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Çakmak G, Oosterveen-Rüegsegger AL, Akay C, Schimmel M, Yilmaz B, Donmez MB. Influence of polishing technique and coffee thermal cycling on the surface roughness and color stability of additively and subtractively manufactured resins used for definitive restorations. J Prosthodont 2024; 33:467-474. [PMID: 37421940 DOI: 10.1111/jopr.13730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate how different polishing techniques and coffee thermal cycling affect the surface roughness and stainability of additively and subtractively manufactured resins used for definitive prostheses. MATERIALS AND METHODS Two additively manufactured composite resins (Crowntec, CT and VarseoSmile Crown Plus, VS) and a subtractively manufactured resin nanoceramic (Cerasmart, CS) were used to fabricate 90 rectangular-shaped specimens (14 × 12 × 1 mm) (n = 30). After baseline surface roughness (Ra) measurements, specimens were divided into three groups based on the polishing technique; conventional polishing with a 2-stage polishing kit (CP) and surface sealant application (Optiglaze, OG or Vita Akzent LC, VA) (n = 10). After polishing, specimens were subjected to 10,000 cycles of coffee thermal cycling. Ra and color coordinate measurements were performed after polishing and after coffee thermal cycling. Color difference (ΔE00) was calculated. Scanning electron microscope images were taken at each time interval. Kruskal-Wallis or 1-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used to evaluate Ra of materials within each polishing-time interval pair and different polishing techniques within each material-time interval pair, while Friedman or repeated measures ANOVA were used to evaluate Ra at different time intervals within each material-polishing pair. ΔE00 was assessed with 2-way ANOVA (α = 0.05). RESULTS Other than VA-after polishing (p = 0.055), tested materials had significantly different Ra within each polishing-time interval pair (p ≤ 0.038). When Ra differences among different polishing techniques within each material-time interval pair were considered, CS had differences after coffee thermal cycling, CT had differences before polishing and after coffee thermal cycling, and VS had differences within each time interval (p ≤ 0.038). When Ra differences among different time intervals within each material-polishing pair were considered, significant differences were observed among all pairs (p ≤ 0.016), except for CS-VA (p = 0.695) and VS-VA (p = 0.300). ΔE00 values were affected by material and polishing technique interaction (p = 0.007). CONCLUSIONS Ra of CS was similar to or lower than the Ra of other materials, regardless of the time interval or polishing technique. CP mostly led to lower Ra than other polishing techniques, whereas VA resulted in a high Ra regardless of the material-time interval pair. Polishing reduced the Ra, while coffee thermal cycling was found to have a small effect. Among tested material-polishing pairs, only CS-VA had moderately unacceptable color change when previously reported threshold values were considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gülce Çakmak
- Department of Reconstructive Dentistry and Gerodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Alice Lisa Oosterveen-Rüegsegger
- Department of Reconstructive Dentistry and Gerodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Private Practice, Zahnarzt Praxis Gadzo AG, Interlaken, Switzerland
| | - Canan Akay
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey
- Translational Medicine Research and Clinical Center, Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Martin Schimmel
- Department of Reconstructive Dentistry and Gerodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Division of Gerodontology and Removable Prosthodontics, University Clinics of Dental Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Burak Yilmaz
- Department of Reconstructive Dentistry and Gerodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Restorative, Preventive and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Division of Restorative and Prosthetic Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Ohio, USA
| | - Mustafa Borga Donmez
- Department of Reconstructive Dentistry and Gerodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Istinye University, İstanbul, Turkey
