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Li S, Yang Q, Wang Y, Shang L, Yang S, Liu X, Ma Q, Cao Z. Three-dimensional visualization of the vascular bundle in a branched bamboo node. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1256772. [PMID: 37954987 PMCID: PMC10634429 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1256772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Bamboo is a natural vascular bundle (VB) reinforced composite material used in more than 10 fields such as construction and furniture. The nodes in bamboo are crucial to its mechanical properties, but understanding of its performance is limited by lack of knowledge about the three-dimensional (3D) structure of the node. This work aimed to non-destructively identify the multi-dimensional characteristics of the VB in a bamboo branched node (BN) using X-ray microtomography (µCT). The VB was segmented from the BN using deep learning combined with the Watershed algorithm. The 3D model reconstruction and characterization of the VB were also conducted. It was found that the structure of VBs showed significant changes along the height of the BN. The VBs formed a complex 3D structure, VBs of the culm are connected with those of the branch, and the connectivity of the conducting tissue and fibers was 88.91% and 99.95%, respectively. The conducting tissue and the fibers had similar shapes but varying thicknesses, which enabled VBs to perform both water transport and mechanical support functions. The volumes fraction of parenchyma, fibers, and conducting tissue in the BN were 61.3%, 35.3%, and 3.4%, respectively, but the tissue proportion of the different heights of the BN varied from each other. The nodal ridge was a mechanical weak point of the BN, with a maximum fibers proportion of 43.8%. This study contributes to understanding the relationship of VBs between the branch and the culm. It provides a structural perspective for understanding the mechanical properties of BN and a theoretical basis for optimizing bamboo utilization efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Li
- Department of Biomaterials, International Centre for Bamboo and Rattan, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing for Bamboo & Rattan Science and Technology, Beijing, China
- College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qianying Yang
- Department of Biomaterials, International Centre for Bamboo and Rattan, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing for Bamboo & Rattan Science and Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Yangao Wang
- College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lili Shang
- Department of Biomaterials, International Centre for Bamboo and Rattan, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing for Bamboo & Rattan Science and Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Shumin Yang
- Department of Biomaterials, International Centre for Bamboo and Rattan, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing for Bamboo & Rattan Science and Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Xing’e Liu
- Department of Biomaterials, International Centre for Bamboo and Rattan, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing for Bamboo & Rattan Science and Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Qianli Ma
- Department of Biomaterials, International Centre for Bamboo and Rattan, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing for Bamboo & Rattan Science and Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Zixiong Cao
- Application Support Team, Object Research Systems (ORS), Inc., Montréal, QC, Canada
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Fan L, Hu J, Guo Z, Chen S, He Q. Shoot Nutrition and Flavor Variation in Two Phyllostachys Species: Does the Quality of Edible Bamboo Shoot Diaphragm and Flesh Differ? Foods 2023; 12:foods12061180. [PMID: 36981107 PMCID: PMC10048675 DOI: 10.3390/foods12061180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
For their quality evaluation, it is essential to determine both bamboo shoot nutrition and palatability, which will have a decisive effect on their economic value and market potential. However, differences in shoot nutrition and flavor variation among bamboo species, positions, and components have not been scientifically validated. This study assessed nutritional and flavor differences in two components (i.e., shoot flesh (BSF) and diaphragm (BSD)) of two Phyllostachys species (i.e., Phyllostachys edulis and Phyllostachys violascens) and analyzed any positional variation. Results showed that BSF protein, starch, fat, and vitamin C contents were comparatively higher. Nutrient compounds in the upper shoot segment of Ph. edulis were higher and contained less cellulose and lignin. However, both species’ BSD total acid, oxalic acid, and tannin contents were comparable. BSD soluble sugar and sugar:acid ratio were higher than upper BSD total amino acid, four key amino acids (i.e., essential amino acid, bitter amino acid, umami amino acid, and sweet amino acid flavor compounds), and associated ratios were all higher than BSF while also being rich in amino acids. The content and proportion of BSF essential and bitter amino acid flavor compounds in Ph. edulis were high relative to Ph. violascens. Conversely, the content and proportion of BSD umami and sweet amino acid flavor compounds were comparable to that of Ph. edulis. Our results showed that bamboo shoot quality was affected by flavor compound differences and that interspecific and shoot components interact. This study offers a new perspective to determine the formative mechanisms involved in bamboo shoot quality while providing a basis for their different usages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Fan
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou 311400, China
| | - Junjing Hu
- Hangzhou Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou 310005, China
| | - Ziwu Guo
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou 311400, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Shuanglin Chen
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou 311400, China
| | - Qijiang He
- Hangzhou Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou 310005, China
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Chen Q, Fang C, Wang G, Ma X, Luo J, Chen M, Dai C, Fei B. Water vapor sorption behavior of bamboo pertaining to its hierarchical structure. Sci Rep 2021; 11:12714. [PMID: 34135403 PMCID: PMC8209057 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92103-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Bamboo is an anisotropic, hierarchical, and hygroscopic material. Moisture transport in bamboo is one of the most fundamental properties affecting almost all other physical and mechanical properties of the material. This study investigated the water vapor sorption behaviors of bamboo at various structural levels: cell walls, cells (with pits) and bamboo blocks. The specimens with two sorption directions, longitudinal (L) and transverse (T), were measured by saturated salt solution method and dynamic vapor sorption. The parallel exponential kinetics model was used to analyze the sorption kinetics. The results showed that at the cell wall level, the sorption rate and equilibrium moisture content (EMC) of cell wall in the L specimens were larger than those in the T specimens. The differences were probably caused by the looser cell wall layers in the L specimens. At the cellular scale, pits in the cell wall resulted in an enhanced sorption rate and EMC of the T specimens compared with the L specimens where the pits in the parenchyma cells were only distributed in the lateral walls but not in end walls. At the macro scale, the sorption rate and moisture content of bamboo blocks were largely controlled by the vessel cells. As a hierarchically-structured plant, bamboo performs the biological function of moisture transport at all these scales. This work helps improve the understanding of water transport behavior in bamboo, which may lead to better bamboo drying and impregnation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Chen
