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Dong Z, Ren X, Jia B, Zhang X, Wan X, Wu Y, Huang H. Composite patch with negative Poisson's ratio mimicking cardiac mechanical properties: Design, experiment and simulation. Mater Today Bio 2024; 26:101098. [PMID: 38840795 PMCID: PMC11152757 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2024.101098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 05/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Developing patches that effectively merge intrinsic deformation characteristics of cardiac with superior tunable mechanical properties remains a crucial biomedical pursuit. Currently used traditional block-shaped or mesh patches, typically incorporating a positive Poisson's ratio, often fall short of matching the deformation characteristics of cardiac tissue satisfactorily, thus often diminishing their repairing capability. By introducing auxeticity into the cardiac patches, this study is trying to present a beneficial approach to address these shortcomings of the traditional patches. The patches, featuring the auxetic effect, offer unparalleled conformity to the cardiac complex mechanical challenges. Initially, scaffolds demonstrating the auxetic effect were designed by merging chiral rotation and concave angle units, followed by integrating scaffolds with a composite hydrogel through thermally triggering, ensuring excellent biocompatibility closely mirroring heart tissue. Tensile tests revealed that auxetic patches possessed superior elasticity and strain capacity exceeding cardiac tissue's physiological activity. Notably, Model III showed an equivalent modulus ratio and Poisson's ratio closely toward cardiac tissue, underscoring its outstanding mechanical potential as cardiac patches. Cyclic tensile loading tests demonstrated that Model III withstood continuous heartbeats, showcasing outstanding cyclic loading and recovery capabilities. Numerical simulations further elucidated the deformation and failure mechanisms of these patches, leading to an exploration of influence on mechanical properties with alternative design parameters, which enabled the customization of mechanical strength and Poisson's ratio. Therefore, this research presents substantial potential for designing cardiac auxetic patches that can emulate the deformation properties of cardiac tissue and possess adjustable mechanical parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhicheng Dong
- School of Civil Aviation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710072, China
| | - Xiaoyang Ren
- School of Aeronautics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710072, China
| | - Ben Jia
- School of Civil Aviation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710072, China
| | - Xuanjia Zhang
- Institute of Optics and Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610207, China
| | - Xiaopeng Wan
- School of Civil Aviation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710072, China
| | - Yang Wu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Heyuan Huang
- School of Aeronautics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710072, China
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De Cet A, D'Andrea L, Gastaldi D, Baino F, Verné E, Örlygsson G, Vena P. Micro-CT imaging and finite element models reveal how sintering temperature affects the microstructure and strength of bioactive glass-derived scaffolds. Sci Rep 2024; 14:969. [PMID: 38200047 PMCID: PMC10781744 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-50255-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
This study focuses on the finite element simulation and micromechanical characterization of bioactive glass-ceramic scaffolds using Computed micro Tomography ([Formula: see text]CT) imaging. The main purpose of this work is to quantify the effect of sintering temperature on the morphometry and mechanical performance of the scaffolds. In particular, the scaffolds were produced using a novel bioactive glass material (47.5B) through foam replication, applying six different sintering temperatures. Through [Formula: see text]CT imaging, detailed three-dimensional images of the scaffold's internal structure are obtained, enabling the extraction of important geometric features and how these features change with sintering temperature. A finite element model is then developed based on the [Formula: see text]CT images to simulate the fracture process under uniaxial compression loading. The model incorporates scaffold heterogeneity and material properties-also depending on sintering temperature-to capture the mechanical response, including crack initiation, propagation, and failure. Scaffolds sintered at temperatures equal to or higher than 700 [Formula: see text]C exhibit two-scale porosity, with micro and macro pores. Finite element analyses revealed that the dual porosity significantly affects fracture mechanisms, as micro-pores attract cracks and weaken strength. Interestingly, scaffolds sintered at high temperatures, the overall strength of which is higher due to greater intrinsic strength, showed lower normalized strength compared to low-temperature scaffolds. By using a combined strategy of finite element simulation and [Formula: see text]CT-based characterization, bioactive glass-ceramic scaffolds can be optimized for bone tissue engineering applications by learning more about their micromechanical characteristics and fracture response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna De Cet
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Laboratory of Biological Structure Mechanics (LaBS)-Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca D'Andrea
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Laboratory of Biological Structure Mechanics (LaBS)-Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Dario Gastaldi
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Laboratory of Biological Structure Mechanics (LaBS)-Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Baino
- Institute of Materials Physics and Engineering, Department of Applied Science and Technology-Politecnico di Torino, 10129, Turin, Italy
| | - Enrica Verné
- Institute of Materials Physics and Engineering, Department of Applied Science and Technology-Politecnico di Torino, 10129, Turin, Italy
| | | | - Pasquale Vena
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Laboratory of Biological Structure Mechanics (LaBS)-Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133, Milan, Italy.
