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Burgio V, Casari S, Milizia M, Sanna F, Spezia G, Civera M, Rodriguez Reinoso M, Bertuglia A, Surace C. Mechanical properties of animal ligaments: a review and comparative study for the identification of the most suitable human ligament surrogates. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2023; 22:1645-1683. [PMID: 37169958 PMCID: PMC10511400 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-023-01718-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The interest in the properties of animal soft tissues is often related to the desire to find an animal model to replace human counterparts due to the unsteady availability of human tissues for experimental purposes. Once the most appropriate animal model is identified, it is possible to carry out ex-vivo and in-vivo studies for the repair of ligamentous tissues and performance testing of replacement and support healing devices. This work aims to present a systematic review of the mechanical properties of ligaments reported in the scientific literature by considering different anatomical regions in humans and several animal species. This study was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) method. Moreover, considering the lack of a standard protocol for preconditioning of tissues, this aspect is also addressed. Ninety-six studies were selected for the systematic review and analysed. The mechanical properties of different animal species are reported and summarised in tables. Only results from studies reporting the strain rate parameter were considered for comparison with human ligaments, as they were deemed more reliable. Elastic modulus, ultimate tensile stress, and ultimate strain properties are graphically reported identifying the range of values for each animal species and to facilitate comparison between values reported in the scientific literature in animal and human ligaments. Useful similarities between the mechanical properties of swine, cow, and rat and human ligaments have been found.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. Burgio
- Department of Structural, Building and Geotechnical Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Turin, Italy
- Department of Structural, Geotechnical and Building Engineering, Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Nanomechanics, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca Degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Turin, Italy
| | - S. Casari
- Department of Structural, Building and Geotechnical Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Turin, Italy
- Department of Structural, Geotechnical and Building Engineering, Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Nanomechanics, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca Degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Turin, Italy
| | - M. Milizia
- Department of Structural, Building and Geotechnical Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Turin, Italy
- Department of Structural, Geotechnical and Building Engineering, Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Nanomechanics, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca Degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Turin, Italy
| | - F. Sanna
- Department of Structural, Building and Geotechnical Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Turin, Italy
- Department of Structural, Geotechnical and Building Engineering, Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Nanomechanics, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca Degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Turin, Italy
| | - G. Spezia
- Department of Structural, Building and Geotechnical Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Turin, Italy
- Department of Structural, Geotechnical and Building Engineering, Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Nanomechanics, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca Degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Turin, Italy
| | - M. Civera
- Department of Structural, Building and Geotechnical Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Turin, Italy
- Department of Structural, Geotechnical and Building Engineering, Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Nanomechanics, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca Degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Turin, Italy
| | - M. Rodriguez Reinoso
- Department of Structural, Building and Geotechnical Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Turin, Italy
- Department of Structural, Geotechnical and Building Engineering, Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Nanomechanics, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca Degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Turin, Italy
| | - A. Bertuglia
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2-5, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
| | - C. Surace
- Department of Structural, Building and Geotechnical Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Turin, Italy
- Department of Structural, Geotechnical and Building Engineering, Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Nanomechanics, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca Degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Turin, Italy
