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Popowics TE, Hwang I, Lu J, Nguyen T, Sample M, Sangster A, Tang D, Dennison CR, Romanyk DL, Rafferty K, Greenlee G. In vivo measurement of strain in the periodontal space of pig (Sus scrofa) incisors using in-fiber Bragg sensors. J Morphol 2024; 285:e21738. [PMID: 38783683 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.21738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
The incisor teeth in pigs, Sus scrofa, function in association with a disc-shaped snout to explore the environment for potential food. Understanding how mechanical loading applied to the tooth deforms the periodontal ligament (PDL) is important to determining the role of periodontal mechanoreceptors during food exploration and feeding. The objective of this study was to use fiber Bragg (FBG) sensors to measure strain in vivo within the PDL space of pig incisors. The central mandibular incisors of pigs underwent spring loaded lingual tipping during FBG strain recording within the labial periodontal space. FBG sensors were placed within the periodontal space of the central mandibular incisors of ~2-3-month-old farm pigs. The magnitude and orientation of spring loads are expected to mimic incisor contact with food. During incisor tipping with load calibrated springs, FBG strains in vitro (N = 6) and in vivo (N = 6) recorded at comparable load levels overlapped in range (-10-20 με). Linear regressions between peak FBG strains, that is, the highest recorded strain value, and baseline strains, that is, strain without applied spring load, were significant across all in vivo experiments (peak strain at 200 g vs. baseline, p = .04; peak strain at 2000 g vs. baseline p = .03; peak strain at 2000 g vs. 200 g, p = .004). These linear relationships indicate that on a per experiment basis, the maximum measured strain at different spring loads showed predictable differences. A Friedman test of the absolute value of peak strain confirmed the significant increase in strain between baseline, 200 g, and 2000 g spring activation (p = .02). Mainly compressive strains were recorded in the labial PDL space and increases in spring load applied in vivo generated increases in FBG strain measurements. These results demonstrate the capacity for FBG sensors to be used in vivo to assess transmission of occlusal loads through the periodontium. PDL strain is associated with mechanoreceptor stimulation and is expected to affect the functional morphology of the incisors. The overall low levels of strain observed may correspond with the robust functional morphology of pig incisors and the tendency for pigs to encounter diverse foods and substrates during food exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy E Popowics
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Isabelle Hwang
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, University of Washington School of Dentistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jason Lu
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, University of Washington School of Dentistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Tammy Nguyen
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, University of Washington School of Dentistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Morgan Sample
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, University of Washington School of Dentistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Anissa Sangster
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, University of Washington School of Dentistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Derrick Tang
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Dan L Romanyk
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Katherine Rafferty
- Department of Orthodontics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Geoffrey Greenlee
- Department of Orthodontics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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2
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Zhang J, Li X, Tian Y, Zou J, Gan D, Deng D, Jiao C, Yin Y, Tian B, Wu R, Chen F, He X. Harnessing Mechanical Stress with Viscoelastic Biomaterials for Periodontal Ligament Regeneration. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2309562. [PMID: 38460171 PMCID: PMC11095218 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202309562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
The viscoelasticity of mechanically sensitive tissues such as periodontal ligaments (PDLs) is key in maintaining mechanical homeostasis. Unfortunately, PDLs easily lose viscoelasticity (e.g., stress relaxation) during periodontitis or dental trauma, which disrupt cell-extracellular matrix (ECM) interactions and accelerates tissue damage. Here, Pluronic F127 diacrylate (F127DA) hydrogels with PDL-matched stress relaxation rates and high elastic moduli are developed. The hydrogel viscoelasticity is modulated without chemical cross-linking by controlling precursor concentrations. Under cytomechanical loading, F127DA hydrogels with fast relaxation rates significantly improved the fibrogenic differentiation potential of PDL stem cells (PDLSCs), while cells cultured on F127DA hydrogels with various stress relaxation rates exhibited similar fibrogenic differentiation potentials with limited cell spreading and traction forces under static conditions. Mechanically, faster-relaxing F127DA hydrogels leveraged cytomechanical loading to activate PDLSC mechanotransduction by upregulating integrin-focal adhesion kinase pathway and thus cytoskeletal rearrangement, reinforcing cell-ECM interactions. In vivo experiments confirm that faster-relaxing F127DA hydrogels significantly promoted PDL repair and reduced abnormal healing (e.g., root resorption and ankyloses) in delayed replantation of avulsed teeth. This study firstly investigated how matrix nonlinear viscoelasticity influences the fibrogenesis of PDLSCs under mechanical stimuli, and it reveals the underlying mechanobiology, which suggests novel strategies for PDL regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiu‐Jiu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi'an710032China
| | - Xuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi'an710032China
| | - Yi Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi'an710032China