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Temizci T, Bozoğulları HN. Effect of thermocycling on the mechanical properties of permanent composite-based CAD-CAM restorative materials produced by additive and subtractive manufacturing techniques. BMC Oral Health 2024; 24:334. [PMID: 38486195 PMCID: PMC10938812 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-024-04016-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of the study was to determine and compare the biaxial flexural strength (BFS) and Vickers hardness (VHN) of additive and subtractive manufactured permanent composite-based restorative materials, before and after thermal aging. METHODS A total of 200 specimens were prepared; 100 disc-shaped specimens (diameter 13 × 1.2 mm) for the BFS test and 100 square specimens (14 × 14 × 2 mm) for the VHN test. The specimens were made from various materials: two subtractive composite-based blocks (Cerasmart 270 [CS], Vita Enamic [VE]), two additive composite-based resins used for two different vat polymerization methods (digital light processing [DLP]; Saremco Print Crowntec [SC] and stereolithography [SLA]; Formlabs Permanent Crown Resin [FP]), and one feldspathic glass-matrix ceramic block (Vita Mark II [VM]) as the control group. Specimens of each material were divided into two subgroups: thermal cycled or non-thermal cycled (n = 10). BFS and VHN tests were performed on all groups. Data were analyzed with two-way ANOVA and post hoc Tukey test (α = 0.05). RESULTS The type of restorative material used for the specimen had a statistically significant influence on both BFS and VHN values. However, thermal cycling did not affect the BFS and VHN values. After thermal cycling, the results of the BFS test were ranked from best to worst as follows: CS, FP, SC, VE, then VM. For the VHN values, the order from best to worst was as follows: VM, VE, CS, FP, then SC. CONCLUSIONS 3D printed and milled composite groups showed higher BFS than feldspathic ceramics. When the VHN results were examined, it was seen that the 3D resin groups had the lowest VHN values. Furthermore, it was observed that the thermal cycle had no effect on BFS or VHN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuğba Temizci
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey University, Karaman, Turkey.
| | - Hatice Nalan Bozoğulları
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey University, Karaman, Turkey
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Atalay S, Çakmak G, Fonseca M, Schimmel M, Yilmaz B. Effect of different disinfection protocols on the surface properties of CAD-CAM denture base materials. J Prosthet Dent 2023; 130:787-795. [PMID: 35148889 DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2021.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM Which disinfection protocol provides optimal water contact angle and microhardness for computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD-CAM) polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) materials is unclear. PURPOSE The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the effect of different disinfection protocols (1% sodium hypochlorite, denture cleanser gel, and effervescent tablet) on the water contact angle and microhardness of different CAD-CAM PMMA denture base materials by comparing them with a heat-polymerized PMMA. MATERIAL AND METHODS Disk-shaped specimens (Ø10×2 mm) were fabricated from 3 different CAD-CAM PMMAs-AvaDent (AV), Merz M-PM (M-PM), and Polident (Poli)-and a heat-polymerized PMMA (Vynacron) (CV) (n=21). Three disinfection protocols (1% sodium hypochlorite [HC], denture cleanser gel [GEL], an effervescent tablet [TAB]) were applied to simulate 180 days of cleansing. The water contact angle and microhardness of specimens were measured before and after disinfection and compared by using a 2-way ANOVA (α=.05). RESULTS For water contact angle, material (P=.010) and disinfection protocol (P=.002) had a significant effect. The material (P<.001), disinfection protocol (P=.001), and their interaction (P<.001) significantly affected the microhardness after disinfection. When the condition after disinfection was compared with that before disinfection, the water contact angle increased significantly in all material-disinfection protocol pairs (P≤.025), and microhardness increased significantly in all material-disinfection protocol pairs (P≤.040), except for GEL- (P=.689) or TAB-applied (P=.307) AV, HC-applied M-PM (P=.219), and TAB-applied Poli (P=.159). CONCLUSIONS The material and disinfection protocol affected the water contact angle of all tested PMMAs after disinfection, resulting in more hydrophobic surfaces for heat-polymerized or CAD-CAM PMMAs. The microhardness of heat-polymerized PMMA was less than that of all CAD-CAM PMMAs after disinfection, regardless of the protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sevda Atalay
- Assistant Professor, Department of Prosthodontics, Istanbul Okan University, Faculty of Dentistry, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gülce Çakmak
