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Rodríguez-Montaño ÓL, Vaiani L, Boccaccio A, Uva AE, Lo Muzio L, Spirito F, Dioguardi M, Santacroce L, Di Cosola M, Cantore S, Ballini A. Optimization of Cobalt-Chromium (Co-Cr) Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering in Endocrine, Metabolic and Immune Disorders. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 2024; 24:430-440. [PMID: 37946349 DOI: 10.2174/0118715303258126231025115956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Approximately 50% of the adult global population is projected to suffer from some form of metabolic disease by 2050, including metabolic syndrome and diabetes mellitus. At the same time, this trend indicates a potential increase in the number of patients who will be in need of implant-supported reconstructions of specific bone regions subjected to inflammatory states. Moreover, physiological conditions associated with dysmetabolic subjects have been suggested to contribute to the severity of bone loss after bone implant insertion. However, there is a perspective evidence strengthening the hypothesis that custom-fabricated bioengineered scaffolds may produce favorable bone healing effects in case of altered endocrine or metabolic conditions. This perspective review aims to share a comprehensive knowledge of the mechanisms implicated in bone resorption and remodelling processes, which have driven researchers to develop metallic implants as the cobalt-chromium (Co-Cr) bioscaffolds, presenting optimized geometries that interact in an effective way with the osteogenetic precursor cells, especially in the cases of perturbed endocrine or metabolic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lorenzo Vaiani
- Department of Mechanics, Mathematics and Management, Polytechnic University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Antonio Boccaccio
- Department of Mechanics, Mathematics and Management, Polytechnic University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Antonio Emmanuele Uva
- Department of Mechanics, Mathematics and Management, Polytechnic University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Lo Muzio
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Francesca Spirito
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Mario Dioguardi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Luigi Santacroce
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, Microbiology and Virology Unit, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Apulia, Italy
| | - Michele Di Cosola
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Stefania Cantore
- Department of Mechanics, Mathematics and Management, Polytechnic University of Bari, Bari, Italy
- Independent Researcher, Sorriso & Benessere - Ricerca e Clinica, Bari, Italy
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Andrea Ballini
- Department of Mechanics, Mathematics and Management, Polytechnic University of Bari, Bari, Italy
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
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2
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Yarali E, Zadpoor AA, Staufer U, Accardo A, Mirzaali MJ. Auxeticity as a Mechanobiological Tool to Create Meta-Biomaterials. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2023; 6:2562-2575. [PMID: 37319268 PMCID: PMC10354748 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.3c00145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical and morphological design parameters, such as stiffness or porosity, play important roles in creating orthopedic implants and bone substitutes. However, we have only a limited understanding of how the microarchitecture of porous scaffolds contributes to bone regeneration. Meta-biomaterials are increasingly used to precisely engineer the internal geometry of porous scaffolds and independently tailor their mechanical properties (e.g., stiffness and Poisson's ratio). This is motivated by the rare or unprecedented properties of meta-biomaterials, such as negative Poisson's ratios (i.e., auxeticity). It is, however, not clear how these unusual properties can modulate the interactions of meta-biomaterials with living cells and whether they can facilitate bone tissue engineering under static and dynamic cell culture and mechanical loading conditions. Here, we review the recent studies investigating the effects of the Poisson's ratio on the performance of meta-biomaterials with an emphasis on the relevant mechanobiological aspects. We also highlight the state-of-the-art additive manufacturing techniques employed to create meta-biomaterials, particularly at the micrometer scale. Finally, we provide future perspectives, particularly for the design of the next generation of meta-biomaterials featuring dynamic properties (e.g., those made through 4D printing).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebrahim Yarali
- Department
of Biomechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Maritime and Materials
Engineering, Delft University of Technology
(TU Delft), Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands
- Department
of Precision and Microsystems Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Maritime
and Materials Engineering, Delft University
of Technology (TU Delft), Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Amir A. Zadpoor
- Department
of Biomechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Maritime and Materials
Engineering, Delft University of Technology
(TU Delft), Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Urs Staufer
- Department
of Precision and Microsystems Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Maritime
and Materials Engineering, Delft University
of Technology (TU Delft), Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Angelo Accardo
- Department
of Precision and Microsystems Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Maritime
and Materials Engineering, Delft University
of Technology (TU Delft), Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Mohammad J. Mirzaali
- Department
of Biomechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Maritime and Materials
Engineering, Delft University of Technology
(TU Delft), Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands
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3
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Lu T, Sun Z, Jia C, Ren J, Li J, Ma Z, Zhang J, Li J, Zhang T, Zang Q, Yang B, Yang P, Wang D, Li H, Qin J, He X. Roles of irregularity of pore morphology in osteogenesis of Voronoi scaffolds: From the perspectives of MSC adhesion and mechano-regulated osteoblast differentiation. J Biomech 2023; 151:111542. [PMID: 36958090 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2023.111542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
Bone scaffolds designed based on the Voronoi-tessellation algorithm have been increasingly studied owing to their structural similarity with natural cancellous bone. The irregularity of pore morphology (IPM) influences the osteogenesis efficiency of Voronoi scaffolds since it may alter the static and hydromechanical microenvironments for the initial adhesion and mechano-regulated osteoblast differentiation (MrOD) of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). In this work, animal experiments were conducted to explore the relationship between IPM and osteogenesis efficiency in Voronoi scaffolds. A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis based on discrete phase models was performed to predict the efficiency of MSC adhesion in different IPMs. Another combined finite element and CFD analysis based on the mechano-regulation algorithm was performed to predict the influence of IPM on the MrOD of the adhesive MSCs. The results showed that the osteogenesis efficiency of the Voronoi scaffolds increased as the IPM rose from low to moderate and then dropped as the IPM further rose. Same trends were also found in the MSC adhesion and MrOD, which caused by the changes of strain tensors on the strut surface and the tortuosity and fluid velocity of the fluid pathway. Moderate IPM induced the highest osteogenesis efficiency owing to its highest efficiencies of MSC adhesion and MrOD. This work identified the optimal IPM for the osteogenesis of Voronoi scaffolds and clarified its biomechanical mechanisms from the adhesion and mechano-regulated differentiation of MSCs, which is of great importance for guiding Voronoi scaffold design when it is used for bone defect repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Lu
- Department of Orthopedics, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Zhongwei Sun
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, School of Civil Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Cunwei Jia
- Department of Medical Imaging, School of Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong Province, China
| | - Jiakun Ren
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Zhiyuan Ma
- Department of Material Research, National Institution Corporation of Additive Manufacturing, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Research and Development, ZSFab, Inc., Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jialiang Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Quanjin Zang
- Department of Orthopedics, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Baohui Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Pinglin Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Dong Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Haopeng Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Jie Qin
- Department of Orthopedics, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China.
| | - Xijing He
- Department of Orthopedics, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China.