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Wu Y, Liu J, Kang L, Tian J, Zhang X, Hu J, Huang Y, Liu F, Wang H, Wu Z. An overview of 3D printed metal implants in orthopedic applications: Present and future perspectives. Heliyon 2023; 9:e17718. [PMID: 37456029 PMCID: PMC10344715 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
With the ability to produce components with complex and precise structures, additive manufacturing or 3D printing techniques are now widely applied in both industry and consumer markets. The emergence of tissue engineering has facilitated the application of 3D printing in the field of biomedical implants. 3D printed implants with proper structural design can not only eliminate the stress shielding effect but also improve in vivo biocompatibility and functionality. By combining medical images derived from technologies such as X-ray scanning, CT, MRI, or ultrasonic scanning, 3D printing can be used to create patient-specific implants with almost the same anatomical structures as the injured tissues. Numerous clinical trials have already been conducted with customized implants. However, the limited availability of raw materials for printing and a lack of guidance from related regulations or laws may impede the development of 3D printing in medical implants. This review provides information on the current state of 3D printing techniques in orthopedic implant applications. The current challenges and future perspectives are also included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanhao Wu
- Medical Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Jieying Liu
- Medical Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Lin Kang
- Medical Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Jingjing Tian
- Medical Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Xueyi Zhang
- Medical Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Jin Hu
- Medical Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Yue Huang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Fuze Liu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Hai Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Zhihong Wu
- Medical Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Bone and Joint Disease, Beijing, China
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Lv X, Wang S, Xu Z, Liu X, Liu G, Cao F, Ma Y. Structural Mechanical Properties of 3D Printing Biomimetic Bone Replacement Materials. Biomimetics (Basel) 2023; 8:biomimetics8020166. [PMID: 37092418 PMCID: PMC10123638 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics8020166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the primary challenges in developing bone substitutes is to create scaffolds with mechanical properties that closely mimic those of regenerated tissue. Scaffolds that mimic the structure of natural cancellous bone are believed to have better environmental adaptability. In this study, we used the porosity and thickness of pig cancellous bone as biomimetic design parameters, and porosity and structural shape as differential indicators, to design a biomimetic bone beam scaffold. The mechanical properties of the designed bone beam model were tested using the finite element method (FEM). PCL/β-TCP porous scaffolds were prepared using the FDM method, and their mechanical properties were tested. The FEM simulation results were compared and validated, and the effects of porosity and pore shape on the mechanical properties were analyzed. The results of this study indicate that the PCL/β-TCP scaffold, prepared using FDM 3D printing technology for cancellous bone tissue engineering, has excellent integrity and stability. Predicting the structural stability using FEM is effective. The triangle pore structure has the most stability in both simulations and tests, followed by the rectangle and honeycomb shapes, and the diamond structure has the worst stability. Therefore, adjusting the porosity and pore shape can change the mechanical properties of the composite scaffold to meet the mechanical requirements of customized tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueman Lv
- The College of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Jilin University, 5988 Renmin Street, Changchun 130025, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130031, China
| | - Shuo Wang
- The College of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Jilin University, 5988 Renmin Street, Changchun 130025, China
| | - Zihe Xu
- The College of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Jilin University, 5988 Renmin Street, Changchun 130025, China
