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Mahmoudi Meimand N, Tsoi JKH, Burrow MF, He J, Cho K. A comparative study on the mechanical and antibacterial properties of BPA-free dental resin composites. Dent Mater 2024; 40:e31-e39. [PMID: 38926013 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2024.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 06/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The commonly used base monomer utilized in resinous commercial dental restorative products is bis-GMA which is derived from bisphenol-A (BPA) - a well-known compound which may disrupt endocrine functions. To address concerns about its leaching into the oral environment and to optimize the quality of dental composites, a BPA-free alternative base monomer, fluorinated urethane dimethacrylate (FUDMA), was designed by modifying a UDMA monomer system. METHODS Nine groups of composites were prepared by mixing the base monomers and TEGDMA in a ratio of 70/30 wt% to which were added silanized glass particles (mean diameter: 0.7 µm) in 3 different volume fractions (40, 45, and 50 vol%). Bis-GMA and UDMA base monomers were used as control groups in the same ratios. Various properties including degree of conversion (DC), flexural strength (FS) and flexural modulus (FM), water sorption (WS), solubility (SL), surface hardness and roughness, and initial adhesion property against S.mutans were investigated. One-way analysis of variance followed by Bonferroni test at α = 0.05 was used to analyze the results. RESULTS A significant difference in FS between FUDMA-based composite with 40 vol% filler (120.3 ± 10.4 MPa) and Bis-GMA-based composite with the same filler fraction (105.8 ± 10.0 MPa) was observed but there was no significant difference among other groups. The UDMA based group exhibited the highest WS (1.3 ± 0.3 %). Bis-GMA showed greater initial bacterial adhesion but was not statistically different from the other groups (p = 0.082). SIGNIFICANCE FUDMA-based resin composites exhibit comparable mechanical and bacterial adhesion properties compared with Bis-GMA and UDMA-based composites. The FUDMA composites show positive outcomes indicating they could be used as substitute composites to Bis-GMA-based composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Negar Mahmoudi Meimand
- Dental Materials Science, Division of Applied Oral Sciences and Community Dental Care, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - James Kit Hon Tsoi
- Dental Materials Science, Division of Applied Oral Sciences and Community Dental Care, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Michael Francis Burrow
- Prosthodontics, Division of Restorative Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jingwei He
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, PR China
| | - Kiho Cho
- Dental Materials Science, Division of Applied Oral Sciences and Community Dental Care, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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Wang X, Ding T. A Review on the Current State of Microcapsule-Based Self-Healing Dental Composites. J Funct Biomater 2024; 15:165. [PMID: 38921538 PMCID: PMC11204524 DOI: 10.3390/jfb15060165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Resin-based dental composites, commonly used in dentistry, offer several advantages including minimally invasive application, esthetically pleasing appearance, and good physical and mechanical properties. However, these dental composites can be susceptible to microcracks due to various factors in the complex oral environment. These microcracks can potentially lead to clinical restoration failure. Conventional materials and methods are inadequate for detecting and repairing these microcracks in situ. Consequently, incorporating self-healing properties into dental composites has become a necessity. Recent years have witnessed rapid advancements in self-healing polymer materials, drawing inspiration from biological bionics. Microcapsule-based self-healing dental composites (SHDCs) represent some of the most prevalent types of self-healing materials utilized in this domain. In this article, we undertake a comprehensive review of the most recent literature, highlighting key insights and findings related to microcapsule-based SHDCs. Our discussion centers particularly on the preparation techniques, application methods, and the promising future of self-healing microcapsules in the field of dentistry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tian Ding
- School of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration, No. 44-1 Wenhua Road West, Jinan 250012, China;