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4
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Vaiani L, Boccaccio A, Uva AE, Palumbo G, Piccininni A, Guglielmi P, Cantore S, Santacroce L, Charitos IA, Ballini A. Ceramic Materials for Biomedical Applications: An Overview on Properties and Fabrication Processes. J Funct Biomater 2023; 14:146. [PMID: 36976070 PMCID: PMC10052110 DOI: 10.3390/jfb14030146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A growing interest in creating advanced biomaterials with specific physical and chemical properties is currently being observed. These high-standard materials must be capable to integrate into biological environments such as the oral cavity or other anatomical regions in the human body. Given these requirements, ceramic biomaterials offer a feasible solution in terms of mechanical strength, biological functionality, and biocompatibility. In this review, the fundamental physical, chemical, and mechanical properties of the main ceramic biomaterials and ceramic nanocomposites are drawn, along with some primary related applications in biomedical fields, such as orthopedics, dentistry, and regenerative medicine. Furthermore, an in-depth focus on bone-tissue engineering and biomimetic ceramic scaffold design and fabrication is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Vaiani
- Department of Mechanics, Mathematics and Management, Polytechnic University of Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Antonio Boccaccio
- Department of Mechanics, Mathematics and Management, Polytechnic University of Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Antonio Emmanuele Uva
- Department of Mechanics, Mathematics and Management, Polytechnic University of Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Palumbo
- Department of Mechanics, Mathematics and Management, Polytechnic University of Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Antonio Piccininni
- Department of Mechanics, Mathematics and Management, Polytechnic University of Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Pasquale Guglielmi
- Department of Mechanics, Mathematics and Management, Polytechnic University of Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Stefania Cantore
- Independent Researcher, Sorriso & Benessere-Ricerca e Clinica, 70129 Bari, Italy
| | - Luigi Santacroce
- Microbiology and Virology Unit, Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Ioannis Alexandros Charitos
- Emergency/Urgency Department, National Poisoning Center, Riuniti University Hospital of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Andrea Ballini
- Department of Mechanics, Mathematics and Management, Polytechnic University of Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy
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5
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Chauhan A, Bhatt AD. A review on design of scaffold for osteoinduction: Toward the unification of independent design variables. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2023; 22:1-21. [PMID: 36121530 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-022-01635-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Biophysical stimulus quantifies the osteoinductivity of the scaffold concerning the mechanoregulatory mathematical models of scaffold-assisted cellular differentiation. Consider a set of independent structural variables ($) that comprises bulk porosity levels ([Formula: see text]) and a set of morphological features of the micro-structure ([Formula: see text]) associated with scaffolds, i.e., [Formula: see text]. The literature suggests that biophysical stimulus ([Formula: see text]) is a function of independent structural variables ($). Limited understanding of the functional correlation between biophysical stimulus and structural features results in the lack of the desired osteoinductivity in a scaffold. Consequently, it limits their broad applicability to assist bone tissue regeneration for treating critical-sized bone fractures. The literature indicates the existence of multi-dimensional independent design variable space as a probable reason for the general lack of osteoinductivity in scaffolds. For instance, known morphological features are the size, shape, orientation, continuity, and connectivity of the porous regions in the scaffold. It implies that the number of independent variables ([Formula: see text]) is more than two, i.e., [Formula: see text], which interact and influence the magnitude of [Formula: see text] in a unified manner. The efficiency of standard engineering design procedures to analyze the correlation between dependent variable ([Formula: see text]) and independent variables ($) in 3D mutually orthogonal Cartesian coordinate system diminishes proportionally with the increase in the number of independent variables ([Formula: see text]) (Deb in Optimization for engineering design-algorithms and examples, PHI Learning Private Limited, New Delhi, 2012). Therefore, there is an immediate need to devise a framework that has the potential to quantify the micro-structural's morphological features in a unified manner to increase the prospects of scaffold-assisted bone tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atul Chauhan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, 211004, India.
| | - Amba D Bhatt
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, 211004, India
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6
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Tantalum as Trabecular Metal for Endosseous Implantable Applications. Biomimetics (Basel) 2023; 8:biomimetics8010049. [PMID: 36810380 PMCID: PMC9944482 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics8010049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
During the last 20 years, tantalum has known ever wider applications for the production of endosseous implantable devices in the orthopedic and dental fields. Its excellent performances are due to its capacity to stimulate new bone formation, thus improving implant integration and stable fixation. Tantalum's mechanical features can be mainly adjusted by controlling its porosity thanks to a number of versatile fabrication techniques, which allow obtaining an elastic modulus similar to that of bone tissue, thus limiting the stress-shielding effect. The present paper aims at reviewing the characteristics of tantalum as a solid and porous (trabecular) metal, with specific regard to biocompatibility and bioactivity. Principal fabrication methods and major applications are described. Moreover, the osteogenic features of porous tantalum are presented to testify its regenerative potential. It can be concluded that tantalum, especially as a porous metal, clearly possesses many advantageous characteristics for endosseous applications but it presently lacks the consolidated clinical experience of other metals such as titanium.