| | - Jie‐Kang Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi'an710032China
| | - Dian Gan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi'an710032China
| | - Dao‐Kun Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi'an710032China
| | - Chen Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi'an710032China
| | - Yuan Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi'an710032China
| | - Bei‐Min Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi'an710032China
| | - Rui‐Xin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi'an710032China
| | - Fa‐Ming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi'an710032China
| | - Xiao‐Tao He
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi'an710032China
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Adanty K, Bhagavathula KB, Rabey KN, Doschak MR, Adeeb S, Hogan JD, Ouellet S, Plaisted TA, Satapathy SS, Romanyk DL, Dennison CR. The effect of morphometric and geometric indices of the human calvarium on mechanical response. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2023; 107:106012. [PMID: 37295339 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2023.106012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND When developing a surrogate model of the human skull, there is a multitude of morphometric and geometric properties to consider when constructing the model. To simplify this approach, it is important to identify only the properties that have a significant influence on the mechanical response of the skull. The objective of this study was to identify which morphometric and geometric properties of the calvarium were significant predictors of mechanical response. METHODS Calvarium specimens (N = 24) were micro-computed tomography scanned to determine morphometric and geometric properties. The specimens were assumed to be Euler-Bernoulli beams and were subject to 4-point quasi-static bending to determine mechanical response. Univariate linear regressions were performed whereby the morphometric and geometric properties were independent or predictor variables and the mechanical responses were dependent or outcome variables. FINDINGS Nine significant linear regression models were established (p < 0.05). In the diploë, trabecular bone pattern factor was a significant predictor of force and bending moment at fracture. The inner cortical table had more significant predictors (thickness, tissue mineral density, and porosity) of mechanical response compared to the outer cortical table and diploë. INTERPRETATION Morphometric and geometric properties had a key influence on the calvarium's biomechanics. Trabecular bone pattern factor and the morphometry and geometry of the cortical tables must be considered when evaluating the mechanical response of the calvarium. These properties can aid the design of surrogate models of the skull that seek to mimic its mechanical response for head impact simulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Adanty
- University of Alberta, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Edmonton, Canada.
| | | | - Karyne N Rabey
- University of Alberta, Department of Surgery 2D, Walter C Mackenzie Health Sciences Centre 8440 - 112 Street University of Alberta Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2B7, Canada; University of Alberta, Department of Anthropology, 13-15 Tory Building, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2H4, Canada
| | - Michael R Doschak
- University of Alberta, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-35 Medical Sciences Building 8613 - 114 Street, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Samer Adeeb
- University of Alberta, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 7-203 Danadeo Innovation Centre for Engineering 9211-116 Street NW University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - James D Hogan
- University of Alberta, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Simon Ouellet
- Defence Research and Development Canada, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Thomas A Plaisted
- US Army Combat Capabilities Development Command - Army Research Laboratory, MD, USA
| | - Sikhanda S Satapathy
- US Army Combat Capabilities Development Command - Army Research Laboratory, MD, USA
| | - Dan L Romanyk
- University of Alberta, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Edmonton, Canada; University of Alberta, School of Dentistry, Katz Group Centre for Pharmacy and Health Research 87 Avenue - 114 Street, 7-020H Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Christopher R Dennison
- University of Alberta, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Edmonton, Canada; University of Victoria, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Victoria, Canada
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Adanty K, Bhagavathula KB, Tronchin O, Li DX, Rabey KN, Doschak MR, Adeeb S, Hogan J, Ouellet S, Plaisted TA, Satapathy SS, Romanyk DL, Dennison CR. The Mechanical Characterization and Comparions of Male and Female Calvaria Under Four-Point Bending Impacts. J Biomech Eng 2023; 145:1153590. [PMID: 36511109 DOI: 10.1115/1.4056459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The circumstances in which we mechanically test and critically assess human calvarium tissue would find relevance under conditions encompassing real-world head impacts. These conditions include, among other variables, impact velocities, and strain rates. Compared to quasi-static loading on calvaria, there is less reporting on the impact loading of the calvaria and consequently, there are relatively fewer mechanical properties on calvaria at relevant impact loading rates available in the literature. The purpose of this work was to report on the mechanical response of 23 human calvarium specimens subjected to dynamic four-point bending impacts. Impacts were performed using a custom-built four-point impact apparatus at impact velocities of 0.86-0.89 m/s resulting in surface strain rates of 2-3/s-representative of strain rates observed in vehicle collisions and blunt impacts. The study revealed comparable effective bending moduli (11-15 GPa) to the limited work reported on the impact mechanics of calvaria in the literature, however, fracture bending stress (10-47 MPa) was relatively less. As expected, surface strains at fracture (0.21-0.25%) were less compared to studies that performed quasi-static bending. Moreover, the study revealed no significant differences in mechanical response between male and female calvaria. The findings presented in this work are relevant to many areas including validating surrogate skull fracture models in silico or laboratory during impact and optimizing protective devices used by civilians to reduce the risk of a serious head injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Adanty