| | - Xuanting Liu
- The College of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Jilin University, 5988 Renmin Street, Changchun 130025, China
| | - Guoqin Liu
- The College of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Jilin University, 5988 Renmin Street, Changchun 130025, China
| | - Feipeng Cao
- The College of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Jilin University, 5988 Renmin Street, Changchun 130025, China
| | - Yunhai Ma
- The College of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Jilin University, 5988 Renmin Street, Changchun 130025, China
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D'Andrea L, Gastaldi D, Baino F, Verné E, Saccomano G, D'Amico L, Longo E, Schwentenwein M, Vena P. Mechanical characterization of miniaturized 3D-printed hydroxyapatite parts obtained through vat photopolymerization: an experimental study. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2023; 141:105760. [PMID: 36907141 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2023.105760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
Hydroxyapatite is one of the materials of choice for tissue engineering bone scaffolds manufacturing. Vat photopolymerization (VPP) is a promising Additive Manufacturing (AM) technology capable of producing scaffolds with high resolution micro-architecture and complex shapes. However, mechanical reliability of ceramic scaffolds can be achieved if a high fidelity printing process is obtained and if knowledge of the intrinsic mechanical properties of the constituent material is available. As the hydroxyapatite (HAP) obtained from VPP is subjected to a sintering process, the mechanical properties of the material should be assessed with specific reference to the process parameters (e.g. sintering temperature) and to the specific characteristic size of the microscopic features in the scaffolds. In order to tackle this challenge the HAP solid matrix of the scaffold was mimicked in the form of miniaturized samples suitable for ad hoc mechanical characterization, which is an unprecedented approach. To this purpose small scale HAP samples, having a simple geometry and size similar to that of the scaffolds, were produced through VPP. The samples were subjected to geometric characterization and to mechanical laboratory tests. Confocal laser scanning and Computed micro-Tomography (micro-CT) were used for geometric characterization; while, micro-bending and nanoindentation were used for mechanical testing. Micro-CT analyses have shown a highly dense material with negligible intrinsic micro-porosity. The imaging process allowed quantifying the variation of geometry with respect to the nominal size showing high accuracy of the printing process and identifying printing defects on one specific sample type, depending on the printing direction. The mechanical tests have shown that the VPP produces HAP with an elastic modulus as high as approximately 100GPa and flexural strength of approximately 100MPa. The results of this study have shown that vat photopolymerization is a promising technology capable of producing high quality HAP with reliable geometric fidelity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca D'Andrea
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Laboratory of Biological Structure Mechanics (LaBS) - Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133, Milano, Italy.
| | - Dario Gastaldi
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Laboratory of Biological Structure Mechanics (LaBS) - Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133, Milano, Italy.
| | - Francesco Baino
- Institute of Materials Physics and Engineering, Department of Applied Science and Technology - Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Torino, Italy.
| | - Enrica Verné
- Institute of Materials Physics and Engineering, Department of Applied Science and Technology - Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Torino, Italy.
| | - Giulia Saccomano
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14 - km 163,5 in AREA Science Park, 34149, Basovizza, Italy; Department of Engineering and Architecture - University of Trieste, Via A. Valerio 6/1, Trieste, Italy.
| | - Lorenzo D'Amico
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14 - km 163,5 in AREA Science Park, 34149, Basovizza, Italy; Department of Physics - University of Trieste, Via A. Valerio 2, 34127 Trieste, Italy.
| | - Elena Longo
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14 - km 163,5 in AREA Science Park, 34149, Basovizza, Italy.