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7
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Chao L, He Y, Gu J, Xie D, Yang Y, Shen L, Wu G, Wang L, Tian Z. Evaluation of Compressive and Permeability Behaviors of Trabecular-Like Porous Structure with Mixed Porosity Based on Mechanical Topology. J Funct Biomater 2023; 14:jfb14010028. [PMID: 36662075 PMCID: PMC9861825 DOI: 10.3390/jfb14010028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanical properties and permeability properties of artificial bone implants have high-level requirements. A method for the design of trabecular-like porous structure (TLPS) with mixed porosity is proposed based on the study of the mechanical and permeability characteristics of natural bone. With this technique, the morphology and density of internal porous structures can be adjusted, depending on the implantation requirements, to meet the mechanical and permeability requirements of natural bone. The design parameters mainly include the seed points, topology optimization coefficient, load value, irregularity, and scaling factor. Characteristic parameters primarily include porosity and pore size distribution. Statistical methods are used to analyze the relationship between design parameters and characteristic parameters for precise TLPS design and thereby provide a theoretical basis and guidance. TLPS scaffolds were prepared by selective laser melting technology. First, TLPS under different design parameters were analyzed using the finite element method and permeability simulation. The results were then verified by quasistatic compression and cell experiments. The scaling factor and topology optimization coefficient were found to largely affect the mechanical and permeability properties of the TLPS. The corresponding compressive strength reached 270-580 MPa; the elastic modulus ranged between 6.43 and 9.716 GPa, and permeability was 0.6 × 10-9-21 × 10-9; these results were better than the mechanical properties and permeability of natural bone. Thus, TLPS can effectively improve the success rate of bone implantation, which provides an effective theory and application basis for bone implantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Chao
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China
| | - Yangdong He
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China
| | - Jiasen Gu
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China
| | - Deqiao Xie
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China
| | - Youwen Yang
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou 341000, China
- Correspondence: (Y.Y.); (L.S.)
| | - Lida Shen
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China
- Correspondence: (Y.Y.); (L.S.)
| | - Guofeng Wu
- Stomatological Digital Engineering Center, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Lin Wang
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China
| | - Zongjun Tian
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China
- Nanjing Hangpu Machinery Technology Co., Ltd., Nanjing 211806, China
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8
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Pires THV, Dunlop JWC, Castro APG, Fernandes PR. Wall Shear Stress Analysis and Optimization in Tissue Engineering TPMS Scaffolds. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:7375. [PMID: 36295440 PMCID: PMC9612273 DOI: 10.3390/ma15207375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
When designing scaffolds for bone tissue engineering (BTE), the wall shear stress (WSS), due to the fluid flow inside the scaffold, is an important factor to consider as it influences the cellular process involved in new tissue formation. The present work analyzed the average WSS in Schwartz diamond (SD) and gyroid (SG) scaffolds with different surface topologies and mesh elements using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis. It was found that scaffold meshes with a smooth surface topology with tetrahedral elements had WSS levels 35% higher than the equivalent scaffold with a non-smooth surface topology with hexahedral elements. The present work also investigated the possibility of implementing the optimization algorithm simulated annealing to aid in the design of BTE scaffolds with a specific average WSS, with the outputs showing that the algorithm was able to reach WSS levels in the vicinity of 5 mPa (physiological range) within the established limit of 100 iterations. This proved the efficacy of combining CFD and optimization methods in the design of BTE scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago H. V. Pires
- IDMEC, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - John W. C. Dunlop
- MorphoPhysics Group, Department of the Chemistry and Physics of Materials, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - André P. G. Castro
- IDMEC, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
- ESTSetúbal, Instituto Politécnico de Setúbal, 2914-761 Setúbal, Portugal
| | - Paulo R. Fernandes
- IDMEC, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
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9
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The Promotion of Mechanical Properties by Bone Ingrowth in Additive-Manufactured Titanium Scaffolds. J Funct Biomater 2022; 13:jfb13030127. [PMID: 36135562 PMCID: PMC9505383 DOI: 10.3390/jfb13030127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the initial mechanical properties of additive-manufactured (AM) metal scaffolds have been thoroughly studied and have become a cornerstone in the design of porous orthopaedic implants, the potential promotion of the mechanical properties of the scaffolds by bone ingrowth has barely been studied. In this study, the promotion of bone ingrowth on the mechanical properties of AM titanium alloy scaffolds was investigated through in vivo experiments and numerical simulation. On one hand, the osseointegration characteristics of scaffolds with architectures of body-centred cubic (BCC) and diamond were compared through animal experiments in which the mechanical properties of both scaffolds were not enhanced by the four-week implantation. On the other hand, the influences of the type and morphology of bone tissue in the BCC scaffolds on its mechanical properties were investigated by the finite element model of osseointegrated scaffolds, which was calibrated by the results of biomechanical testing. Significant promotion of the mechanical properties of AM metal scaffolds was only found when cortical bone filled the pores in the scaffolds. This paper provides a numerical prediction method to investigate the effect of bone ingrowth on the mechanical properties of AM porous implants, which might be valuable for the design of porous implants.
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10
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Wang X, Chen J, Guan Y, Sun L, Kang Y. Internal flow field analysis of heterogeneous porous scaffold for bone tissue engineering. Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Engin 2022; 26:807-819. [PMID: 35723938 DOI: 10.1080/10255842.2022.2089025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The internal pore structure of the porous scaffold for bone tissue engineering and the pressure and velocity distributions of its flow field affect the attachment, proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts. The permeability of the porous scaffold determines its ability to transport cellular nutrients and metabolites. Therefore, studying the fluid flow characteristics of the porous scaffold plays a vital role in its biological applications. Heterogeneous porous scaffolds (HPS) with irregular internal pore structure have more bionic characteristics of natural structure than uniform porous scaffolds with regular internal pore structure. In order to comprehensively grasp the biological properties of HPS, this article designed HPS with different porosities based on the Voronoi generation method and random theory, and then used computational fluid dynamics (CFD)software to conduct fluid flow simulations. The velocity and pressure distribution rules of the internal flow field of HPS with different porosities were obtained by CFD simulation analysis, and the relationship between the porosity and the distribution rules was studied. Furthermore, the permeabilities of HPS with different porosities were calculated based on Darcy's law, and the influence rule of porosity on the permeability was obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaokang Wang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Jigang Chen
