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Yousef S, Tonkonogovas A, Mohamed A. Graphene-modified MIL-125-NH 2 mixed matrix membranes for efficient H 2 and CH 4 purification. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 352:141362. [PMID: 38309606 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
This study investigates the performance of the mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) incorporating hybrid fillers of metal-organic framework (MIL-125-NH2) and graphene nanosheets (GNs) for enhanced methane (CH₄) and hydrogen (H₂) separation in the purification sector. The physico-chemical properties of the MMMs were evaluated by SEM, XRD, FTIR, AFM, TGA, DTG, and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller. The permeability and selectivity of the MMMs were determined using different single gases (CO2, N2, H2, and CH4) at various temperatures (20-60 °C). Optimization of fabrication parameters resulted in a significant improvement in porosity and roughness of the fabricated MMMs. The permeabilities of the MOF/PES membrane are 20.3 (CO2), 23.9 (N2), 32.2 (CH4), and 24.1 (H2) x 104 Barrer, while incorporating 0.05 wt% of GNs into the MOF/PES membrane improved the permeability by 36 % (CO2), 41 % (N2), 31 % (CH4), and 370 % (H2). In addition, the H2/CO2 and H2/N2 selectivities of the MMMs significantly increased up to 4 and 3.3, with an improvements of 236 % and 230 %, respectively, compared to the MOF/PES membrane. Furthermore, the CH4/CO2 and CH4/N2 selectivities of the MMMs decreased by 4 %. Therefore, a hybrid filler (10 wt % of MIL-125-NH2 and 0.05 wt % of GNs is highly recommended to improve the permeability and selectivity of the PES membrane, expanding its potential applications in CH4 and H2 purification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samy Yousef
- Department of Production Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Design, Kaunas University of Technology, LT-51424, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Andrius Tonkonogovas
- Lithuanian Energy Institute, Laboratory of Heat Equipment Research and Testing, Breslaujos 3, LT 44403, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Alaa Mohamed
- Section of Chemical Science and Engineering, Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Niels Bohrs Vej 8, 6700, Esbjerg, Denmark.
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Han WH, Wang QY, Kang YY, Shi LR, Long Y, Zhou X, Hao CC. Cross-linking electrospinning. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:15513-15551. [PMID: 37740390 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr03956k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Although electrospinning (e-spinning) has witnessed rapid development in recent years, it has also been criticized by environmentalists due to the use of organic solvents. Therefore, aqueous e-spinning (green e-spinning) is considered a more attractive technique. However, considering the poor water resistance and mechanical properties of electrospun (e-spun) nanofibers, cross-linking is a perfect solution. In this review, we systematically discuss the cross-linking e-spinning system for the first time, including cross-linking strategies (in situ, liquid immersion, vapor, and spray cross-linking), cross-linking mechanism (physical and chemical cross-linking) of e-spun nanofibers, and the various applications (e.g., tissue engineering, drug delivery, water treatment, food packaging, and sensors) of cross-linked e-spun nanofibers. Among them, we highlight several cross-linking methods, including UV light cross-linking, electron beam cross-linking, glutaraldehyde (and other commonly used cross-linking agents) chemical cross-linking, thermal cross-linking, and enzymatic cross-linking. Finally, we confirm the significance of cross-linking e-spinning and reveal the problems in the construction of this system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Hua Han
- Institute of Advanced Electrical Materials, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, China.
- Shandong Engineering Research Center of Green and High-Value Marine Fine Chemical, Weifang University of Science and Technology, Weifang 262700, China
| | - Qing-Yu Wang
- Institute of Advanced Electrical Materials, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, China.
| | - Yuan-Yi Kang
- Institute of Advanced Electrical Materials, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, China.
| | - Li-Rui Shi
- Institute of Advanced Electrical Materials, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, China.
| | - Yu Long
- Institute of Advanced Electrical Materials, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, China.
| | - Xin Zhou
- Institute of Advanced Electrical Materials, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, China.
| | - Chun-Cheng Hao
- Institute of Advanced Electrical Materials, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, China.