- Biomedical Instrumentation Laboratory, Donadeo Innovation Center for Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, 9211 116 Street NW, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Kapil B Bhagavathula
- Donadeo Innovation Center for Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, 9211 116 Street NW, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Olivia Tronchin
- Biomedical Instrumentation Laboratory, Donadeo Innovation Center for Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, 9211 116 Street NW, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - David X Li
- Biomedical Instrumentation Laboratory, Donadeo Innovation Center for Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, 9211 116 Street NW, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Karyne N Rabey
- Department of Surgery, Division of Anatomy, University of Alberta, 2J2.00 WC Mackenzie Health Sciences Centre, 8440-112 Street NW, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R7, Canada; Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Arts, University of Alberta, 13-15 Tory Building, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H4, Canada
| | - Michael R Doschak
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Medical Sciences Building, 8613 114 Street NW, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Samer Adeeb
- Donadeo Innovation Centre for Engineering, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, 9211 116 Street NW, Edmonton, AB T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - James Hogan
- Donadeo Innovation Center for Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, 9211 116 Street NW, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Simon Ouellet
- Defense Research and Development Canada, Valcartier Research Centre, 2459, de la, Route de la Bravoure, Quebec City, QC G3J 1X5, Canada
| | - Thomas A Plaisted
- U.S. Army Combat Capabilities Development Command, Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21005
| | - Sikhanda S Satapathy
- U.S. Army Combat Capabilities Development Command, Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21005
| | - Dan L Romanyk
- Donadeo Innovation Center for Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, 9211 116 Street NW, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada; School of Dentistry, University of Alberta, 7-020 H Katz Group Centre for Pharmacy and Health Research, 87 Ave 114 Street, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Christopher R Dennison
- Biomedical Instrumentation Laboratory, Donadeo Innovation Center for Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, 9211 116 Street NW, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada; Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Victoria, Engineering Office Wing, Room 548 3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada
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5
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Houg KP, Camarillo AM, Doschak MR, Major PW, Popowics T, Dennison CR, Romanyk DL. Strain Measurement within an Intact Swine Periodontal Ligament. J Dent Res 2022; 101:1474-1480. [PMID: 35689395 PMCID: PMC9605999 DOI: 10.1177/00220345221100234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The periodontal ligament (PDL) provides support, proprioception, nutrition, and protection within the tooth–PDL–bone complex (TPBC). While understanding the mechanical behavior of the PDL is critical, current research has inferred PDL mechanics from finite element models, from experimental measures on complete TPBCs, or through direct measurement of isolated PDL sections. Here, transducers are used in an attempt to quantify ex vivo PDL strain. In-fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors are small flexible sensors that can be placed within an intact TPBC and yield repeatable strain measurements from within the PDL space. The objective of this study was to determine: 1) if the FBG strain measured from the PDL space of intact swine premolars ex vivo was equivalent to physical PDL strains estimated through finite element analysis and 2) if a change in FBG strain could be linearly related to a change in finite element strain under variable tooth displacement, applied to an intact swine TPBC. Experimentally, individual TPBCs were subjected to 2 displacements (n = 14). The location of the FBG was determined from representative micro–computed tomography images. From a linear elastic finite element model of a TPBC, the strain magnitudes at the sensor locations were recorded. An experimental ratio (i.e., FBG strain at the first displacement divided by the FBG strain at the second displacement) and a finite element ratio (i.e., finite element strain at the first displacement divided by the finite element strain at the second displacement) were calculated. A linear regression model indicated a statistically significant relationship between the experimental and finite element ratio (P = 0.017) with a correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.448. It was concluded that the FBG sensor could be used as a measure for a change in strain and thus could be implemented in applications where the mechanical properties of an intact PDL are monitored over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- K P Houg
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - A M Camarillo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - M R Doschak
- Faculty of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - P W Major
- School of Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - T Popowics
- Department of Oral Health Science, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - C R Dennison
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - D L Romanyk
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,School of Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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