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China.,Aviation Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Generic Technology of Aviation Self-Lubricating Spherical Plain Bearing, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Yabin Guan
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Li Sun
- School of Arts and Design, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Yongxing Kang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China
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11
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Karaman D, Ghahramanzadeh Asl H. Biomechanical behavior of diamond lattice scaffolds obtained by two different design approaches with similar porosity; a numerical investigation with FEM and CFD analysis. Proc Inst Mech Eng H 2022; 236:794-810. [DOI: 10.1177/09544119221091346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Scaffolds provide a suitable environment for the bone tissue to maintain its self-healing ability and help new bone-cell formation by creating structures with similar mechanical properties to the surrounding tissue. In the modeling of the scaffolds, an optimum environment is tried to be provided by changing the geometrical properties of the cell architecture such as porosity, pore size, and specific surface area. For this purpose, different design approaches have been used in studies to change these properties. This study aims to determine whether scaffolds with similar porosities modeled by different design approaches exhibit distinct biomechanical behaviors or not. By using the Diamond lattice architecture, two different design approaches were constituted. The first approach has constant wall thickness and variable cell size, whereas the second approach contains variable wall thickness and constant cell size. The usage of different design approaches affected the amount of specific surface area in models with similar porosity. Mechanical compression tests were conducted via finite element analysis, while the permeability performance of configurations with similar porosities (50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, and 90%) was evaluated by using computational fluid dynamics. The mechanical results revealed that the structural strength decreased with increasing porosity. Since their higher specific surface area causes lower pressure drops, the second group exhibits better permeability. In addition, it was found that to evaluate the wall shear stresses occurring on the scaffold surfaces properly, it is essential to consider the stress distributions within the scaffold rather than the maximum values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derya Karaman
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Hojjat Ghahramanzadeh Asl
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
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12
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Perier-Metz C, Cipitria A, Hutmacher DW, Duda GN, Checa S. An in silico model predicts the impact of scaffold design in large bone defect regeneration. Acta Biomater 2022; 145:329-341. [PMID: 35417799 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2022.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Large bone defects represent a clinical challenge for which the implantation of scaffolds appears as a promising strategy. However, their use in clinical routine is limited, in part due to a lack of understanding of how scaffolds should be designed to support regeneration. Here, we use the power of computer modeling to investigate mechano-biological principles behind scaffold-guided bone regeneration and the influence of scaffold design on the regeneration process. Computer model predictions are compared to experimental data of large bone defect regeneration in sheep. We identified two main key players in scaffold-guided regeneration: (1) the scaffold surface guidance of cellular migration and tissue formation processes and (2) the stimulation of progenitor cell activity by the scaffold material composition. In addition, lower scaffold surface-area-to-volume ratio was found to be beneficial for bone regeneration due to enhanced cellular migration. To a lesser extent, a reduced scaffold Young's modulus favored bone formation. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: 3D-printed scaffolds offer promising treatment strategies for large bone defects but their broader clinical use requires a more thorough understanding of their interaction with the bone regeneration process. The predictions of our in silico model compared to two experimental set-ups highlighted the importance of (1) the scaffold surface guidance of cellular migration and tissue formation processes and (2) the scaffold material stimulation of progenitor cell activity. In addition, the model was used to investigate the effect on the bone regeneration process of (1) the scaffold surface-area-to-volume ratio, with lower ratios favoring more bone growth, and (2) the scaffold material properties, with stiffer scaffold materials yielding a lower bone growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Perier-Metz
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Julius Wolff Institute, Augustenburger Platz 1, Berlin 13353, Germany; MINES ParisTech - PSL Research University, 60 Boulevard Saint-Michel, Paris 75272, France; Berlin-Brandenburg School for Regenerative Therapies, Augustenburger Platz 1, Berlin 13353, Germany
| | - Amaia Cipitria
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam 14476, Germany; Biodonostia Health Research Institute, Pº Dr. Beguiristain s/n, San Sebastian 20014, Spain; IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Plaza Euskadi 5, Bilbao 48009, Spain
| | - Dietmar W Hutmacher
- Center in Regenerative Medicine, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 60 Musk Avenue, Brisbane, Kelvin Grove QLD 4059, Australia; Science and Engineering Faculty (SEF), School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering (MMPE), QUT, Brisbane QLD 4000, Australia; ARC Training Center for Multiscale 3D Imaging, Modeling, and Manufacturing, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane QLD 4059, Australia; Center for Biomedical Technologies, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane QLD 4059, Australia
| | - Georg N Duda
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Julius Wolff Institute, Augustenburger Platz 1, Berlin 13353, Germany; Berlin-Brandenburg School for Regenerative Therapies, Augustenburger Platz 1, Berlin 13353, Germany; BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies at Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, Berlin 13353, Germany
| | - Sara Checa
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Julius Wolff Institute, Augustenburger Platz 1, Berlin 13353, Germany; Berlin-Brandenburg School for Regenerative Therapies, Augustenburger Platz 1, Berlin 13353, Germany.
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13
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Rashia Begum S, Saravana Kumar M, Vasumathi M, Umar Farooq M, Pruncu CI. Revealing the compressive and flow properties of novel bone scaffold structure manufactured by selective laser sintering technique. Proc Inst Mech Eng H 2022; 236:9544119211070412. [PMID: 35014560 DOI: 10.1177/09544119211070412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Additive manufacturing is revolutionizing the field of medical sciences through its key application in the development of bone scaffolds. During scaffold fabrication, achieving a good level of porosity for enhanced mechanical strength is very challenging. The bone scaffolds should hold both the porosity and load withstanding capacity. In this research, a novel structure was designed with the aim of the evaluation of flexible porosity. A CAD model was generated for the novel structure using specific input parameters, whereas the porosity was controlled by varying the input parameters. Poly Amide (PA 2200) material was used for the fabrication of bone scaffolds, which is a biocompatible material. To fabricate a novel structure for bone scaffolds, a Selective Laser Sintering machine (SLS) was used. The displacement under compression loads was observed using a Universal Testing Machine (UTM). In addition to this, numerical analysis of the components was also carried out. The compressive stiffness found through the analysis enables the verification of the load withstanding capacity of the specific bone scaffold model. The experimental porosity was compared with the theoretical porosity and showed almost 29% to 30% reductions when compared to the theoretical porosity. Structural analysis was carried out using ANSYS by changing the geometry. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analysis was carried out using ANSYS FLUENT to estimate the blood pressure and Wall Shear Stress (WSS). From the CFD analysis, maximum pressure of 1.799 Pa was observed. Though the porosity was less than 50%, there was not much variation of WSS. The achievement from this study endorses the great potential of the proposed models which can successfully be adapted for the required bone implant applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Rashia Begum