- Buser Foundation Scholar for Implant Dentistry, Department of Reconstructive Dentistry and Gerodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Manrique Fonseca
- Senior Lecturer, Department of Reconstructive Dentistry and Gerodontology. School of Dental Medicine University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Martin Schimmel
- Professor, Department of Reconstructive Dentistry and Gerodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; External Researcher, Division of Gerodontology and Removable Prosthodontics, University Clinics of Dental Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Burak Yilmaz
- Associate Professor, Department of Reconstructive Dentistry and Gerodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Associate Professor, Department of Restorative, Preventive and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Adjunct Professor, Division of Restorative and Prosthetic Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
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Nascimento VA, Bento VAA, Cruz KH, Silva LS, Pesqueira AA, Pellizzer EP. Color stability and surface roughness of resin-ceramics with different surface treatments: A systematic review and meta-analysis of in vitro studies. J Prosthet Dent 2023:S0022-3913(23)00567-X. [PMID: 37805289 DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2023.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM Surface treatments for resin-ceramics have been developed to obtain a smooth surface and improve color stability. However, a consensus on the best treatment for these materials is lacking. PURPOSE The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to evaluate the color stability and roughness of glass-ceramics versus resin-ceramics with different surface treatments. MATERIAL AND METHODS The preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were followed, and the study was registered in the open science framework (OSF) for in vitro studies. The population, intervention, control, and outcome (PICO) question was "Is there a difference in color stability and roughness between resin-ceramic vs vitreous ceramics in different surface treatment protocols?" A literature search was performed in PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science, Scopus, Cochrane Library, and ProQuest databases up to January 2023. The Joanna Briggs Institute's critical assessment guidelines for quasi-experimental studies were used for quality assessment. The meta-analysis was based on the inverse variance (IV) method (α=.05). RESULTS A total of 18 laboratory studies were published between 2015 and 2022, with a total of 2160 specimens, all of which were analyzed qualitatively. The meta-analysis indicated significantly less optical alteration for lithium disilicate ceramics (P<.01; MD: 2.69; 95% CI: 2.00-3.39; I²=89%, P<.01), even when compared with resin-ceramics with polish or sealants (P<.01; MD: 2.45; 95% CI: 1.59-3.30; I²=87%, P<.01) and (P<.01; MD: 3.24; 95% CI: 2.02-4.47; I²=89%, P<.01), while there was no significant difference in surface roughness (P=.08; MD: -0.71; CI 95%: -1.52 to 0.09; I²=87%, P<.01) (P=.33; MD: -0.31; CI 95%: -0.94 to 0.32; I²=87%, P<.01), respectively. CONCLUSIONS Resin-ceramics that have been polished or treated with sealants have lower color stability than glazed glass-ceramics; however, they are similar in terms of surface roughness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Alves Nascimento
- Postgraduate student, Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Araçatuba Dental School, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Victor Augusto Alves Bento
- Postgraduate student, Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Araçatuba Dental School, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Kevin Henrique Cruz
- Postgraduate student, Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Araçatuba Dental School, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lorena Scaion Silva
- Postgraduate student, Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Araçatuba Dental School, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Aldiéris Alves Pesqueira
- Adjunct Professor, Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Araçatuba Dental School, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Piza Pellizzer
- Full Professor, Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Araçatuba Dental School, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
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Ozer NE, Oguz EI. Influence of Different Finishing-Polishing Procedures and Thermocycle Aging on the Surface Roughness of Nano-Ceramic Hybrid CAD/CAM Material. Niger J Clin Pract 2023; 26:604-611. [PMID: 37357477 DOI: 10.4103/njcp.njcp_592_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