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He X, Zhang S, Zhong Y, Huang X, Liu F, He J, Mai S. A low-shrinkage-stress and anti-bacterial adherent dental resin composite: physicochemical properties and biocompatibility. J Mater Chem B 2024; 12:814-827. [PMID: 38189164 DOI: 10.1039/d3tb01556d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Polymerisation shrinkage and biofilm accumulation are the two main problems associated with dental resin composites (DRCs) that induce secondary caries, which can cause restoration failure. Polymerisation shrinkage can lead to microleakage gaps between the tooth and the DRCs, causing the aggregation of bacteria and development of secondary caries. Reducing the shrinkage stress (SS) and improving the resistance to bacterial adhesion have always been the focus of this field in modifying DRCs. A thiol-ene resin system can effectively reduce the polymerisation SS via its step-growth mechanism for delaying the gel point. Fluorinated compounds can reduce the surface free energies, thereby reducing bacterial adhesion. Thus, in this study, a range of mass fractions (0, 10, 20, 30, and 40 wt%) of a fluorinated thiol-ene resin system were added to a fluorinated dimethacrylate resin system/tricyclo decanedimethanol diacrylate to create a fluorinated methacrylate-thiol-ene ternary resin matrix. DRCs were prepared using the obtained ternary resin matrix, and their physical and chemical properties, effect on bacterial adhesion, and biocompatibility were investigated. The results demonstrated that the volumetric shrinkage and SS of the DRCs were reduced with no reduction in conversion degree even after the thiol-ene resin system was added. All DRC-based fluorinated resin systems exhibited an excellent anti-bacterial adhesion effect, as evidenced by the colony-forming unit counts, live/dead bacterial staining, and crystal violet staining tests against Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans). The genetic expressions associated with the bacterial adhesion of S. mutans were substantially affected after being cultured with fluorinated DRCs. All fluorinated DRCs demonstrated good biocompatibility through the in vitro cytotoxicity test and live/dead staining images of the L-929 cells. The above results illustrate that the DRCs based on the fluorinated methacrylate-thiol-ene resin matrix can be potentially applied in clinical practice due to their low SS and anti-bacterial adhesion effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinlin He
- Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510055, People's Republic of China.
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, 510055, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510055, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengcan Zhang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510641, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yewen Zhong
- Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510055, People's Republic of China.
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, 510055, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510055, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangya Huang
- Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510055, People's Republic of China.
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, 510055, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510055, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Liu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510641, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jingwei He
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510641, People's Republic of China.
| | - Sui Mai
- Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510055, People's Republic of China.
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, 510055, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510055, People's Republic of China
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Zhang S, Liu F, He J. Enhanced anti-bacterial adhesion effect of FDMA/SR833s based dental resin composites by using 1H,1H-heptafluorobutyl methacrylate as partial diluent. Biomater Investig Dent 2023; 10:2281090. [PMID: 38979097 PMCID: PMC11229670 DOI: 10.1080/26415275.2023.2281090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2024] Open
Abstract
With the purpose of further reducing surface free energy to achieve better anti-bacterial adhesion effect of fluorinated dimethacrylate (FDMA)/tricyclo (5.2.1.0) decanedimethanol diacrylate (SR833s) based dental resin composites (DS), 1H,1H-heptafluorobutyl methacrylate (FBMA) was used to partially replace SR933s as reactive diluent. According to the degree of substitution, the obtained resin composites were marked as DSF-1 (20 wt.% of SR833s was replaced by FBMA), DSF-2 (40 wt.% of SR833s was replaced by FBMA), and DSF-3 (60 wt.% of SR833s was replaced by FBMA). Bisphenol A glycidyl dimethacrylate (Bis-GMA)/triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA) based resin composite (BT) was used as control. The influence of FBMA concentration on double bond conversion (DC), contact angle, surface free energy, anti-bacterial adhesion effect against Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans), volumetric shrinkage (VS) and shrinkage stress (SS), flexural strength (FS) and modulus (FM), water sorption (WS) and solubility (SL) were investigated. The results showed that FBMA addition could reduce surface free energy from 44.6 mN/m for DS to 32.9 mN/m for DSF-3, and lead to better anti-bacterial adhesion effect (the amounts of adherent bacteria decreased from 2.03 × 105 CFU/mm2 for DS to 6.44 × 104 CFU/mm2 for DSF-3). The FBMA had no negative effects on DC, VS, SS, WS, and SL. Too high a concentration of FBMA reduced FS and FM before water immersion, but the values were still higher than those of BT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengcan Zhang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, China