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Anna University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - M Saravana Kumar
- Department of Production Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - M Vasumathi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Anna University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Catalin I Pruncu
- Design, Manufacturing & Engineering Management, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
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14
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Pires T, Dunlop JWC, Fernandes PR, Castro APG. Challenges in computational fluid dynamics applications for bone tissue engineering. Proc Math Phys Eng Sci 2022; 478:20210607. [PMID: 35153613 PMCID: PMC8791047 DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2021.0607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone injuries or defects that require invasive surgical treatment are a serious clinical issue, particularly when it comes to treatment success and effectiveness. Accordingly, bone tissue engineering (BTE) has been researching the use of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis tools to assist in designing optimal scaffolds that better promote bone growth and repair. This paper aims to offer a comprehensive review of recent studies that use CFD analysis in BTE. The mechanical and fluidic properties of a given scaffold are coupled to each other via the scaffold architecture, meaning an optimization of one may negatively affect the other. For example, designs that improve scaffold permeability normally result in a decreased average wall shear stress. Linked with these findings, it appears there are very few studies in this area that state a specific application for their scaffolds and those that do are focused on in vitro bioreactor environments. Finally, this review also demonstrates a scarcity of studies that combine CFD with optimization methods to improve scaffold design. This highlights an important direction of research for the development of the next generation of BTE scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Pires
- IDMEC, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - John W C Dunlop
- MorphoPhysics Group, Department of the Chemistry and Physics of Materials, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | | | - André P G Castro
- IDMEC, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
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15
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Huo Y, Lu Y, Meng L, Wu J, Gong T, Zou J, Bosiakov S, Cheng L. A Critical Review on the Design, Manufacturing and Assessment of the Bone Scaffold for Large Bone Defects. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:753715. [PMID: 34722480 PMCID: PMC8551667 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.753715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, bone tissue engineering has emerged as a promising solution for large bone defects. Additionally, the emergence and development of the smart metamaterial, the advanced optimization algorithm, the advanced manufacturing technique, etc. have largely changed the way how the bone scaffold is designed, manufactured and assessed. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to give an up-to-date review on the design, manufacturing and assessment of the bone scaffold for large bone defects. The following parts are thoroughly reviewed: 1) the design of the microstructure of the bone scaffold, 2) the application of the metamaterial in the design of bone scaffold, 3) the optimization of the microstructure of the bone scaffold, 4) the advanced manufacturing of the bone scaffold, 5) the techniques for assessing the performance of bone scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Huo
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
- DUT-BSU Joint Institute, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Yongtao Lu
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
- DUT-BSU Joint Institute, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Lingfei Meng
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Jiongyi Wu
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Tingxiang Gong
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Jia’ao Zou
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Sergei Bosiakov
- Faculty of Mechanics and Mathematics, Belarus State University, Minsk, Belarus
| | - Liangliang Cheng
- Department of Orthopeadics, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, China
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16
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Boccaccio A. Design of Materials for Bone Tissue Scaffolds. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14205985. [PMID: 34683577 PMCID: PMC8541387 DOI: 10.3390/ma14205985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The strong impulse recently experienced by the manufacturing technologies as well as the development of innovative biocompatible materials has allowed the fabrication of high-performing scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. The design process of materials for bone tissue scaffolds represents, nowadays, an issue of crucial importance and the object of study of many researchers throughout the world. A number of studies have been conducted, aimed at identifying the optimal material, geometry, and surface that the scaffold must possess to stimulate the formation of the largest amounts of bone in the shortest time possible. This book presents a collection of 10 research articles and 2 review papers describing numerical and experimental design techniques definitively aimed at improving the scaffold performance, shortening the healing time, and increasing the success rate of the scaffold implantation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Boccaccio
- Dipartimento di Meccanica, Matematica e Management, Politecnico di Bari, 70125 Bari, Italy
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17
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Simulated tissue growth in tetragonal lattices with mechanical stiffness tuned for bone tissue engineering. Comput Biol Med 2021; 138:104913. [PMID: 34619409 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2021.104913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Bone tissue engineering approaches have recently begun considering 3D printed lattices as viable scaffold solutions due to their highly tunable geometries and mechanical efficiency. However, scaffold design remains challenging due to the numerous biological and mechanical trade-offs related to lattice geometry. Here, we investigate novel tetragonal unit cell designs by independently adjusting unit cell height and width to find scaffolds with improved tissue growth while maintaining suitable scaffold mechanical properties for bone tissue engineering. Lattice tissue growth behavior is evaluated using a curvature-based growth model while elastic modulus is evaluated with finite element analysis. Computationally efficient modeling approaches are implemented to facilitate bulk analysis of lattice design trade-offs using design maps for biological and mechanical functionalities in relation to unit cell height and width for two contrasting unit cell topologies. Newly designed tetragonal lattices demonstrate higher tissue growth per unit volume and advantageous stiffness in preferred directions compared to cubically symmetric unit cells. When lattice beam diameter is fixed to 200 μm, Tetra and BC-Tetra lattices with elastic moduli of 200 MPa-400 MPa are compared for squashed, cubic, and stretched topologies. Squashed Tetra lattices demonstrated higher growth rates and growth densities compared to symmetrically cubic lattices. BC-Tetra lattices with the same range of elastic moduli show squashed lattices tend to achieve higher growth rates, whereas stretched lattices promote higher growth density. The results suggest tetragonal unit cells provide favorable properties for biological and mechanical tailoring, therefore enabling new strategies for diverse patient needs and applications in regenerative medicine.
