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Phungsara B, Jongpairojcosit N, Jearanaisilawong P. Finite element analysis of energy absorption mechanism of durian peel and durian thorns under compressive load. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2023; 145:106022. [PMID: 37453158 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2023.106022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to investigate the energy absorption mechanism of durian peel under compression using finite element analysis. The durian peel comprises four substructures: thorn skin, thorn core, locule, and membrane. Their mechanical properties were measured experimentally and used as inputs for finite element models. Three-dimensional solid models of the durian peel were created and compared to the corresponding macroscopic responses. Good agreements between the experimental results and model predictions validate the measured properties. Energy analysis of the substructures shows that thorn skins and cores are the dominant components of energy absorption in durian peel under large deformation. Single thorn models with various aspect ratios were created to analyze their influence on energy absorption. The single thorn models were compressed at four angles of attack to capture the effect of peel curvature. The analysis shows that the aspect ratio of a single thorn that balances energy absorption at all angles of attack falls between 1 and 1.25, which is consistent with the experimentally measured values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bundit Phungsara
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Faculty of Engineering King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok, 1518 Pracharat 1 Rd., Wongsawang, Bangsue, Bangkok, 10800, Thailand; Phranakhon Rajabhat University, 9 Changwattana Road, Bangkhen, Bangkok, 10220, Thailand
| | - Nadda Jongpairojcosit
- Phranakhon Rajabhat University, 9 Changwattana Road, Bangkhen, Bangkok, 10220, Thailand
| | - Petch Jearanaisilawong
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Faculty of Engineering King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok, 1518 Pracharat 1 Rd., Wongsawang, Bangsue, Bangkok, 10800, Thailand.
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Williams C, Kirby A, Marghoub A, Kéver L, Ostashevskaya-Gohstand S, Bertazzo S, Moazen M, Abzhanov A, Herrel A, Evans SE, Vickaryous M. A review of the osteoderms of lizards (Reptilia: Squamata). Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2021; 97:1-19. [PMID: 34397141 PMCID: PMC9292694 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Osteoderms are mineralised structures consisting mainly of calcium phosphate and collagen. They form directly within the skin, with or without physical contact with the skeleton. Osteoderms, in some form, may be primitive for tetrapods as a whole, and are found in representatives of most major living lineages including turtles, crocodilians, lizards, armadillos, and some frogs, as well as extinct taxa ranging from early tetrapods to dinosaurs. However, their distribution in time and space raises questions about their evolution and homology in individual groups. Among lizards and their relatives, osteoderms may be completely absent; present only on the head or dorsum; or present all over the body in one of several arrangements, including non-overlapping mineralised clusters, a continuous covering of overlapping plates, or as spicular mineralisations that thicken with age. This diversity makes lizards an excellent focal group in which to study osteoderm structure, function, development and evolution. In the past, the focus of researchers was primarily on the histological structure and/or the gross anatomy of individual osteoderms in a limited sample of taxa. Those studies demonstrated that lizard osteoderms are sometimes two-layered structures, with a vitreous, avascular layer just below the epidermis and a deeper internal layer with abundant collagen within the deep dermis. However, there is considerable variation on this model, in terms of the arrangement of collagen fibres, presence of extra tissues, and/or a cancellous bone core bordered by cortices. Moreover, there is a lack of consensus on the contribution, if any, of osteoblasts in osteoderm development, despite research describing patterns of resorption and replacement that would suggest both osteoclast and osteoblast involvement. Key to this is information on development, but our understanding of the genetic and skeletogenic processes involved in osteoderm development and patterning remains minimal. The most common proposition for the presence of osteoderms is that they provide a protective armour. However, the large morphological and distributional diversity in lizard osteoderms raises the possibility that they may have other roles such as biomechanical reinforcement in response to ecological or functional constraints. If lizard osteoderms are primarily for defence, whether against predators or conspecifics, then this 'bony armour' might be predicted to have different structural and/or mechanical properties compared to other hard tissues (generally intended for support and locomotion). The cellular and biomineralisation mechanisms by which osteoderms are formed could also be different from those of other hard tissues, as reflected in their material composition and nanostructure. Material properties, especially the combination of malleability and resistance to impact, are of interest to the biomimetics and bioinspired material communities in the development of protective clothing and body armour. Currently, the literature on osteoderms is patchy and is distributed across a wide range of journals. Herein we present a synthesis of current knowledge on lizard osteoderm evolution and distribution, micro- and macrostructure, development, and function, with a view to stimulating further work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Williams
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada.,Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 114-116, Aarhus C, DK-8000, Denmark
| | - Alexander Kirby
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, U.K.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, U.K
| | - Arsalan Marghoub
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, London, WC1E 7JE, U.K
| | - Loïc Kéver
- Département Adaptations du Vivant, UMR 7179 MECADEV C.N.R.S/M.N.H.N., Bâtiment d'Anatomie Comparée, 55 rue Buffon, Paris, 75005, France
| | - Sonya Ostashevskaya-Gohstand
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Berkshire, SL5 7PY, U.K