Aim The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of different finishing-polishing (FP) procedures on reducing surface roughness of nanoceramic hybrid CAD/CAM material before and after thermocycle (TMC) aging. Materials and Methods Nano-ceramic hybrid CAD/CAM specimens were subjected to 8 different (2-glaze and 6-mechanical) FP procedures as follows (n=20): 1. Optiglaze (OG) 2. Diamond glaze (DG), 3. Vita Enamic Polishing Set (VE), 4. VE+Gradia Diapolisher paste (VE-G) 5. VE+Super-Snap SuperBuff (VE-S) 6. Sof-Lex Disc kit (SL) 7. SL+Gradia Diapolisher paste (SLG) 8. SL+Super-Snap SuperBuff (SL-S). Surface roughness of each specimen was measured by using a contact profilometer. All specimens were artificially aged with TMC (5000 cycles, 5°C/55°C) and surface roughness measurements were repeated. One extra specimen from each group before and after TMC was examined with SEM. Surface roughness data were analyzed by repeated measures ANOVA, dependent t-test and Tukey test. Results Significantly higher mean Ra values were found for groups OG and DG compared to other groups (P<0.05). Differences between glaze groups and differences between mechanical FP groups were not significant (P>0.05). Groups SL-S and DG demonstrated comparable results before and after TMC (P>0.05). SEM analysis revealed that surfaces of VE-S and SL-S groups were smooth and free of scratches. Conclusions Mechanical FP procedures were more effective in reducing surface roughness of nanoceramic hybrid CAD/CAM material than glaze applications. Sof-Lex kit followed by Super-Snap SuperBuff disc application can be recommended as the mechanical FP procedure of choice considering that this method provided smooth surfaces that were maintained after TMC.
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Affiliation(s)
- N E Ozer
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Lokman Hekim University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - E I Oguz
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
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Muhammed HA, Mahmoud EM, Fahmy AE, Nasr DM. The effect of sandblasting versus acid etching on the surface roughness and biaxial flexural strength of CAD/CAM resin-matrix ceramics (In vitro study). BMC Oral Health 2023; 23:169. [PMID: 36964539 PMCID: PMC10039528 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-023-02883-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND CAD/CAM resin matrix ceramics are one of the materials used in dental offices. The long-term success of the restoration depends on the bond strength of the restoration to the tooth and other materials; thus, surface treatment of the restoration is necessary to achieve this. But such treatment may affect the restoration strength. The purpose of this study is to assess the impact of various surface treatments on the surface roughness (Ra) and the biaxial flexural strength of two CAD-CAM resin-matrix ceramics. METHODS Thirty-six-disc-shaped specimens, each measuring 1.2 mm in thickness and 12 mm in diameter, were machined from two resin-matrix ceramic blocks (Lava Ultimate and Cerasmart) (n = 18). Based on the surface treatments, each material was divided into 3 groups: control (no treatment), 50-μm Al2O3 sandblasting, or 9% hydrofluoric acid etching (n = 6). The surface roughness (Ra) was evaluated by the 3D laser scanning microscope. Then, specimens were aged by thermal cycling (5000 cycles) and tested for biaxial flexural strength using a universal testing machine at a crosshead speed of 1.0 mm/min. RESULTS No significant differences in flexural strength or Ra were found for Lava Ultimate among the surface treatment groups. For Cerasmart, only the sandblasting group showed significantly higher Ra values than the control group. Also, the Ra values for the sandblasting group were significantly higher than those for the acid etching group. The flexural strengths of the sandblasting and acid etching groups for Cerasmart were statistically similar, and both were significantly lower than the control group. CONCLUSIONS Although all of the applied surface conditioning techniques improved Ra, they had a negative impact on the flexural strength of resin-matrix ceramics. Thus, clinicians should utilize the appropriate surface treatment techniques, taking into account their effects on the surface roughness and mechanical properties of resin-matrix ceramics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heba A Muhammed
- Conservative Dentistry Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Elsayed M Mahmoud