| | | | - Pasquale Vena
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Laboratory of Biological Structure Mechanics (LaBS) - Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133, Milano, Italy.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Hydrogel scaffolds have attracted attention to develop cellular therapy and tissue engineering platforms for regenerative medicine applications. Among factors, local mechanical properties of scaffolds drive the functionalities of cell niche. Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), the standard method to characterize mechanical properties of hydrogels, restricts development in tissue engineering because the measurement provides a single elasticity value for the sample, requires direct contact, and represents a destructive evaluation preventing longitudinal studies on the same sample. We propose a novel technique, acoustic force elastography microscopy (AFEM), to evaluate elastic properties of tissue engineering scaffolds. RESULTS AFEM can resolve localized and two-dimensional (2D) elastic properties of both transparent and opaque materials with advantages of being non-contact and non-destructive. Gelatin hydrogels, neat synthetic oligo[poly(ethylene glycol)fumarate] (OPF) scaffolds, OPF hydroxyapatite nanocomposite scaffolds and ex vivo biological tissue were examined with AFEM to evaluate the elastic modulus. These measurements of Young's modulus range from approximately 2 kPa to over 100 kPa were evaluated and are in good agreement with finite element simulations, surface wave measurements, and DMA tests. CONCLUSION The AFEM can resolve localized and 2D elastic properties of hydrogels, scaffolds and thin biological tissues. These materials can either be transparent or non-transparent and their evaluation can be done in a non-contact and non-destructive manner, thereby facilitating longitudinal evaluation. SIGNIFICANCE AFEM is a promising technique to quantify elastic properties of scaffolds for tissue engineering and will be applied to provide new insights for exploring elastic changes of cell-laden scaffolds for tissue engineering and material science.
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Evans LM, Sözümert E, Keenan BE, Wood CE, du Plessis A. A Review of Image-Based Simulation Applications in High-Value Manufacturing. ARCHIVES OF COMPUTATIONAL METHODS IN ENGINEERING : STATE OF THE ART REVIEWS 2023; 30:1495-1552. [PMID: 36685137 PMCID: PMC9847465 DOI: 10.1007/s11831-022-09836-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Image-Based Simulation (IBSim) is the process by which a digital representation of a real geometry is generated from image data for the purpose of performing a simulation with greater accuracy than with idealised Computer Aided Design (CAD) based simulations. Whilst IBSim originates in the biomedical field, the wider adoption of imaging for non-destructive testing and evaluation (NDT/NDE) within the High-Value Manufacturing (HVM) sector has allowed wider use of IBSim in recent years. IBSim is invaluable in scenarios where there exists a non-negligible variation between the 'as designed' and 'as manufactured' state of parts. It has also been used for characterisation of geometries too complex to accurately draw with CAD. IBSim simulations are unique to the geometry being imaged, therefore it is possible to perform part-specific virtual testing within batches of manufactured parts. This novel review presents the applications of IBSim within HVM, whereby HVM is the value provided by a manufactured part (or conversely the potential cost should the part fail) rather than the actual cost of manufacturing the part itself. Examples include fibre and aggregate composite materials, additive manufacturing, foams, and interface bonding such as welding. This review is divided into the following sections: Material Characterisation; Characterisation of Manufacturing Techniques; Impact of Deviations from Idealised Design Geometry on Product Design and Performance; Customisation and Personalisation of Products; IBSim in Biomimicry. Finally, conclusions are drawn, and observations made on future trends based on the current state of the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Llion Marc Evans
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, SA1 8EN UK
- United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority, Culham Science Centre, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 3DB UK
| | - Emrah Sözümert
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, SA1 8EN UK
| | - Bethany E. Keenan
- Cardiff School of Engineering, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF24 3AA UK
| | - Charles E. Wood
- School of Mechanical & Design Engineering, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, PO1 3DJ UK
| | - Anton du Plessis
- Object Research Systems, Montreal, H3B 1A7 Canada
- Research Group 3DInnovation, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, 7602 South Africa