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Amin NAAM, Mokhter MA, Salamun N, Mohamad MFB, Mahmood WMAW. ANTI-FOULING ELECTROSPUN ORGANIC AND INORGANIC NANOFIBER MEMBRANES FOR WASTEWATER TREATMENT. SOUTH AFRICAN JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sajce.2023.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
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4
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Abadi PGS, Irani M, Rad LR. Mechanisms of the removal of the metal ions, dyes, and drugs from wastewaters by the electrospun nanofiber membranes. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2022.104625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Zhang JJ, Kai CM, Zhang FJ, Wang YR. Novel PAN / Bi2MoO6 / Ti3C2 ternary composite membrane via electrospinning with enhanced photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.129255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Nayl AA, Abd-Elhamid AI, Awwad NS, Abdelgawad MA, Wu J, Mo X, Gomha SM, Aly AA, Bräse S. Review of the Recent Advances in Electrospun Nanofibers Applications in Water Purification. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:1594. [PMID: 35458343 PMCID: PMC9025395 DOI: 10.3390/polym14081594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, nanofibers have come to be considered one of the sustainable routes with enormous applicability in different fields, such as wastewater treatment. Electrospun nanofibers can be fabricated from various materials, such as synthetic and natural polymers, and contribute to the synthesis of novel nanomaterials and nanocomposites. Therefore, they have promising properties, such as an interconnected porous structure, light weight, high porosity, and large surface area, and are easily modified with other polymeric materials or nanomaterials to enhance their suitability for specific applications. As such, this review surveys recent progress made in the use of electrospun nanofibers to purify polluted water, wherein the distinctive characteristics of this type of nanofiber are essential when using them to remove organic and inorganic pollutants from wastewater, as well as for oil/water (O/W) separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- AbdElAziz A. Nayl
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Jouf University, Sakaka 72341, Al Jouf, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed I. Abd-Elhamid
- Composites and Nanostructured Materials Research Department, Advanced Technology and New Materials Research Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), New Borg Al-Arab 21934, Egypt;
| | - Nasser S. Awwad
- Research Center for Advanced Materials Science (RCAMS), King Khalid University, Abha 61413, Asir, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Mohamed A. Abdelgawad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka 72341, Al Jouf, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Jinglei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology of Eco-Textile, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China; (J.W.); (X.M.)
| | - Xiumei Mo
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology of Eco-Textile, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China; (J.W.); (X.M.)
| | - Sobhi M. Gomha
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt;
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Islamic University of Madinah, Madinah 42351, Al Jamiah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ashraf A. Aly
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Organic Division, Minia University, El-Minia 61519, Egypt;
| | - Stefan Bräse
- Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76133 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems-Functional Molecular Systems (IBCS-FMS), Director Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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Hoogesteijn von Reitzenstein N, Sonmez Baghirzade B, Pruitt E, Hristovski K, Westerhoff P, Apul OG. Comparing the morphologies and adsorption behavior of electrospun polystyrene composite fibers with 0D fullerenes, 1D multiwalled carbon nanotubes and 2D graphene oxides. CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL ADVANCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceja.2021.100199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Mohamed A, Yousef S, Tonkonogovas A, Makarevicius V, Stankevičius A. High performance of PES-GNs MMMs for gas separation and selectivity. ARAB J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2021.103565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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Efficient Photocatalytic Degradation of Organic Pollutant in Wastewater by Electrospun Functionally Modified Polyacrylonitrile Nanofibers Membrane Anchoring TiO 2 Nanostructured. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:membranes11100785. [PMID: 34677551 PMCID: PMC8540019 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11100785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In this study, polyacrylonitrile (PAN_P) nanofibers (NFs) were fabricated by electrospinning. The PAN_P NFs membrane was functionalized with diethylenetriamine to prepare a functionalized polyacrylonitrile (PAN_F) NFs membrane. TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) synthesized in the laboratory were anchored to the surface of the PAN_F NFs membrane by electrospray to prepare a TiO2 NPs coated NFs membrane (PAN_Coa). A second TiO2/PAN_P composite membrane (PAN_Co) was prepared by embedding TiO2 NPs into the PAN_P NFs by electrospinning. The membranes were characterized by microscopic, spectroscopic and X-ray techniques. Scanning electron micrographs (SEM) revealed smooth morphologies for PAN_P and PAN_F NFs membranes and a dense cloud of TiO2 NPs on the surface of PAN_Coa NFs membrane. The attenuated total reflectance in the infrared (ATR-IR) proved the addition of the new amine functionality to the chemical structure of PAN. Transmission electron microscope images (TEM) revealed spherical TiO2 NPs with sizes between 18 and 32 nm. X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) patterns and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) confirmed the existence of the anatase phase of TiO2. Surface profilometry da-ta showed increased surface roughness for the PAN_F and PAN_Coa NFs membranes. The adsorption-desorption isotherms and hysteresis loops for all NFs membranes followed the IV -isotherm and the H3 -hysteresis loop, corresponding to mesoporous and slit pores, respectively. The photocatalytic activities of PAN_Coa and PAN_Co NFs membranes against methyl orange dye degradation were evaluated and compared with those of bare TiO2 NPs.The higher photocatalytic activity of PAN_Coa membrane (92%, 20 ppm) compared to (PAN_Co) NFs membrane (41.64%, 20 ppm) and bare TiO2 (49.60%, 20 ppm) was attributed to the synergy between adsorption, lower band gap, high surface roughness and surface area.