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18
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Sadati M, Ghofrani S, Mehrizi AA. Investigation of porous cells interface on elastic property of orthopedic implants: Numerical and experimental studies. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2021; 120:104595. [PMID: 34058601 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2021.104595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Application of porous cells in orthopedic implants makes it possible to better approximation of elastic property of human bones. Although the mechanical and biological properties of orthopedic porous implants are studied in many researches, the interaction between different porous unit cells from geometrical compatibility and also, considering manufacturing conditions for the ultimate goal of bone ingrowth is not thoroughly investigated. In this study, a kelvin cell is designed with 530 to 810 μm pore sizes, which is the appropriate range for bone ingrowth. Due to anatomical position of implants in the human body and the limited range of the elastic modulus of kelvin cell with different geometrical parameters, this unit cell is combined with other cells to extend the range of its elastic modulus. After selecting the appropriate combination of cells to achieve desired properties, they are fabricated with Stainless Steel 316 L using radially gradient porosity in the range of 64% to 80%, and then finite element method (FEM) is performed to evaluate the elastic modulus, stress distribution, and strain energy of the proposed structures. Gradient and uniform structures are fabricated using selective laser melting (SLM) to validate FEM results. The simulation and experimental results are close to each other with an average error of about 4.5%. The elastic modulus derived from FEM for the designed gradient structures are in the range of 7.48 to 10.49 GPa, which can be modified, and present mechanical properties close to trabecular or compact bone based on the position and conditions of the bone defect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahzad Sadati
- Biomedical Engineering Division, Department of Life Science Engineering, Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sadegh Ghofrani
- Biomedical Engineering Division, Department of Life Science Engineering, Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Abouei Mehrizi
- Biomedical Engineering Division, Department of Life Science Engineering, Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
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19
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Vallejos Baier R, Contreras Raggio JI, Toro Arancibia C, Bustamante M, Pérez L, Burda I, Aiyangar A, Vivanco JF. Structure-function assessment of 3D-printed porous scaffolds by a low-cost/open source fused filament fabrication printer. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2021; 123:111945. [PMID: 33812577 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2021.111945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Additive manufacturing encompasses a plethora of techniques to manufacture structures from a computational model. Among them, fused filament fabrication (FFF) relies on heating thermoplastics to their fusion point and extruding the material through a nozzle in a controlled pattern. FFF is a suitable technique for tissue engineering, given that allows the fabrication of 3D-scaffolds, which are utilized for tissue regeneration purposes. The objective of this study is to assess a low-cost/open-source 3D printer (In-House), by manufacturing both solid and porous samples with relevant microarchitecture in the physiological range (100-500 μm pore size), using an equivalent commercial counterpart for comparison. For this, compressive tests in solid and porous scaffolds manufactured in both printers were performed, comparing the results with finite element analysis (FEA) models. Additionally, a microarchitectural analysis was done in samples from both printers, comparing the measurements of both pore size and porosity to their corresponding computer-aided design (CAD) models. Moreover, a preliminary biological assessment was performed using scaffolds from our In-House printer, measuring cell adhesion efficiency. Finally, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy - attenuated total reflectance (FTIR-ATR) was performed to evaluate chemical changes in the material (polylactic acid) after fabrication in each printer. The results show that the In-House printer achieved generally better mechanical behavior and resolution capacity than its commercial counterpart, by comparing with their FEA and CAD models, respectively. Moreover, a preliminary biological assessment indicates the feasibility of the In-House printer to be used in tissue engineering applications. The results also show the influence of pore geometry on mechanical properties of 3D-scaffolds and demonstrate that properties such as the apparent elastic modulus (Eapp) can be controlled in 3D-printed scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raúl Vallejos Baier
- Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Viña del Mar, Chile.
| | | | | | - Miguel Bustamante
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Luis Pérez
- Departamento de Ingeniería Mecánica, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Valparaíso, Chile.
| | - Iurii Burda
- Mechanical Systems Engineering, Empa - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland.
| | - Ameet Aiyangar
- Mechanical Systems Engineering, Empa - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, USA.
| | - Juan F Vivanco
- Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Viña del Mar, Chile.
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20
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Rodríguez-Montaño ÓL, Cortés-Rodríguez CJ, Uva AE, Fiorentino M, Gattullo M, Manghisi VM, Boccaccio A. An Algorithm to Optimize the Micro-Geometrical Dimensions of Scaffolds with Spherical Pores. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 13:E4062. [PMID: 32933165 PMCID: PMC7559891 DOI: 10.3390/ma13184062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Despite the wide use of scaffolds with spherical pores in the clinical context, no studies are reported in the literature that optimize the micro-architecture dimensions of such scaffolds to maximize the amounts of neo-formed bone. In this study, a mechanobiology-based optimization algorithm was implemented to determine the optimal geometry of scaffolds with spherical pores subjected to both compression and shear loading. We found that these scaffolds are particularly suited to bear shear loads; the amounts of bone predicted to form for this load type are, in fact, larger than those predicted in other scaffold geometries. Knowing the anthropometric characteristics of the patient, one can hypothesize the possible value of load acting on the scaffold that will be implanted and, through the proposed algorithm, determine the optimal dimensions of the scaffold that favor the formation of the largest amounts of bone. The proposed algorithm can guide and support the surgeon in the choice of a "personalized" scaffold that better suits the anthropometric characteristics of the patient, thus allowing to achieve a successful follow-up in the shortest possible time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Óscar Libardo Rodríguez-Montaño
- Departamento de Ingeniería Mecánica y Mecatrónica, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, 111321 Bogotá, Colombia; (Ó.L.R.-M.); (C.J.C.-R.)
- Dipartimento di Meccanica, Matematica e Management, Politecnico di Bari, 70125 Bari, Italy; (A.E.U.); (M.F.); (M.G.); (V.M.M.)
| | - Carlos Julio Cortés-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Ingeniería Mecánica y Mecatrónica, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, 111321 Bogotá, Colombia; (Ó.L.R.-M.); (C.J.C.-R.)
| | - Antonio Emmanuele Uva
- Dipartimento di Meccanica, Matematica e Management, Politecnico di Bari, 70125 Bari, Italy; (A.E.U.); (M.F.); (M.G.); (V.M.M.)
| | - Michele Fiorentino
- Dipartimento di Meccanica, Matematica e Management, Politecnico di Bari, 70125 Bari, Italy; (A.E.U.); (M.F.); (M.G.); (V.M.M.)
| | - Michele Gattullo
- Dipartimento di Meccanica, Matematica e Management, Politecnico di Bari, 70125 Bari, Italy; (A.E.U.); (M.F.); (M.G.); (V.M.M.)
| | - Vito Modesto Manghisi
- Dipartimento di Meccanica, Matematica e Management, Politecnico di Bari, 70125 Bari, Italy; (A.E.U.); (M.F.); (M.G.); (V.M.M.)
| | - Antonio Boccaccio
- Dipartimento di Meccanica, Matematica e Management, Politecnico di Bari, 70125 Bari, Italy; (A.E.U.); (M.F.); (M.G.); (V.M.M.)