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Ravoor J, Thangavel M, Elsen S R. Comprehensive Review on Design and Manufacturing of Bio-scaffolds for Bone Reconstruction. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2021; 4:8129-8158. [PMID: 35005929 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.1c00949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Bio-scaffolds are synthetic entities widely employed in bone and soft-tissue regeneration applications. These bio-scaffolds are applied to the defect site to provide support and favor cell attachment and growth, thereby enhancing the regeneration of the defective site. The progressive research in bio-scaffold fabrication has led to identification of biocompatible and mechanically stable materials. The difficulties in obtaining grafts and expenditure incurred in the transplantation procedures have also been overcome by the implantation of bio-scaffolds. Drugs, cells, growth factors, and biomolecules can be embedded with bio-scaffolds to provide localized treatments. The right choice of materials and fabrication approaches can help in developing bio-scaffolds with required properties. This review mostly focuses on the available materials and bio-scaffold techniques for bone and soft-tissue regeneration application. The first part of this review gives insight into the various classes of biomaterials involved in bio-scaffold fabrication followed by design and simulation techniques. The latter discusses the various additive, subtractive, hybrid, and other improved techniques involved in the development of bio-scaffolds for bone regeneration applications. Techniques involving multimaterial printing and multidimensional printing have also been briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jishita Ravoor
- School of Mechanical Engineering Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632014, India
| | - Mahendran Thangavel
- School of Mechanical Engineering Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632014, India
| | - Renold Elsen S
- School of Mechanical Engineering Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632014, India
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Computed Tomography as a Characterization Tool for Engineered Scaffolds with Biomedical Applications. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14226763. [PMID: 34832165 PMCID: PMC8619049 DOI: 10.3390/ma14226763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The ever-growing field of materials with applications in the biomedical field holds great promise regarding the design and fabrication of devices with specific characteristics, especially scaffolds with personalized geometry and architecture. The continuous technological development pushes the limits of innovation in obtaining adequate scaffolds and establishing their characteristics and performance. To this end, computed tomography (CT) proved to be a reliable, nondestructive, high-performance machine, enabling visualization and structure analysis at submicronic resolutions. CT allows both qualitative and quantitative data of the 3D model, offering an overall image of its specific architectural features and reliable numerical data for rigorous analyses. The precise engineering of scaffolds consists in the fabrication of objects with well-defined morphometric parameters (e.g., shape, porosity, wall thickness) and in their performance validation through thorough control over their behavior (in situ visualization, degradation, new tissue formation, wear, etc.). This review is focused on the use of CT in biomaterial science with the aim of qualitatively and quantitatively assessing the scaffolds’ features and monitoring their behavior following in vivo or in vitro experiments. Furthermore, the paper presents the benefits and limitations regarding the employment of this technique when engineering materials with applications in the biomedical field.
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Quality control methods in musculoskeletal tissue engineering: from imaging to biosensors. Bone Res 2021; 9:46. [PMID: 34707086 PMCID: PMC8551153 DOI: 10.1038/s41413-021-00167-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue engineering is rapidly progressing toward clinical application. In the musculoskeletal field, there has been an increasing necessity for bone and cartilage replacement. Despite the promising translational potential of tissue engineering approaches, careful attention should be given to the quality of developed constructs to increase the real applicability to patients. After a general introduction to musculoskeletal tissue engineering, this narrative review aims to offer an overview of methods, starting from classical techniques, such as gene expression analysis and histology, to less common methods, such as Raman spectroscopy, microcomputed tomography, and biosensors, that can be employed to assess the quality of constructs in terms of viability, morphology, or matrix deposition. A particular emphasis is given to standards and good practices (GXP), which can be applicable in different sectors. Moreover, a classification of the methods into destructive, noninvasive, or conservative based on the possible further development of a preimplant quality monitoring system is proposed. Biosensors in musculoskeletal tissue engineering have not yet been used but have been proposed as a novel technology that can be exploited with numerous advantages, including minimal invasiveness, making them suitable for the development of preimplant quality control systems.