| | - Fang Liu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, China
| | - Jingwei He
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, China
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Tian J, Wu Z, Wang Y, Han C, Zhou Z, Guo D, Lin Y, Ye Z, Fu J. Multifunctional dental resin composite with antibacterial and remineralization properties containing nMgO-BAG. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2023; 141:105783. [PMID: 36996527 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2023.105783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023]
Abstract
The inherent characteristics of resin composite can lead to micro-leakage after polymerization shrinkage. The bacteria invasion through edge micro-leakage and attachment onto the material surface can cause secondary caries, reducing the service life of resin composites. In this study, magnesium oxide nanoparticles (nMgO) as an inorganic antimicrobial agent and bioactive glass (BAG) as a remineralization agent were simultaneously incorporated into the resin composite. With the addition of both nMgO and BAG, the resin composite showed an excellent antimicrobial effect compared to the resin composite with nMgO or BAG only. The remineralization capacity of demineralized dentin increased with the increasing content of BAG. Vickers hardness, compressive strength, and flexural strength of the resin composite with nMgO-BAG were not significantly affected compared to the ones with the same total filler amount but with BAG only. The depth of cure and water sorption values of the resin composite showed an increasing trend with the increasing total amount of nMgO and BAG fillers. This developed multifunctional resin composite is expected to reduce bacterial invasion and promote remineralization of early caries damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Tian
- Department of Prosthodontics, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China; School of Stomatology, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhongyuan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- Department of Prosthodontics, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China; School of Stomatology, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Chunhua Han
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Zixuan Zhou
- Department of Prosthodontics, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China; School of Stomatology, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Di Guo
- Department of Prosthodontics, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China; School of Stomatology, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yifan Lin
- Division of Paediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhou Ye
- Applied Oral Sciences and Community Dental Care, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, China.
| | - Jing Fu
- Department of Prosthodontics, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China; School of Stomatology, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
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He J, Lassila L, Garoushi S, Vallittu P. Tailoring the monomers to overcome the shortcomings of current dental resin composites - review. Biomater Investig Dent 2023; 10:2191621. [PMID: 37090482 PMCID: PMC10120559 DOI: 10.1080/26415275.2023.2191621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Dental resin composites (DRCs) have become the first choice among different restorative materials for direct anterior and posterior restorations in the clinic. Though the properties of DRCs have been improved greatly in recent years, they still have several shortcomings, such as volumetric shrinkage and shrinkage stress, biofilm development, lack of radio-opacity for some specific DRCs, and estrogenicity, which need to be overcome. The resin matrix, composed of different monomers, constitutes the continuous phase and determine the performance of DRCs. Thus, the chemical structure of the monomers plays an important role in modifying the properties of DRCs. Numerous researchers have taken to design and develop novel monomers with specific functions for the purpose of fulfilling the needs in dentistry. In this review, the development of monomers in DRCs were highlighted, especially focusing on strategies aimed at reducing volumetric shrinkage and shrinkage stress, endowing bacteriocidal and antibacterial adhesion activities as well as protein-repelling activity, increasing radio-opacity, and replacing Bis-GMA. The influences of these novel monomers on the properties of DRCs were also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwei He
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Biomaterials Science and Turku Clinical Biomaterials Center-TCBC, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- CONTACT Jingwei He College of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lippo Lassila
- Department of Biomaterials Science and Turku Clinical Biomaterials Center-TCBC, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Sufyan Garoushi
- Department of Biomaterials Science and Turku Clinical Biomaterials Center-TCBC, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Pekka Vallittu
