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Braunshtein O, Levavi L, Zlotnikov I, Bar-On B. Nanoscale dynamic mechanical analysis on interfaces of biological composites. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2023; 146:106091. [PMID: 37672957 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2023.106091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Biological composites incorporate structural arrays of rigid-elastic reinforcements made of minerals or crystalline biopolymers, which are connected by thin, compliant, and viscoelastic macromolecular matrix material. The near-interface regions of these biological composites grant them energy dissipation capabilities against dynamic mechanical loadings, which promote various biomechanical functions such as impact adsorption, fracture toughness, and mechanical signal filtering. Here, we employ theoretical modeling and finite-element simulations to analyze the mechanical response of the near-interface in biological composites to nanoscale dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). We identified the dominating load-bearing mechanisms of the near-interface region and employed these insights to introduce simple semi-empirical formulations for approaching the mechanical properties (storage and loss moduli) of the biological composite from the nanoscale DMA results. Our analysis paves the way for the nanomechanical characterization of biological composites in diverse natural materials systems, which can also be employed for bioinspired and biomedical configurations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ofer Braunshtein
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, 84105, Israel; Nuclear Research Center-Negev, P.O. Box 9001, Beer-Sheva, 84190, Israel
| | - Liat Levavi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, 84105, Israel
| | - Igor Zlotnikov
- B CUBE - Center for Molecular Bioengineering, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, 01307, Germany
| | - Benny Bar-On
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, 84105, Israel.
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Uzan AY, Milo O, Politi Y, Bar-On B. Principles of elastic bridging in biological materials. Acta Biomater 2022; 153:320-330. [PMID: 36167236 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2022.09.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Load-bearing biological materials employ specialized elastic bridging regions to connect material parts with substantially different properties. While such bridging regions emerge in diverse systems of biological systems, their functional-mechanical origins are yet disclosed. Here, we hypothesize that these elastic bridging regions evolved primarily to minimize the near-interface stress effects in the biological material and, supported by experiments and simulations, we develop a simple theoretical model for such stress-minimizing bridging modulus. Our theoretical model describes well extensive experimental data of diverse biomechanical systems, suggesting that despite their compositionally distinct bridging regions, they share a similar mechanical adaptation strategy for stress minimization. The theoretical model developed in this study may directly serve as a design guideline for bio-inspired materials, biomedical applications, and advanced interfacial architectures with high resilience to mechanical failure. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Biological materials exhibit unconventional structural-mechanical strategies allowing them to attain extreme load-bearing capabilities. Here, we identify the strategy of biological materials to connect parts of distinct elastic properties in an optimal manner of stress minimization. Our findings are compatible with broad types of biological materials, including biopolymers, biominerals, and their bio-composite combinations, and may promote novel engineering designs of advanced biomedical and synthetic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avihai Yosef Uzan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Or Milo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Yael Politi
- B CUBE-Center for Molecular Bioengineering, Technische Universitat Dresden, Dresden 01307, Germany
| | - Benny Bar-On
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel..
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Impact Resistant Structure Design and Optimization Inspired by Turtle Carapace. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15082899. [PMID: 35454591 PMCID: PMC9030828 DOI: 10.3390/ma15082899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The turtle carapace has a high level of protection, due to its unique biological structure, and there is great potential to use the turtle carapace structure to improve the impact resistance of composite materials using bionic theory. In this paper, the chemical elements of the turtle carapace structure, as well as its mechanical properties, were investigated by studying the composition of the compounds in each part. In addition, the bionic sandwich structure, composed of the plate, core, and backplate, was designed using modeling software based on the microstructure of the keratin scutes, spongy bone, and the spine of the turtle carapace. Additionally, finite element analysis and drop-weight experiments were utilized to validate the impact-resistant performance of the bionic structures. The numerical results show that all of the bionic structures had improved impact resistance to varying degrees when compared with the control group. The experimental results show that the split plate, the core with changing pore gradients, and the backplate with stiffener all have a considerable effect on the impact-resistance performance of overall composite structures. This preliminary study provides theoretical support for composite material optimization.