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Huo Y, Lu Y, Meng L, Wu J, Gong T, Zou J, Bosiakov S, Cheng L. A Critical Review on the Design, Manufacturing and Assessment of the Bone Scaffold for Large Bone Defects. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:753715. [PMID: 34722480 PMCID: PMC8551667 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.753715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, bone tissue engineering has emerged as a promising solution for large bone defects. Additionally, the emergence and development of the smart metamaterial, the advanced optimization algorithm, the advanced manufacturing technique, etc. have largely changed the way how the bone scaffold is designed, manufactured and assessed. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to give an up-to-date review on the design, manufacturing and assessment of the bone scaffold for large bone defects. The following parts are thoroughly reviewed: 1) the design of the microstructure of the bone scaffold, 2) the application of the metamaterial in the design of bone scaffold, 3) the optimization of the microstructure of the bone scaffold, 4) the advanced manufacturing of the bone scaffold, 5) the techniques for assessing the performance of bone scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Huo
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
- DUT-BSU Joint Institute, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Yongtao Lu
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
- DUT-BSU Joint Institute, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Lingfei Meng
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Jiongyi Wu
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Tingxiang Gong
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Jia’ao Zou
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Sergei Bosiakov
- Faculty of Mechanics and Mathematics, Belarus State University, Minsk, Belarus
| | - Liangliang Cheng
- Department of Orthopeadics, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, China
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12
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Three-Dimensional Zirconia-Based Scaffolds for Load-Bearing Bone-Regeneration Applications: Prospects and Challenges. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14123207. [PMID: 34200817 PMCID: PMC8230534 DOI: 10.3390/ma14123207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The design of zirconia-based scaffolds using conventional techniques for bone-regeneration applications has been studied extensively. Similar to dental applications, the use of three-dimensional (3D) zirconia-based ceramics for bone tissue engineering (BTE) has recently attracted considerable attention because of their high mechanical strength and biocompatibility. However, techniques to fabricate zirconia-based scaffolds for bone regeneration are in a stage of infancy. Hence, the biological activities of zirconia-based ceramics for bone-regeneration applications have not been fully investigated, in contrast to the well-established calcium phosphate-based ceramics for bone-regeneration applications. This paper outlines recent research developments and challenges concerning numerous three-dimensional (3D) zirconia-based scaffolds and reviews the associated fundamental fabrication techniques, key 3D fabrication developments and practical encounters to identify the optimal 3D fabrication technique for obtaining 3D zirconia-based scaffolds suitable for real-world applications. This review mainly summarized the articles that focused on in vitro and in vivo studies along with the fundamental mechanical characterizations on the 3D zirconia-based scaffolds.
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Fu M, Wang F, Lin G. Design and research of bone repair scaffold based on two-way fluid-structure interaction. COMPUTER METHODS AND PROGRAMS IN BIOMEDICINE 2021; 204:106055. [PMID: 33784546 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2021.106055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Porous bone repair scaffolds are an important method of repairing bone defects. Fluid flow in the scaffold plays a vital role in tissue differentiation and permeability and fluid shear stress (FSS) are two important factors. The differentiation of bone tissue depends on the osteogenic differentiation of cells, FSS affects cell proliferation and differentiation, and permeability affects the transportation of nutrients and metabolic waste. Therefore, it is necessary to better understand and analyze the FSS on the cell surface and the permeability of the scaffold to obtain better osteogenic performance. METHODS In this study, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) was used to analyze fluid flow in the scaffold. Three structures and nine scaffold unit cell models were designed and the cell models were loaded onto the scaffold surface. Considering cell deformability, the two-way fluid-structure interaction (FSI) method was used to evaluate the FSS on the cell surface. RESULTS The simulation results showed that as the pore size of the scaffold increases, its permeability increases and the FSS decreases. The FSS received on the cell surface was much larger than scaffold surface. Moreover the FSS on the cell surface was distributed in steps. CONCLUSIONS The results showed the permeability of all models matches that of human bone tissue. Based on the cell surface FSS as the criterion, it was found that the spherical-560 scaffold exhibited the best osteogenic performance. This provided a strategy to design a better bone repair scaffold from biological aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengguang Fu
- School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China
| | - Fei Wang
- School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China.
