czech Republic; (J.D.); (P.L.)
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Delgado-Ruiz RA, Calvo-Guirado JL, Romanos GE. Effects of occlusal forces on the peri-implant-bone interface stability. Periodontol 2000 2019; 81:179-193. [PMID: 31407438 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The occlusal forces and their influence on the initiation of peri-implant bone loss or their relationship with peri-implantitis have created discussion during the past 30 years given the discrepancies observed in clinical, animal, and finite element analysis studies. Beyond these contradictions, in the case of an osseointegrated implant, the occlusal forces can influence the implant-bone interface and the cells responsible for the bone remodeling in different ways that may result in the maintenance or loss of the osseointegration. This comprehensive review focuses on the information available about the forces transmitted through the implant-crown system to the implant-bone interface and the mechano-transduction phenomena responsible for the bone cells' behavior and their interactions. Knowledge of the basic molecular biology of the peri-implant bone would help clinicians to understand the complex phenomenon of occlusal forces and their effects on the implant-bone interface, and would allow better control of the negative effects of mechanical stresses, leading to therapy with fewer risks and complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Arcesio Delgado-Ruiz
- Department of Prosthodontics and Digital Technology, School of Dental Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Jose Luis Calvo-Guirado
- International Dentistry Research Cathedra, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Universidad Catolica San Antonio De Murcia (UCAM), Murcia, Spain
| | - Georgios E Romanos
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA.,Department of Oral Surgery and Implant Dentistry, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
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Sola A, Nouri A. Microstructural porosity in additive manufacturing: The formation and detection of pores in metal parts fabricated by powder bed fusion. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/amp2.10021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Sola
- Department of Engineering “Enzo Ferrari” (DIEF)University of Modena and Reggio Emilia Modena Italy
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