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Constant C, Braïlovski V, Wagnac É, Petit Y, Desrochers A, Nichols S. Biomechanical evaluation of bovine stifles stabilized with an innovative braided superelastic nitinol prosthesis after transection of the cranial cruciate ligament. Vet Surg 2021; 50:1398-1408. [PMID: 34435675 DOI: 10.1111/vsu.13715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the stability bovine stifles stabilized with nylon or nitinol superelastic prostheses after transection of the cranial cruciate ligament (CCL). STUDY DESIGN Ex vivo study. SAMPLE POPULATION Stifles (n = 15) harvested from adult bovine cadavers. METHODS The stifles were randomly assigned pairwise to a ligament reconstruction technique (n = 5): (1) and (2) Hamilton's technique using a prosthesis made of 24 nitinol strands (0.39 mm) braided at 40°or single 600-lb test nylon implant, and (3) nitinol prosthesis placed in femoral and tibial bone tunnels (bone-to-bone). Craniocaudal tibial translation at ±2000 N was applied to the tibia, and mediolateral angular displacement via measured under torsional tibial loading at ±60 Nm on three occasions: intact CCL, transected, and stabilized. Outcomes were evaluated with a mixed effect linear model for repeated measures. RESULTS Bone-to-bone using nitinol was the only repair that decreased tibial translation after CCL transection (p = .001) with a 23% change magnitude compared with intact CCL. Hamilton was the only stabilization reestablishing angular displacement, similar to intact CCL (p = .109 and .134 for nitinol and nylon). Bone-to-bone nitinol stabilization decreased angular displacement after CCL-transection with an 8% change magnitude (p = .040) without returning to normal values. CONCLUSION CCL replacement with nylon did restore joint stability. Nitinol prostheses passed through single femoral and tibial bone tunnels (bone-to-bone) were the only techniques reducing tibial translation. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE/IMPACT Bone-to-bone stabilization with a nitinol prosthesis may be considered as an alternative to nylon for CCL replacement in cattle. These results provide evidence to justify clinical evaluation in cattle undergoing CCL replacement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Constant
- Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, Canada
| | | | - Éric Wagnac
- École de Technologie Supérieure and Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur, Montréal, Canada
| | - Yvan Petit
- École de Technologie Supérieure and Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur, Montréal, Canada
| | - André Desrochers
- Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, Canada
| | - Sylvain Nichols
- Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, Canada
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Beisbayeva Z, Zhanbassynova A, Kulzhanova G, Mukasheva F, Erisken C. Change in Collagen Fibril Diameter Distribution of Bovine Anterior Cruciate Ligament upon Injury Can Be Mimicked in a Nanostructured Scaffold. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26051204. [PMID: 33668154 PMCID: PMC7956598 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26051204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
More than 200,000 people are suffering from Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) related injuries each year in the US. There is an unmet clinical demand for improving biological attachment between grafts and the host tissue in addition to providing mechanical support. For biological graft integration, it is important to provide a physiologically feasible environment for the host cells to enable them to perform their duties. However, behavior of cells during ACL healing and the mechanism of ACL healing is not fully understood partly due to the absence of appropriate environment to test cell behavior both in vitro and in vivo. This study aims at (i) investigating the change in fibril diameter of bovine ACL tissue upon injury and (ii) fabricating nanofiber-based scaffolds to represent the morphology and structure of healthy and injured ACL tissues. We hypothesized that distribution and mean diameter of ACL fibrils will be altered upon injury. Findings revealed that the collagen fibril diameter distribution of bovine ACL changed from bimodal to unimodal upon injury with subsequent decrease in mean diameter. Polycaprolactone (PCL) scaffold fiber diameter distribution exhibited similar bimodal and unimodal distribution behavior to qualitatively represent the cases of healthy and injured ACL, respectively. The native ACL tissue demonstrated comparable modulus values only with the aligned bimodal PCL scaffolds. There was significant difference between mechanical properties of aligned bimodal and unaligned unimodal PCL scaffolds. We believe that the results obtained from measurements of diameter of collagen fibrils of native bovine ACL tissue can serve as a benchmark for scaffold design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuldyz Beisbayeva
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, School of Engineering & Digital Sciences, Nazarbayev University, 53 Kabanbay Batyr, Nur-Sultan 010000, Kazakhstan; (Z.B.); (A.Z.); (F.M.)
| | - Ainur Zhanbassynova
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, School of Engineering & Digital Sciences, Nazarbayev University, 53 Kabanbay Batyr, Nur-Sultan 010000, Kazakhstan; (Z.B.); (A.Z.); (F.M.)
| | - Gulzada Kulzhanova
- Department of Biological Sciences, Nazarbayev University, 53 Kabanbay Batyr, Nur-Sultan 010000, Kazakhstan;
| | - Fariza Mukasheva
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, School of Engineering & Digital Sciences, Nazarbayev University, 53 Kabanbay Batyr, Nur-Sultan 010000, Kazakhstan; (Z.B.); (A.Z.); (F.M.)
| | - Cevat Erisken
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, School of Engineering & Digital Sciences, Nazarbayev University, 53 Kabanbay Batyr, Nur-Sultan 010000, Kazakhstan; (Z.B.); (A.Z.); (F.M.)