| | - Guimei Lin
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
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Aslam Khan MU, Haider A, Abd Razak SI, Abdul Kadir MR, Haider S, Shah SA, Hasan A, Khan R, Khan SUD, Shakir I. Arabinoxylan/graphene-oxide/nHAp-NPs/PVA bionano composite scaffolds for fractured bone healing. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2021; 15:322-335. [PMID: 33432773 DOI: 10.1002/term.3168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The importance of bone scaffolds has increased many folds in the last few years; however, during bone implantation, bacterial infections compromise the implantation and tissue regeneration. This work is focused on this issue while not compromising on the properties of a scaffold for bone regeneration. Biocomposite scaffolds (BS) were fabricated via the freeze-drying technique. The samples were characterized for structural changes, surface morphology, porosity, and mechanical properties through spectroscopic (Fourier transform-infrared [FT-IR]), microscopic (scanning electron microscope [SEM]), X-ray (powder X-ray diffraction and energy-dispersive X-ray), and other analytical (Brunauer-Emmett-Teller, universal testing machine Instron) techniques. Antibacterial, cellular, and hemocompatibility assays were performed using standard protocols. FT-IR confirmed the interactions of all the components. SEM illustrated porous and interconnected porous morphology. The percentage porosity was in the range of 49.75%-67.28%, and the pore size was 215.65-470.87 µm. The pore size was perfect for cellular penetration. Thus, cells showed significant proliferation onto these scaffolds. X-ray studies confirmed the presence of nanohydroxyapatite and graphene oxide (GO). The cell viability was 85%-98% (BS1-BS3), which shows no significant toxicity of the biocomposite. Furthermore, the biocomposites exhibited better antibacterial activity, no effect on the blood clotting (normal in vitro blood clotting), and less than 5% hemolysis. The ultimate compression strength for the biocomposites increased from 4.05 to 7.94 with an increase in the GO content. These exciting results revealed that this material has the potential for possible application in bone tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Umar Aslam Khan
- BioInspired Device and Tissue Engineering Research Group, School of Biomedical Engineering and Health Sciences, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia.,Department of Polymer Engineering and Technology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Adnan Haider
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Medical Sciences, Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Saiful Izwan Abd Razak
- BioInspired Device and Tissue Engineering Research Group, School of Biomedical Engineering and Health Sciences, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia.,Centre for Advanced Composite Materials, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Mohammed Rafiq Abdul Kadir
- BioInspired Device and Tissue Engineering Research Group, School of Biomedical Engineering and Health Sciences, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Sajjad Haider
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saqlain A Shah
- Physics Department, Nanotechnology and Biomaterials Lab, Forman Christian College University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Anwarul Hasan
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Rawaiz Khan
- Engineer Abdullah Bugshan Research Chair for Dental and Oral Rehabilitation, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Salah-Ud Din Khan
- Sustainable Energy Technologies Center, College of Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Imran Shakir
- Sustainable Energy Technologies Center, College of Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Umar Aslam Khan M, Haider S, Haider A, Izwan Abd Razak S, Rafiq Abdul Kadir M, Shah SA, Javed A, Shakir I, Al-Zahrani AA. Development of porous, antibacterial and biocompatible GO/n-HAp/bacterial cellulose/β-glucan biocomposite scaffold for bone tissue engineering. ARAB J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2020.102924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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16
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Santos-Rosales V, Gallo M, Jaeger P, Alvarez-Lorenzo C, Gómez-Amoza JL, García-González CA. New insights in the morphological characterization and modelling of poly(ε-caprolactone) bone scaffolds obtained by supercritical CO2 foaming. J Supercrit Fluids 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2020.105012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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17