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Highly Efficient Visible Light Photodegradation of Cr(VI) Using Electrospun MWCNTs-Fe3O4@PES Nanofibers. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal11070868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of highly efficient photocatalysis has been prepared by two different methods for the photodegradation of Cr(VI) from an aqueous solution under visible light. The electrospun polyethersulfone (PES)/iron oxide (Fe3O4) and multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) composite nanofibers have been prepared using the electrospinning technique. The prepared materials were characterized by SEM and XRD analysis. The result reveals the successful fabrication of the composite nanofiber with uniformly and smooth nanofibers. The effect of numerous parameters were explored to investigate the effects of pH value, contact time, concentration of Cr(VI), and reusability. The MWCNTs-Fe3O4@PES composite nanofibers exhibited excellent photodegradation of Cr(VI) at pH 2 in 80 min. The photocatalysis materials are highly stable without significant reduction of the photocatalytic efficiency of Cr(VI) after five cycles. Therefore, due to its easy separation and reuse without loss of photocatalytic efficiency, the photocatalysis membrane has tremendous potential for the removal of heavy metals from aqueous solutions.
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Abdelmaksoud M, Mohamed A, Sayed A, Khairy S. Physical properties of PVDF-GO/black-TiO 2 nanofibers and its photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue and malachite green dyes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:30613-30625. [PMID: 33587272 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-12618-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Black TiO2 and graphene oxide (GO) have attracted intensive attention as an effective catalyst on visible light driven for photodegrading of dyes. In this study, nano-black TiO2 was prepared by a simple hydrogenation of the anatase titanium oxide, and the graphene oxide was prepared by applying the modified Hummers method. The diffuse reflectance spectroscopy has been investigated to find out the optical energy gaps of the treated and nano-black samples. The prepared powders and nanofiber membranes are carefully examined to ensure their single phase and compound structure formation as well as to measure the equivalent crystallite size and particle distributions. The optimum degradation efficiency of malachite green and methylene blue dyes occurred at pH values of 8 and 10, respectively. The maximum photocatalytic degradation efficiencies of malachite green (MG) and methylene blue (MB) were found to be 74 and 39%, respectively, under visible light after 30 min. The degradation efficiency of MG is peaked at pH 8 and 20 mg of the nano-black TiO2. The stability and flexibility of the nanofibers allow their application in a continuous system and can be reused after several cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammed Abdelmaksoud
- Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
- Faculty of Nanotechnology for Postgraduate Studies, Cairo University, El-Sheikh Zayed, 12588, Egypt
| | - Alaa Mohamed
- Department of Mechatronics, Canadian International College, Fifth Settlement, New Cairo, Egypt.
- Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.