- Correspondence:
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Serrancolí G, Alessandro C, Tresch MC. The Effects of Mechanical Scale on Neural Control and the Regulation of Joint Stability. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22042018. [PMID: 33670603 PMCID: PMC7922058 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22042018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent work has demonstrated how the size of an animal can affect neural control strategies, showing that passive viscoelastic limb properties have a significant role in determining limb movements in small animals but are less important in large animals. We extend that work to consider effects of mechanical scaling on the maintenance of joint integrity; i.e., the prevention of aberrant contact forces within joints that might lead to joint dislocation or cartilage degradation. We first performed a literature review to evaluate how properties of ligaments responsible for joint integrity scale with animal size. Although we found that the cross-sectional area of the anterior cruciate ligament generally scaled with animal size, as expected, the effects of scale on the ligament’s mechanical properties were less clear, suggesting potential adaptations in passive contributions to the maintenance of joint integrity across species. We then analyzed how the neural control of joint stability is altered by body scale. We show how neural control strategies change across mechanical scales, how this scaling is affected by passive muscle properties and the cost function used to specify muscle activations, and the consequences of scaling on internal joint contact forces. This work provides insights into how scale affects the regulation of joint integrity by both passive and active processes and provides directions for studies examining how this regulation might be accomplished by neural systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gil Serrancolí
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 08019 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | - Cristiano Alessandro
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, Università degli Studi di Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
- Department of Physiology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA;
| | - Matthew C. Tresch
- Department of Physiology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA;
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, McCormick School of Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Shirley Ryan AbilityLab, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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Lozier JW, Niehaus AJ, Hinds CA, Durgam SS, Jones SC, Lakritz J. Investigation of a novel prosthesis technique for extracapsular stabilization of cranial cruciate ligament-deficient stifle joints in adult cattle. Am J Vet Res 2019; 80:779-786. [PMID: 31339759 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.80.8.779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate a novel prosthesis technique for extracapsular stabilization of cranial cruciate ligament (CCL)-deficient stifle joints in adult cattle. SAMPLE 13 cadaveric bovine stifle joint specimens. PROCEDURES In the first of 3 study phases, the most isometric points on the distal aspect of the femur (distal femur) and proximal aspect of the tibia (proximal tibia) were determined from measurements obtained from lateromedial radiographs of a stifle joint specimen maintained at angles of 135°, 90°, 65°, and 35°. During phase 2, 800-lb-test monofilament nylon leader line was cut into 73-cm-long segments. Each segment was secured in a loop by use of 2, 3, or 4 crimping sleeves such that there were 12 replicates for each construct. Each loop was distracted to failure at a constant rate of 1 mm/s. Mean force at failure and elongation and mode of failure were compared among the 3 constructs. During phase 3, bone tunnels were created in the distal femur and proximal tibia at the isometric points identified during phase 1 in each of 12 CCL-deficient stifle joint specimens. The 3-sleeve construct was applied to each specimen. Specimens were distracted to failure at a constant rate of 1 mm/s. RESULTS Among the 3 constructs evaluated, the 3-sleeve construct was considered optimal in terms of strength and amount of foreign material. In phase 3, all replicates failed because of suture slippage. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Use of 800-lb-test monofilament nylon leader line as a prosthesis might be a viable alternative for extracapsular stabilization of CCL-deficient stifle joints in adult cattle. Further in vivo studies are necessary.
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