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An B, Sun W, Zhang D. Role of soft bi-layer coating on the protection of turtle carapace. J Biomech 2021; 126:110618. [PMID: 34274868 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2021.110618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The turtle carapace is a biological armor exhibiting enhanced protection performance. Despite considerable efforts to characterize the structure-property relations of the turtle carapace, how the design of soft keratin-collagen bi-layer coating contributes to the protection of this biological armor remains largely unknown. In this study, calculations are carried out for fracture of the turtle carapace subjected to impact loading. The dynamic fracture of the bone layer, plastic deformation of the keratin-collagen bi-layer, and delamination at the keratin-collagen and collagen-bone interfaces are accounted for in the analyses. We reveal that plastic deformation and interfacial delamination within the soft bi-layer coating are two toughening mechanisms controlling the resistance to dynamic crack growth in the bone layer of the turtle carapace. The architecture of the keratin-collagen bi-layer coating enables large plastic deformation in the collagen layer and multiple delaminations within the bi-layer coating, preventing crack propagation in the bone layer. It is found that the dynamic fracture of bone layer in the turtle carapace depends on the stiffness mismatch and yield stress contrast between the keratin layer and the collagen layer. As the stiffness mismatch increases, small plastic deformation of the bi-layer coating occurs and the plastic deformation of collagen layer tends to emerge in the vicinity of the keratin-collagen interface, suppressing interfacial delamination and leading to weak resistance to fracture of the bone layer. The intermediate level of yield stress contrast can activate large plastic deformation and multiple delaminations within the bi-layer coating, mitigating fracture of the bone layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingbing An
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Mechanics in Energy Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics, School of Mechanics and Engineering Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China.
| | - Wenhao Sun
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Mechanics in Energy Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics, School of Mechanics and Engineering Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Dongsheng Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Mechanics in Energy Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics, School of Mechanics and Engineering Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
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Shelef Y, Uzan AY, Braunshtein O, Bar-On B. Assessing the Interfacial Dynamic Modulus of Biological Composites. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:3428. [PMID: 34205605 PMCID: PMC8234923 DOI: 10.3390/ma14123428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Biological composites (biocomposites) possess ultra-thin, irregular-shaped, energy dissipating interfacial regions that grant them crucial mechanical capabilities. Identifying the dynamic (viscoelastic) modulus of these interfacial regions is considered to be the key toward understanding the underlying structure-function relationships in various load-bearing biological materials including mollusk shells, arthropod cuticles, and plant parts. However, due to the submicron dimensions and the confined locations of these interfacial regions within the biocomposite, assessing their mechanical characteristics directly with experiments is nearly impossible. Here, we employ composite-mechanics modeling, analytical formulations, and numerical simulations to establish a theoretical framework that links the interfacial dynamic modulus of a biocomposite to the extrinsic characteristics of a larger-scale biocomposite segment. Accordingly, we introduce a methodology that enables back-calculating (via simple linear scaling) of the interfacial dynamic modulus of biocomposites from their far-field dynamic mechanical analysis. We demonstrate its usage on zigzag-shaped interfaces that are abundant in biocomposites. Our theoretical framework and methodological approach are applicable to the vast range of biocomposites in natural materials; its essence can be directly employed or generally adapted into analogous composite systems, such as architected nanocomposites, biomedical composites, and bioinspired materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaniv Shelef
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel; (Y.S.); (A.Y.U.); (O.B.)
| | - Avihai Yosef Uzan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel; (Y.S.); (A.Y.U.); (O.B.)
| | - Ofer Braunshtein
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel; (Y.S.); (A.Y.U.); (O.B.)
- Nuclear Research Center-Negev, P.O. Box 9001, Beer-Sheva 84190, Israel
| | - Benny Bar-On
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel; (Y.S.); (A.Y.U.); (O.B.)