- Conservative Dentistry Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Amal E Fahmy
- Dental Biomaterials Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Dina M Nasr
- Conservative Dentistry Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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Vulović S, Todorović A, Stančić I, Popovac A, Stašić JN, Vencl A, Milić‐Lemić A. Study on the surface properties of different commercially available
CAD
/
CAM
materials for implant‐supported restorations. J ESTHET RESTOR DENT 2022; 34:1132-1141. [DOI: 10.1111/jerd.12958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Vulović
- University of Belgrade School of Dental Medicine, Department of Prosthodontics Belgrade Serbia
| | - Aleksandar Todorović
- University of Belgrade School of Dental Medicine, Department of Prosthodontics Belgrade Serbia
| | - Ivica Stančić
- University of Belgrade School of Dental Medicine, Department of Prosthodontics Belgrade Serbia
| | - Aleksandra Popovac
- University of Belgrade School of Dental Medicine, Department of Prosthodontics Belgrade Serbia
| | - Jovana N. Stašić
- University of Belgrade School of Dental Medicine, DentalNet Research Group Belgrade Serbia
| | - Aleksandar Vencl
- University of Belgrade Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Belgrade Serbia
- South Ural State University Chelyabinsk Russia
| | - Aleksandra Milić‐Lemić
- University of Belgrade School of Dental Medicine, Department of Prosthodontics Belgrade Serbia
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Sert M, Subaşı MG, Donmez MB, Çakmak G, Yilmaz B. Effect of firing cycle and aging on long-term chemical degradation of monolithic CAD-CAM ceramics. J Prosthet Dent 2022; 128:89.e1-89.e10. [PMID: 35705433 DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2022.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM Previous studies have shown the susceptibility of dental ceramics to degradation when subjected to certain media. However, knowledge on the effect of repeated firings and thermocycling on the ion elution of computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD-CAM) ceramics is lacking. PURPOSE The purpose of this in vitro study was to compare the effect of repeated firings on the ion elution of CAD-CAM materials before and after thermocycling. MATERIAL AND METHODS Bar-shaped specimens were prepared from 4 different CAD-CAM materials (monolithic zirconia [Z], zirconia-reinforced lithium silicate glass-ceramic [S], lithium disilicate glass-ceramic [EX], and leucite-reinforced glass-ceramic [E]) and divided into 3 groups according to the number of repeated glaze firings (1 firing [1F], 2 firings [2F], and 4 firings [4F]). Specimens were placed into deionized water (pH 7.4) and stored at 37 °C for 168 hours. Inductively coupled plasma-optic emission spectrophotometry (ICP-OES) was used to measure the baseline values of the eluted ions in immersion. The specimens were then subjected to thermocycling. Then, surface roughness (Ra) and ion elution values were measured. The Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests were used to analyze the ion elution data before and after thermocycling, and the effect of thermocycling on ion elution was assessed by the Wilcoxon signed rank test. Ra data were analyzed with 2-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the Tukey honestly significant difference tests (α=.05). RESULTS Elution of some ions varied depending on the material-firing pair before (Al, As, B, Ba, Cr, Cu, Li, Mg, Na, P, and Zn) and after (Al, As, B, Ba, Be, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, K, Li, Mg, Na, P, Y, and Zn) thermocycling. Before thermocycling, all firing groups within each material showed a similar number of significantly higher eluted ions. After thermocycling, the number of significantly higher eluted ions decreased in all materials, except for EX. The effect of thermocycling on the ion elution of the 1F group of Z (Al, Be, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, K, Li, P, Y, and Zn), S (As, Be, Cd, Co, Cr, K, P, and Y), EX (B, Cu, and P), and E (B and Ba); 2F group of Z (Al, Be, Ca, Co, Cr, Cu, K, Li, P, and Y), S (Be, Cd, Co, K, Li, and Y), EX (P), and E (P); 4F group of Z (Al, As, Ba, Be, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, K, Li, P, and Y), S (Al, Be, Cd, Co, Cr, Li, Mg, and Y), EX (Be, Ca, Cd, Co, K, Y, and Zn), and E (Ca and P) was nonsignificant (P≥.051). The interaction between material and repeated firings (P<.001) had a significant effect on Ra. For 1F groups, E showed the highest Ra (P≤.003), while Z had higher Ra than S (P=.009). For 2F groups, Z had higher Ra than S (P=.01). The differences among 4F groups were nonsignificant (P≥.677). An increased number of repeated firings (2F and 4F) decreased the Ra of E (P<.001). CONCLUSIONS The effect of repeated firings and thermocycling on the chemical stability of the tested CAD-CAM materials varied. No clear trend was observed on the elution of different ions within material-firing pairs before thermocycling. However, thermocycling increased the number of significantly higher eluted ions for EX. The effect of thermocycling on the ion elution of materials varied depending on ions. Repeated firings decreased the surface roughness of E.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murat Sert