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21
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Rey F, Barzaghini B, Nardini A, Bordoni M, Zuccotti GV, Cereda C, Raimondi MT, Carelli S. Advances in Tissue Engineering and Innovative Fabrication Techniques for 3-D-Structures: Translational Applications in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Cells 2020; 9:cells9071636. [PMID: 32646008 PMCID: PMC7407518 DOI: 10.3390/cells9071636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In the field of regenerative medicine applied to neurodegenerative diseases, one of the most important challenges is the obtainment of innovative scaffolds aimed at improving the development of new frontiers in stem-cell therapy. In recent years, additive manufacturing techniques have gained more and more relevance proving the great potential of the fabrication of precision 3-D scaffolds. In this review, recent advances in additive manufacturing techniques are presented and discussed, with an overview on stimulus-triggered approaches, such as 3-D Printing and laser-based techniques, and deposition-based approaches. Innovative 3-D bioprinting techniques, which allow the production of cell/molecule-laden scaffolds, are becoming a promising frontier in disease modelling and therapy. In this context, the specific biomaterial, stiffness, precise geometrical patterns, and structural properties are to be considered of great relevance for their subsequent translational applications. Moreover, this work reports numerous recent advances in neural diseases modelling and specifically focuses on pre-clinical and clinical translation for scaffolding technology in multiple neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Rey
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences “L. Sacco”, University of Milan, Via Grassi 74, 20157 Milan, Italy; (F.R.); (G.V.Z.)
- Pediatric Clinical Research Center Fondazione “Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi”, University of Milano, Via Grassi 74, 20157 Milano, Italy
| | - Bianca Barzaghini
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy; (B.B.); (A.N.)
| | - Alessandra Nardini
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy; (B.B.); (A.N.)
| | - Matteo Bordoni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari (DiSFeB), Centro di Eccellenza sulle Malattie Neurodegenerative, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milano, Italy;
| | - Gian Vincenzo Zuccotti
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences “L. Sacco”, University of Milan, Via Grassi 74, 20157 Milan, Italy; (F.R.); (G.V.Z.)
- Pediatric Clinical Research Center Fondazione “Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi”, University of Milano, Via Grassi 74, 20157 Milano, Italy
| | - Cristina Cereda
- Genomic and post-Genomic Center, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Via Mondino 2, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
| | - Manuela Teresa Raimondi
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy; (B.B.); (A.N.)
- Correspondence: (M.T.R.); (S.C.); Tel.: +390-223-994-306 (M.T.R.); +390-250-319-825 (S.C.)
| | - Stephana Carelli
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences “L. Sacco”, University of Milan, Via Grassi 74, 20157 Milan, Italy; (F.R.); (G.V.Z.)
- Pediatric Clinical Research Center Fondazione “Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi”, University of Milano, Via Grassi 74, 20157 Milano, Italy
- Correspondence: (M.T.R.); (S.C.); Tel.: +390-223-994-306 (M.T.R.); +390-250-319-825 (S.C.)
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22
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Zhang B, Guo L, Chen H, Ventikos Y, Narayan RJ, Huang J. Finite element evaluations of the mechanical properties of polycaprolactone/hydroxyapatite scaffolds by direct ink writing: Effects of pore geometry. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2020; 104:103665. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2020.103665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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23
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Percoco G, Uva AE, Fiorentino M, Gattullo M, Manghisi VM, Boccaccio A. Mechanobiological Approach to Design and Optimize Bone Tissue Scaffolds 3D Printed with Fused Deposition Modeling: A Feasibility Study. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 13:E648. [PMID: 32024158 PMCID: PMC7041376 DOI: 10.3390/ma13030648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In spite of the rather large use of the fused deposition modeling (FDM) technique for the fabrication of scaffolds, no studies are reported in the literature that optimize the geometry of such scaffold types based on mechanobiological criteria. We implemented a mechanobiology-based optimization algorithm to determine the optimal distance between the strands in cylindrical scaffolds subjected to compression. The optimized scaffolds were then 3D printed with the FDM technique and successively measured. We found that the difference between the optimized distances and the average measured ones never exceeded 8.27% of the optimized distance. However, we found that large fabrication errors are made on the filament diameter when the filament diameter to be realized differs significantly with respect to the diameter of the nozzle utilized for the extrusion. This feasibility study demonstrated that the FDM technique is suitable to build accurate scaffold samples only in the cases where the strand diameter is close to the nozzle diameter. Conversely, when a large difference exists, large fabrication errors can be committed on the diameter of the filaments. In general, the scaffolds realized with the FDM technique were predicted to stimulate the formation of amounts of bone smaller than those that can be obtained with other regular beam-based scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Antonio Boccaccio
- Dipartimento di Meccanica, Matematica e Management, Politecnico di Bari, Via E. Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy; (G.P.); (A.E.U.); (M.F.); (M.G.); (V.M.M.)
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Metz C, Duda GN, Checa S. Towards multi-dynamic mechano-biological optimization of 3D-printed scaffolds to foster bone regeneration. Acta Biomater 2020; 101:117-127. [PMID: 31669697 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Substantial tissue loss, such as in large bone defects, represents a clinical challenge for which regenerative therapies and tissue engineering strategies aim at offering treatment alternatives to conventional replacement approaches by metallic implants. 3D printing technologies provide endless opportunities to shape scaffold structures that could support endogenous regeneration. However, it remains unclear which of the numerous parameters at hand eventually enhance tissue regeneration. In the last decades, a significant effort has been made in the development of computer tools to optimize scaffold designs. Here, we aim at giving a more comprehensive overview summarizing current computer optimization framework technologies. We confront these with the most recent advances in scaffold mechano-biological optimization, discuss their limitations and provide suggestions for future development. We conclude that the field needs to move forward to not only optimize scaffolds to avoid implant failures but to improve their mechano-biological behaviour: providing an initial stimulus for fast tissue organisation and healing and accounting for remodelling, scaffold degradation and consecutive filling with host tissue. So far, modelling approaches fall short in including the various scales of tissue dynamics. With this review, we wish to stimulate a move towards multi-dynamic mechano-biological optimization of 3D-printed scaffolds. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Large bone defects represent a clinical challenge for which tissue engineering strategies aim at offering alternatives to conventional treatment strategies. 3D printing technologies provide endless opportunities to shape scaffold structures that could support endogenous regeneration. However, it remains unclear which of the numerous parameters at hand eventually enhance tissue regeneration. In the last decades, a significant effort has been made in the development of computer tools to optimize scaffold designs. This review summarizes current computer optimization frameworks and most recent advances in mechano-biological optimization of bone scaffolds to better stimulate bone regeneration. We wish to stimulate a move towards multi-dynamic mechano-biological optimization of 3D-printed scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Metz
- Julius Wolff Institute, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany; Berlin-Brandenburg School for Regenerative Therapies, Berlin, Germany; MINES ParisTech - PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Georg N Duda
- Julius Wolff Institute, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany; Berlin-Brandenburg School for Regenerative Therapies, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sara Checa
- Julius Wolff Institute, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany; Berlin-Brandenburg School for Regenerative Therapies, Berlin, Germany.