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Jearanaisilawong P, Jongpairojcosit N, Glunrawd C. Dynamic behaviors and protection mechanisms of sulcata tortoise carapace. Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Engin 2021; 24:1450-1462. [PMID: 33661036 DOI: 10.1080/10255842.2021.1892661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents the compressive behavior of tortoise carapace at high strain rates and its protection mechanisms under impact loading. Both experimental and numerical results are reported. Tortoise is a land-based desert-dwelling animal taxonomically classified in the order of Testudines. The carapace is the dome-shaped upper part of the tortoise shell that protects its body from predator attacks. The carapace structure is composed of four layers formed as a composite structure with a porous core. The outer surface is keratin scutes made of fibrous structural proteins. The remaining layers are bone-like materials which are dorsal cortex, cancellous interior and ventral cortex. The compressive behavior at high rate of deformation is examined using split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) technique. The results shown in the stress-strain plot illustrate a strain-rate hardening effect. The impact test is conducted using a gas gun with 6.35-mm diameter steel bearing balls as projectiles. The responses of carapace sample under a range of impact velocities are investigated to analyze its protection mechanisms. The numerical model of impact test is created to obtain an insight into mechanical behaviors of the carapace structure that cannot be observed in the experiments. The strain rate dependent material model is defined based on the SHPB test results. The distributions of stress and rebound velocity are presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Jearanaisilawong
- Faculty of Engineering, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - N Jongpairojcosit
- Ministry of Defence, Office of the Permanent Secretary of Defence (Chaengwattana), Defence Technology Institute, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | - C Glunrawd
- The Sirindhorn International Thai-German Graduate School of Engineering (TGGS), King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok, Bangkok, Thailand
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Ampaw E, Owoseni TA, Du F, Pinilla N, Obayemi J, Hu J, Nigay PM, Nzihou A, Uzonwanne V, Zebaze-Kana MG, Dewoolkar M, Tan T, Soboyejo W. Compressive deformation and failure of trabecular structures in a turtle shell. Acta Biomater 2019; 97:535-543. [PMID: 31310853 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Turtle shells comprising of cortical and trabecular bones exhibit intriguing mechanical properties. In this work, compression tests were performed using specimens made from the carapace of Kinixys erosa turtle. A combination of imaging techniques and mechanical testing were employed to examine the responses of hierarchical microstructures of turtle shell under compression. Finite element models produced from microCT-scanned microstructures and analytical foam structure models were then used to elucidate local responses of trabecular bones deformed under compression. The results reveal the contributions from micro-strut bending and stress concentrations to the fractural mechanisms of trabecular bone structures. The porous structures of turtle shells could be an excellent prototype for the bioinspired design of deformation-resistant structures. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: In this study, a combination of analytical, computational models and experiments is used to study the underlying mechanisms that contribute to the compressive deformation of a Kinixys erosa turtle shell between the nano-, micro- and macro-scales. The proposed work shows that the turtle shell structures can be analyzed as sandwich structures that have the capacity to concentrate deformation and stresses within the trabecular bones, which enables significant energy absorption during compressive deformation. Then, the trends in the deformation characteristics and the strengths of the trabecular bone segments are well predicted by the four-strut model, which captures the effects of variations in strut length, thickness and orientation that are related to microstructural uncertainties of the turtle shells. The above results also suggest that the model may be used to guide the bioinspired design of sandwich porous structures that mimic the properties of the cortical and trabecular bone segments of turtle shells under a range of loading conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Ampaw
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, African University of Science and Technology, Nigeria; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Koforidua Technical University, Koforidua, Ghana
| | - Tunji Adetayo Owoseni
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, African University of Science and Technology, Nigeria
| | - Fen Du
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vermont Technical College, Randolph Center, VT 05061, USA
| | - Nelson Pinilla
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
| | - John Obayemi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, MA 01609, USA
| | - Jingjie Hu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
| | - Pierre-Marie Nigay
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, MA 01609, USA
| | - Ange Nzihou
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Université de Toulouse, Mines Albi, CNRS UMR 5302, Centre RAPSODEE, F-81013 Albi Cedex 09, France
| | - Vanessa Uzonwanne
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, MA 01609, USA
| | | | - Mandar Dewoolkar
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Ting Tan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Winston Soboyejo
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, MA 01609, USA.
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Mechanics of Arthropod Cuticle-Versatility by Structural and Compositional Variation. ARCHITECTURED MATERIALS IN NATURE AND ENGINEERING 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-11942-3_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Achrai B, Wagner HD. The turtle carapace as an optimized multi-scale biological composite armor – A review. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2017; 73:50-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2017.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Revised: 02/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Kawano S. Turtle shells have built-in shock absorbers. J Exp Biol 2017. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.147348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandy Kawano
- Royal Veterinary College, Structure and Motion Lab
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