| | - Sergio Bertazzo
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, U.K
| | - Mehran Moazen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, London, WC1E 7JE, U.K
| | - Arkhat Abzhanov
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Berkshire, SL5 7PY, U.K
| | - Anthony Herrel
- Département Adaptations du Vivant, UMR 7179 MECADEV C.N.R.S/M.N.H.N., Bâtiment d'Anatomie Comparée, 55 rue Buffon, Paris, 75005, France
| | - Susan E Evans
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, U.K
| | - Matt Vickaryous
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
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Jearanaisilawong P, Jongpairojcosit N, Glunrawd C. Dynamic behaviors and protection mechanisms of sulcata tortoise carapace. Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Engin 2021; 24:1450-1462. [PMID: 33661036 DOI: 10.1080/10255842.2021.1892661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents the compressive behavior of tortoise carapace at high strain rates and its protection mechanisms under impact loading. Both experimental and numerical results are reported. Tortoise is a land-based desert-dwelling animal taxonomically classified in the order of Testudines. The carapace is the dome-shaped upper part of the tortoise shell that protects its body from predator attacks. The carapace structure is composed of four layers formed as a composite structure with a porous core. The outer surface is keratin scutes made of fibrous structural proteins. The remaining layers are bone-like materials which are dorsal cortex, cancellous interior and ventral cortex. The compressive behavior at high rate of deformation is examined using split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) technique. The results shown in the stress-strain plot illustrate a strain-rate hardening effect. The impact test is conducted using a gas gun with 6.35-mm diameter steel bearing balls as projectiles. The responses of carapace sample under a range of impact velocities are investigated to analyze its protection mechanisms. The numerical model of impact test is created to obtain an insight into mechanical behaviors of the carapace structure that cannot be observed in the experiments. The strain rate dependent material model is defined based on the SHPB test results. The distributions of stress and rebound velocity are presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Jearanaisilawong
- Faculty of Engineering, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - N Jongpairojcosit
- Ministry of Defence, Office of the Permanent Secretary of Defence (Chaengwattana), Defence Technology Institute, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | - C Glunrawd
- The Sirindhorn International Thai-German Graduate School of Engineering (TGGS), King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok, Bangkok, Thailand
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Ampaw E, Owoseni TA, Du F, Pinilla N, Obayemi J, Hu J, Nigay PM, Nzihou A, Uzonwanne V, Zebaze-Kana MG, Dewoolkar M, Tan T, Soboyejo W. Compressive deformation and failure of trabecular structures in a turtle shell. Acta Biomater 2019; 97:535-543. [PMID: 31310853 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Turtle shells comprising of cortical and trabecular bones exhibit intriguing mechanical properties. In this work, compression tests were performed using specimens made from the carapace of Kinixys erosa turtle. A combination of imaging techniques and mechanical testing were employed to examine the responses of hierarchical microstructures of turtle shell under compression. Finite element models produced from microCT-scanned microstructures and analytical foam structure models were then used to elucidate local responses of trabecular bones deformed under compression. The results reveal the contributions from micro-strut bending and stress concentrations to the fractural mechanisms of trabecular bone structures. The porous structures of turtle shells could be an excellent prototype for the bioinspired design of deformation-resistant structures. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: In this study, a combination of analytical, computational models and experiments is used to study the underlying mechanisms that contribute to the compressive deformation of a Kinixys erosa turtle shell between the nano-, micro- and macro-scales. The proposed work shows that the turtle shell structures can be analyzed as sandwich structures that have the capacity to concentrate deformation and stresses within the trabecular bones, which enables significant energy absorption during compressive deformation. Then, the trends in the deformation characteristics and the strengths of the trabecular bone segments are well predicted by the four-strut model, which captures the effects of variations in strut length, thickness and orientation that are related to microstructural uncertainties of the turtle shells. The above results also suggest that the model may be used to guide the bioinspired design of sandwich porous structures that mimic the properties of the cortical and trabecular bone segments of turtle shells under a range of loading conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Ampaw
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, African University of Science and Technology, Nigeria; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Koforidua Technical University, Koforidua, Ghana
| | - Tunji Adetayo Owoseni
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, African University of Science and Technology, Nigeria
| | - Fen Du
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vermont Technical College, Randolph Center, VT 05061, USA
| | - Nelson Pinilla
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
| | - John Obayemi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, MA 01609, USA
| | - Jingjie Hu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
| | - Pierre-Marie Nigay
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, MA 01609, USA
| | - Ange Nzihou
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Université de Toulouse, Mines Albi, CNRS UMR 5302, Centre RAPSODEE, F-81013 Albi Cedex 09, France
| | - Vanessa Uzonwanne
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, MA 01609, USA
| | | | - Mandar Dewoolkar
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Ting Tan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Winston Soboyejo
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, MA 01609, USA.
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