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Arjunan A, Demetriou M, Baroutaji A, Wang C. Mechanical performance of highly permeable laser melted Ti6Al4V bone scaffolds. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2019; 102:103517. [PMID: 31877520 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2019.103517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Critically engineered stiffness and strength of a scaffold are crucial for managing maladapted stress concentration and reducing stress shielding. At the same time, suitable porosity and permeability are key to facilitate biological activities associated with bone growth and nutrient delivery. A systematic balance of all these parameters are required for the development of an effective bone scaffold. Traditionally, the approach has been to study each of these parameters in isolation without considering their interdependence to achieve specific properties at a certain porosity. The purpose of this study is to undertake a holistic investigation considering the stiffness, strength, permeability, and stress concentration of six scaffold architectures featuring a 68.46-90.98% porosity. With an initial target of a tibial host segment, the permeability was characterised using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) in conjunction with Darcy's law. Following this, Ashby's criterion, experimental tests, and Finite Element Method (FEM) were employed to study the mechanical behaviour and their interdependencies under uniaxial compression. The FE model was validated and further extended to study the influence of stress concentration on both the stiffness and strength of the scaffolds. The results showed that the pore shape can influence permeability, stiffness, strength, and the stress concentration factor of Ti6Al4V bone scaffolds. Furthermore, the numerical results demonstrate the effect to which structural performance of highly porous scaffolds deviate, as a result of the Selective Laser Melting (SLM) process. In addition, the study demonstrates that stiffness and strength of bone scaffold at a targeted porosity is linked to the pore shape and the associated stress concentration allowing to exploit the design freedom associated with SLM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Arjunan
- School of Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Telford, TF2 9NT, UK.
| | - Marios Demetriou
- School of Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Telford, TF2 9NT, UK
| | - Ahmad Baroutaji
- School of Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Telford, TF2 9NT, UK
| | - Chang Wang
- Department of Engineering and Design, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9RH, UK
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Additive Manufacturing of Customized Metallic Orthopedic Implants: Materials, Structures, and Surface Modifications. METALS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/met9091004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Metals have been used for orthopedic implants for a long time due to their excellent mechanical properties. With the rapid development of additive manufacturing (AM) technology, studying customized implants with complex microstructures for patients has become a trend of various bone defect repair. A superior customized implant should have good biocompatibility and mechanical properties matching the defect bone. To meet the performance requirements of implants, this paper introduces the biomedical metallic materials currently applied to orthopedic implants from the design to manufacture, elaborates the structure design and surface modification of the orthopedic implant. By selecting the appropriate implant material and processing method, optimizing the implant structure and modifying the surface can ensure the performance requirements of the implant. Finally, this paper discusses the future development trend of the orthopedic implant.
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Rodríguez-Montaño ÓL, Cortés-Rodríguez CJ, Naddeo F, Uva AE, Fiorentino M, Naddeo A, Cappetti N, Gattullo M, Monno G, Boccaccio A. Irregular Load Adapted Scaffold Optimization: A Computational Framework Based on Mechanobiological Criteria. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2019; 5:5392-5411. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.9b01023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Óscar L. Rodríguez-Montaño
- Departamento de Ingeniería Mecánica y Mecatrónica, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Carrera 30 No. 45-03, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
- Dipartimento di Meccanica, Matematica e Management, Politecnico di Bari, Viale Japigia, 182, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Carlos Julio Cortés-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Ingeniería Mecánica y Mecatrónica, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Carrera 30 No. 45-03, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
| | - Francesco Naddeo
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale, Università di Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Antonio E. Uva
- Dipartimento di Meccanica, Matematica e Management, Politecnico di Bari, Viale Japigia, 182, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Michele Fiorentino
- Dipartimento di Meccanica, Matematica e Management, Politecnico di Bari, Viale Japigia, 182, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Alessandro Naddeo
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale, Università di Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Nicola Cappetti
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale, Università di Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Michele Gattullo
- Dipartimento di Meccanica, Matematica e Management, Politecnico di Bari, Viale Japigia, 182, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Monno
- Dipartimento di Meccanica, Matematica e Management, Politecnico di Bari, Viale Japigia, 182, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Antonio Boccaccio
- Dipartimento di Meccanica, Matematica e Management, Politecnico di Bari, Viale Japigia, 182, 70126 Bari, Italy
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Egan PF. Integrated Design Approaches for 3D Printed Tissue Scaffolds: Review and Outlook. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 12:E2355. [PMID: 31344956 PMCID: PMC6695904 DOI: 10.3390/ma12152355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Emerging 3D printing technologies are enabling the fabrication of complex scaffold structures for diverse medical applications. 3D printing allows controlled material placement for configuring porous tissue scaffolds with tailored properties for desired mechanical stiffness, nutrient transport, and biological growth. However, tuning tissue scaffold functionality requires navigation of a complex design space with numerous trade-offs that require multidisciplinary assessment. Integrated design approaches that encourage iteration and consideration of diverse processes including design configuration, material selection, and simulation models provide a basis for improving design performance. In this review, recent advances in design, fabrication, and assessment of 3D printed tissue scaffolds are investigated with a focus on bone tissue engineering. Bone healing and fusion are examples that demonstrate the needs of integrated design approaches in leveraging new materials and 3D printing processes for specified clinical applications. Current challenges for integrated design are outlined and emphasize directions where new research may lead to significant improvements in personalized medicine and emerging areas in healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul F Egan
- Texas Tech University, 2500 Broadway, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA.
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