| | - Abderrahman Sayed
- Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
- Faculty of Nanotechnology for Postgraduate Studies, Cairo University, El-Sheikh Zayed, 12588, Egypt
| | - Sherif Khairy
- Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
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Leiva E, Tapia C, Rodríguez C. Removal of Mn(II) from Acidic Wastewaters Using Graphene Oxide-ZnO Nanocomposites. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26092713. [PMID: 34063077 PMCID: PMC8125303 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26092713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pollution due to acidic and metal-enriched waters affects the quality of surface and groundwater resources, limiting their uses for various purposes. Particularly, manganese pollution has attracted attention due to its impact on human health and its negative effects on ecosystems. Applications of nanomaterials such as graphene oxide (GO) have emerged as potential candidates for removing complex contaminants. In this study, we present the preliminary results of the removal of Mn(II) ions from acidic waters by using GO functionalized with zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO). Batch adsorption experiments were performed under two different acidity conditions (pH1 = 5.0 and pH2 = 4.0), in order to evaluate the impact of acid pH on the adsorption capacity. We observed that the adsorption of Mn(II) was independent of the pHPZC value of the nanoadsorbents. The qmax with GO/ZnO nanocomposites was 5.6 mg/g (34.1% removal) at pH = 5.0, while with more acidic conditions (pH = 4.0) it reached 12.6 mg/g (61.2% removal). In turn, the results show that GO/ZnO nanocomposites were more efficient to remove Mn(II) compared with non-functionalized GO under the pH2 condition (pH2 = 4.0). Both Langmuir and Freundlich models fit well with the adsorption process, suggesting that both mechanisms are involved in the removal of Mn(II) with GO and GO/ZnO nanocomposites. Furthermore, adsorption isotherms were efficiently modeled with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. These results indicate that the removal of Mn(II) by GO/ZnO is strongly influenced by the pH of the solution, and the decoration with ZnO significantly increases the adsorption capacity of Mn(II) ions. These findings can provide valuable information for optimizing the design and configuration of wastewater treatment technologies based on GO nanomaterials for the removal of Mn(II) from natural and industrial waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Leiva
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Química, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile; (C.T.); (C.R.)
- Departamento de Ingeniería Hidráulica y Ambiental, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +56-2-2354-7224; Fax: +56-2-2354-5876
| | - Camila Tapia
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Química, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile; (C.T.); (C.R.)
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Ñuñoa 7800003, Chile
| | - Carolina Rodríguez
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Química, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile; (C.T.); (C.R.)
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14
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Adsorption and Visible Light Photocatalytic Degradation of Electrospun PAN@W18O49 Nanofibers. Chem Res Chin Univ 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s40242-020-0357-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Zhao X, Wang N, Chen H, Bai L, Xu H, Wang W, Yang H, Wei D, Yang L, Cheng Z. Preparation of a novel sandwich-type electrochemical immunosensor for AFP detection based on an ATRP and click chemistry technique. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py01279f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
It is extremely important to explore the synthesis methodology and application scope of functional polymer brush-based nanocomposites.
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Khalil A, Nasser WS, Osman TA, Toprak MS, Muhammed M, Uheida A. Surface modified of polyacrylonitrile nanofibers by TiO 2/MWCNT for photodegradation of organic dyes and pharmaceutical drugs under visible light irradiation. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 179:108788. [PMID: 31590001 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.108788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This work describes the fabrication of two composite nanofibers systems containing polyacrylonitrile polymer (PAN), Multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) and Titania (TiO2) nanoparticles. Photodegradation experiments were performed to study the effect of various parameters including pH, catalyst dose, pollutant concentration and reaction time for three model compounds, methylene blue (MB), indigo carmine (IC), and ibuprofen (IBU) under visible light. Morphology and structure of the modified composite nanofibers were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy, Raman spectra, and X-ray Photoelectron Spectra (XPS) analyses. The photocatalytic performance was achieved in a rather short time visible light (<30 min) and under low power intensity (125 W) compared to earlier reports. Kinetics data fitted well using pseudo-first order model to describe the mechanism of photocatalytic degradation processes. The stability and flexibility of the fabricated composite nanofibers allow their application in a continuous flow system and their re-use after several cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa Khalil
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Canadian International College, Fifth Settlement, New Cairo, Egypt; Department of Applied Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE10691, Stockholm, Sweden; Egypt Nanotechnology Center, EGNC, Cairo University, 12613, Giza, Egypt.
| | - Walaa S Nasser
- Research Institute of Medical Entomology, 12611, Giza, Egypt
| | - T A Osman
- Mechanical Design and Production Engineering Department, Cairo University, 12613, Giza, Egypt
| | - Muhammet S Toprak
- Department of Applied Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mamoun Muhammed
- Department of Applied Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE10691, Stockholm, Sweden; IGSR, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21526, Egypt
| | - Abdusalam Uheida
- Department of Applied Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE10691, Stockholm, Sweden
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