- Department of Biomaterials, International Centre for Bamboo and Rattan, No. 8, Futong East Street, Chaoyang District, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,SFA and Beijing Co-built Key Laboratory of Bamboo and Rattan Science and Technology, State Forestry Administration, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Department of Wood Science, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T1Z4, Canada
| | - Changhua Fang
- Department of Biomaterials, International Centre for Bamboo and Rattan, No. 8, Futong East Street, Chaoyang District, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,SFA and Beijing Co-built Key Laboratory of Bamboo and Rattan Science and Technology, State Forestry Administration, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ge Wang
- Department of Biomaterials, International Centre for Bamboo and Rattan, No. 8, Futong East Street, Chaoyang District, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,SFA and Beijing Co-built Key Laboratory of Bamboo and Rattan Science and Technology, State Forestry Administration, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinxin Ma
- Department of Biomaterials, International Centre for Bamboo and Rattan, No. 8, Futong East Street, Chaoyang District, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,SFA and Beijing Co-built Key Laboratory of Bamboo and Rattan Science and Technology, State Forestry Administration, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Junji Luo
- Department of Biomaterials, International Centre for Bamboo and Rattan, No. 8, Futong East Street, Chaoyang District, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,SFA and Beijing Co-built Key Laboratory of Bamboo and Rattan Science and Technology, State Forestry Administration, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Meiling Chen
- Department of Biomaterials, International Centre for Bamboo and Rattan, No. 8, Futong East Street, Chaoyang District, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,SFA and Beijing Co-built Key Laboratory of Bamboo and Rattan Science and Technology, State Forestry Administration, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Department of Wood Science, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T1Z4, Canada
| | - Chunping Dai
- Department of Wood Science, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T1Z4, Canada.
| | - Benhua Fei
- Department of Biomaterials, International Centre for Bamboo and Rattan, No. 8, Futong East Street, Chaoyang District, Beijing, People's Republic of China. .,SFA and Beijing Co-built Key Laboratory of Bamboo and Rattan Science and Technology, State Forestry Administration, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
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Dong X, Zhao H, Li J, Tian Y, Zeng H, Ramos MA, Hu TS, Xu Q. Progress in Bioinspired Dry and Wet Gradient Materials from Design Principles to Engineering Applications. iScience 2020; 23:101749. [PMID: 33241197 PMCID: PMC7672307 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Nature does nothing in vain. Through millions of years of revolution, living organisms have evolved hierarchical and anisotropic structures to maximize their survival in complex and dynamic environments. Many of these structures are intrinsically heterogeneous and often with functional gradient distributions. Understanding the convergent and divergent gradient designs in the natural material systems may lead to a new paradigm shift in the development of next-generation high-performance bio-/nano-materials and devices that are critically needed in energy, environmental remediation, and biomedical fields. Herein, we review the basic design principles and highlight some of the prominent examples of gradient biological materials/structures discovered over the past few decades. Interestingly, despite the anisotropic features in one direction (i.e., in terms of gradient compositions and properties), these natural structures retain certain levels of symmetry, including point symmetry, axial symmetry, mirror symmetry, and 3D symmetry. We further demonstrate the state-of-the-art fabrication techniques and procedures in making the biomimetic counterparts. Some prototypes showcase optimized properties surpassing those seen in the biological model systems. Finally, we summarize the latest applications of these synthetic functional gradient materials and structures in robotics, biomedical, energy, and environmental fields, along with their future perspectives. This review may stimulate scientists, engineers, and inventors to explore this emerging and disruptive research methodology and endeavors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing 102249, China
| | - Hong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing 102249, China
| | - Jiapeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing 102249, China
| | - Yu Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hongbo Zeng
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Melvin A Ramos
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, California State University, Los Angeles, CA 90032, USA
| | - Travis Shihao Hu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, California State University, Los Angeles, CA 90032, USA
| | - Quan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing 102249, China
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Investigation of the Effect of Inhomogeneous Material on the Fracture Mechanisms of Bamboo by Finite Element Method. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13215039. [PMID: 33182322 PMCID: PMC7664894 DOI: 10.3390/ma13215039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Bamboo is a remarkably strong and sustainable material available for construction. It exhibits optimized mechanical characteristics based on a hollow-inhomogeneous structure which also affects its fracture behavior. In this study, the aim is to investigate the effect of material composition and geometrical attributes on the fracture mechanisms of bamboo in various modes of loading by the finite element method. In the first part of the investigation, the optimized transverse isotropy of bamboo to resist transverse deformation was numerically determined to represent its noticeable orthotropic characteristics which prevail in the axial direction. In the second part of this study, a numerical investigation of fracture mechanisms in four fundamental modes of loading, namely bending, compression, torsion, and shear, were conducted by considering the failure criterion of maximum principal strain. A crack initiation stage was simulated and compared by implementing an element erosion technique. Results showed that the characteristics of bamboo’s crack initiation differed greatly from solid geometry and homogeneous material-type models. Splitting patterns, which were discerned in bending and shear modes, differed in terms of location and occurred in the outside-center position and inside-lowermost position of the culm, respectively. The results of this study can be useful in order to achieve optimized strength in bamboo-inspired bionic designs.
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