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Weng W, Wu W, Yu X, Sun M, Lin Z, Ibrahim M, Yang H. Effect of GelMA Hydrogel Coatings on Corrosion Resistance and Biocompatibility of MAO-Coated Mg Alloys. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 13:E3834. [PMID: 32872664 PMCID: PMC7503508 DOI: 10.3390/ma13173834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Micro-arc oxidation (MAO) treatment is a simple and effective technique to improve the corrosion resistance for magnesium alloys. However, the presence of micro-pores and cracks on the coatings provides paths for corrosive ions to penetrate into and react with the substrate, limiting the long-term corrosion resistance. In this paper, we designed a composite coating with which GelMA hydrogel coatings with varying thicknesses were prepared on the surface of MAO-coated magnesium alloys via a dip-coating method, aiming to improve the biocorrosion resistance and biocompatibility. The surface morphology, the chemical composition of GelMA hydrogels, and the crystallographic structure of magnesium alloys were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray diffraction (XRD), respectively. The corrosion resistance and biocompatibility of all samples were evaluated through electrochemical and biological experiments. The results demonstrated that the addition of GelMA hydrogel could effectively seal the pores and improve the corrosion resistance and biocompatibility of MAO-coated magnesium alloys, especially for the sample with one layer of GelMA hydrogel, showing high cell proliferation rate, and its current density (Icorr) was two orders of magnitude lower than that of the MAO coating. Besides, the balance mechanism between corrosion and protection was proposed. As a result, the GelMA hydrogel coatings are beneficial to the application of MAO-coated magnesium alloys in bone tissue engineering and other fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxian Weng
- School of Fundamental Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China; (W.W.); (W.W.); (M.S.); (Z.L.)
| | - Weiwei Wu
- School of Fundamental Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China; (W.W.); (W.W.); (M.S.); (Z.L.)
| | - Xiaoming Yu
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Shenyang Ligong University, Shenyang 110159, China;
| | - Mingyue Sun
- School of Fundamental Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China; (W.W.); (W.W.); (M.S.); (Z.L.)
| | - Zhensheng Lin
- School of Fundamental Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China; (W.W.); (W.W.); (M.S.); (Z.L.)
| | - Muhammad Ibrahim
- Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China;
| | - Huazhe Yang
- School of Fundamental Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China; (W.W.); (W.W.); (M.S.); (Z.L.)
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Inlet flow rate of perfusion bioreactors affects fluid flow dynamics, but not oxygen concentration in 3D-printed scaffolds for bone tissue engineering: Computational analysis and experimental validation. Comput Biol Med 2020; 124:103826. [PMID: 32798924 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2020.103826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Fluid flow dynamics and oxygen-concentration in 3D-printed scaffolds within perfusion bioreactors are sensitive to controllable bioreactor parameters such as inlet flow rate. Here we aimed to determine fluid flow dynamics, oxygen-concentration, and cell proliferation and distribution in 3D-printed scaffolds as a result of different inlet flow rates of perfusion bioreactors using experiments and finite element modeling. Pre-osteoblasts were treated with 1 h pulsating fluid flow with low (0.8 Pa; PFFlow) or high peak shear stress (6.5 Pa; PFFhigh), and nitric oxide (NO) production was measured to validate shear stress sensitivity. Computational analysis was performed to determine fluid flow between 3D-scaffold-strands at three inlet flow rates (0.02, 0.1, 0.5 ml/min) during 5 days. MC3T3-E1 pre-osteoblast proliferation, matrix production, and oxygen-consumption in response to fluid flow in 3D-printed scaffolds inside a perfusion bioreactor were experimentally assessed. PFFhigh more strongly stimulated NO production by pre-osteoblasts than PFFlow. 3D-simulation demonstrated that dependent on inlet flow rate, fluid velocity reached a maximum (50-1200 μm/s) between scaffold-strands, and fluid shear stress (0.5-4 mPa) and wall shear stress (0.5-20 mPa) on scaffold-strands surfaces. At all inlet flow rates, gauge fluid pressure and oxygen-concentration were similar. The simulated cell proliferation and distribution, and oxygen-concentration data were in good agreement with the experimental results. In conclusion, varying a perfusion bioreactor's inlet flow rate locally affects fluid velocity, fluid shear stress, and wall shear stress inside 3D-printed scaffolds, but not gauge fluid pressure, and oxygen-concentration, which seems crucial for optimized bone tissue engineering strategies using bioreactors, scaffolds, and cells.
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