- Assistant Professor, Department of Medical Laboratory Techniques, Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Meryem Gülce Subaşı
- Associate Professor, Department of Prosthodontics, Kütahya Health Sciences University, Faculty of Dentistry, Kütahya, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Borga Donmez
- Assistant Professor, Department of Prosthodontics, Istinye University, Faculty of Dentistry, Istanbul, Turkey; Visiting Researcher, Department of Reconstructive Dentistry and Gerodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Gülce Çakmak
- Senior Research Associate, Department of Reconstructive Dentistry and Gerodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Burak Yilmaz
- Associate Professor, Department of Reconstructive Dentistry and Gerodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Associate Professor, Department of Restorative, Preventive and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Adjunct Professor, Division of Restorative and Prosthetic Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
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Önöral Ö, Ongun S, Günal B. Evaluation of surface characterization and mechanical features of resin-matrix ceramics before and after different surface treatments. J Prosthet Dent 2022; 127:928.e1-928.e8. [PMID: 35568526 DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2022.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM Surface treatments (STs) required for micromechanical interlocking can lead to alterations in the surface characterization and mechanical features of the resin-matrix ceramics (RMCs), which may jeopardize the long-term outcome of an indirect restoration. However, evidence on this issue is lacking. PURPOSE The purpose of this in vitro study was to assess the influence of different STs on the surface roughness (SR), water contact angle (WCA), and flexural strength (FS) of RMCs. MATERIAL AND METHODS Two hundred rectangular plates (12×14×1 mm) were prepared from 5 different RMC ingots, including a polymer-infiltrated ceramic network (Vita Enamic [VE]), 2 resin nanoceramics (Lava Ultimate [LU], Grandio Blocks [GB]), a flexible nanoparticle-filled resin (GC Cerasmart [GC]), and a reinforced composite resin (Brilliant Crios [BC]). Plates of each RMC group were further divided into 4 subgroups according to the ST applied: Control, no treatment (C); airborne-particle abrasion with aluminum oxide particles (APA); 2W- and 3W-Er,Cr:YSGG laser irradiations (LI2W, LI3W) (n=10 per ST). The SR (Ra) of each plate was recorded with a contact profilometer. WCAs (θ) of distilled water on the plates were determined by using the sessile-drop method. The FS (MPa) of each plate was measured with a universal testing machine. Data acquired for SR, WCA, and FS were statistically analyzed (α=.05). Weibull statistics were also conducted to determine the reliability of each material. RESULTS The 2-way ANOVA showed that SR, WCA, and FS values were significantly influenced not only by all tested variables but also by their interaction terms (P<.001). All STs significantly increased the SR values (P<.05). Maximum and minimum SR values were recorded in GC-LI3W (7.06 ±0.16) and GC-C (0.07 ±0.02) groups. After STs, WCA values significantly diminished (P<.05). Maximum and minimum WCA values were recorded in LU-C (61.74 ±2.45) and VE-APA (40.38 ±1.56) groups. All STs significantly reduced the FS values (P<.05). The upper and lower FS bounds were 140.7 ±17.07 and 60.66 ±6.31, respectively, set by VG-C and GC-APA. Weibull distribution indicated that the untreated groups presented the highest m values. Among the treated groups, BC-LI3W demonstrated superior reliability (m=14.04). CONCLUSIONS APA for LU, LI2W for VG and BC, and LI3W for GC and VE can be preferred. Although APA increased the SR and provided more wettable surfaces, it caused considerable loss of FS. Therefore, LI can be recommended as a safer ST for RMCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Özay Önöral
- Associate Professor, Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Near East University, Nicosia, Mersin, Turkey.
| | - Salim Ongun
- Assistant Professor, Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Near East University, Nicosia, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Burcu Günal
- Associate Professor, Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Near East University, Nicosia, Mersin, Turkey
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Surface Modification to Modulate Microbial Biofilms-Applications in Dental Medicine. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14226994. [PMID: 34832390 PMCID: PMC8625127 DOI: 10.3390/ma14226994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Recent progress in materials science and nanotechnology has led to the development of advanced materials with multifunctional properties. Dental medicine has benefited from the design of such materials and coatings in providing patients with tailored implants and improved materials for restorative and functional use. Such materials and coatings allow for better acceptance by the host body, promote successful implantation and determine a reduced inflammatory response after contact with the materials. Since numerous dental pathologies are influenced by the presence and activity of some pathogenic microorganisms, novel materials are needed to overcome this challenge as well. This paper aimed to reveal and discuss the most recent and innovative progress made in the field of materials surface modification in terms of microbial attachment inhibition and biofilm formation, with a direct impact on dental medicine.
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11
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Atalay S, Çakmak G, Fonseca M, Schimmel M, Yilmaz B. Effect of thermocycling on the surface properties of CAD-CAM denture base materials after different surface treatments. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2021; 121:104646. [PMID: 34166873 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2021.104646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the effect of thermocycling on the water contact angle (WCA), surface roughness (SR), and microhardness (MH) of different CAD-CAM PMMA denture base materials after different surface treatments (conventional laboratory polishing, polishing kit, or surface sealant). MATERIALS AND METHODS Disk-shaped specimens (10 × 2 mm) of 3 different CAD-CAM PMMAs, AvaDent (AV); Merz M-PM (M-PM); Polident (Poli), and a conventional heat-polymerized PMMA (Vynacron) (CV) (n=21) were divided into 3 different surface treatment groups (n=7): conventional laboratory polishing (CLP), polishing with acrylic resin polisher kit (PK), and a surface sealant (Palaseal) (SSC). Stereomicroscopic images were taken both before and after thermocycling. WCA, SR, and MH of all specimens were measured before and after thermocycling and compared by using a 2-way ANOVA (α=0.05). RESULTS After thermocycling, WCA significantly increased for CLP- or PK -applied (P<.001) specimens of all materials and SSC-applied M-PM (P=.002), SR significantly increased for CLP-applied M-PM (P=.027) and PK-applied Poli (P=.041), and MH significantly decreased for CLP- or PK-applied AV (P = .001, P < .001, respectively), CV (P=.033, P=.023, respectively), and M-PM (P=.003, P=.001, respectively), SSC-applied M-PM (P<.001), and CLP-applied Poli (P<.001). Stereomicroscopic images revealed rougher surfaces for PK-applied specimens. CONCLUSIONS After thermocycling, surface treatment had a significant effect on water contact angle and surface roughness. CLP or PK application resulted in hydrophobic surfaces compared with before thermocycling. CLP or SSC application on CAD-CAM PMMAs resulted in smoother surfaces. Thermocycling lowered the microhardness of all PMMAs, and the decrease was significant in CLP- or PK-applied PMMAs, except for PK-applied Poli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sevda Atalay
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Istanbul Okan University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gülce Çakmak
- Buser Foundation Scholar, Department of Reconstructive Dentistry and Gerodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Manrique Fonseca
- Department of Reconstructive Dentistry and Gerodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Martin Schimmel
- Department of Reconstructive Dentistry and Gerodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Division of Gerodontology and Removable Prosthodontics, University Clinics of Dental Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Burak Yilmaz
- Department of Reconstructive Dentistry and Gerodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Department of Restorative, Preventive and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Division of Restorative and Prosthetic Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Ohio, USA
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