- Department of Biomaterials Science and Turku Clinical Biomaterials Center-TCBC, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Wellbeing Services County of South-West Finland, Turku, Finland
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Yang H, Xie X, Li X, Bai Y. Polymethyl methacrylate resin containing ε-poly-L-lysine and 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine with antimicrobial effects. J Prosthet Dent 2023; 129:228.e1-228.e8. [PMID: 36476985 DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2022.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
Abstract
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) is commonly used in dentistry, including as a denture base material. However, the colonization of a PMMA surface by microbial microorganisms could increase the risk of oral diseases such as denture stomatitis and gingivitis. The development of PMMA with antibacterial properties should improve its clinical application, but whether adding ε-poly-L-lysine (ε-PL) and 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine (MPC) provides antimicrobial effects is unclear. PURPOSE This in vitro study aimed to develop a novel antibacterial PMMA resin containing the natural nontoxic antibacterial agent ε-PL and the protein repellent agent MPC. The mechanical properties, protein repellency, and antimicrobial activities of the resin were then evaluated. MATERIAL AND METHODS Different mass fractions of ε-PL and MPC were mixed into PMMA as the experimental groups, with unaltered PMMA as the control group. The flexural strength (n=10) and surface roughness (n=6) of the resulting mixtures were measured to determine their mechanical properties. The antiprotein properties were measured by using the micro bicinchoninic acid method (n=6). The antimicrobial effect of the resin was assessed using live/dead staining (n=6) and methyltransferase (MTT) assays (n=10). According to the variance homogeneity and normal distribution results, 1-way analysis of variance followed by the Tukey honestly significant difference test or the Welch test and the Games-Howell test were used (α=.05 for all tests). RESULTS No significant differences were found in the flexural strength values and surface roughness of the specimens containing 1.5% MPC and 1.5% ε-PL compared with those of the control (P>.05). The addition of ε-PL to the PMMA resin alone significantly increased its bactericidal properties (P<.05). Adding both ε-PL and MPC further increased the antibacterial activity of the PMMA resin without increasing protein adhesion more than in the control group. CONCLUSIONS The incorporation of both ε-PL and MPC into PMMA improved its antibacterial capacity without affecting its mechanical properties and did not increase protein adhesion. Therefore, the novel PMMA fabricated in this study shows promise for dental applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Yang
- Dental student, Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xianju Xie
- Associate Professor, Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xiaowei Li
- Assistant Professor, Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yuxing Bai
- Professor, Dean, Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China.
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He X, Ye L, He R, He J, Ouyang S, Zhang J. Antibacterial dental resin composites (DRCs) with synthesized bis-quaternary ammonium monomethacrylates as antibacterial agents. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2022; 135:105487. [PMID: 36179614 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2022.105487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Three bi-quaternary ammonium methacrylates (biQAMA-12, biQAMA-14, and biQAMA-16) with different alkyl chain length were synthesized with the purpose of endowing dental resin composites (DRCs) with antibacterial activity without sacrificing physicochemical properties of DRCs. All of biQAMAs were confirmed by 1H-NMR spectra and incorporated into Bis-GMA/TEGDMA (60 wt/40 wt) resin matrix with a mass fraction of 5 wt% as antibacterial agent. The obtained resin matrixes were mixed with commercial silaned glass fillers at a mass ratio of 30 wt/70 wt to prepare antibacterial DRCs. The double bond conversion (DC), antibacterial activity against S. mutans., surface charge density, water contact angle, water sorption (WS) and solubility (SL), mechanical properties, and cytotoxicity of biQAMAs containing DRCs were investigated. The DRC without biQAMAs was used as control. The results showed that all biQAMAs containing DRCs had antibacterial rate higher than 90%, and DRC with biQAMA-12 had the highest antibacterial rate due to its highest surface charge density. Adding 5 wt% of biQAMAs would not bring out negative effect on physicochemical properties of DRCs, except for increasing WS, but the resultant WS still met the ISO requirement on WS of restorative materials. Both biQAMA-14 and biQAMA-16 containing DRCs showed higher cytotoxicity than control, thus biQAMA-12 was considered as the optimal antibacterial agent in this research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling He
- Key Laboratory of 3D Printing Technology in Stomatology, The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523710, Guangdong, China
| | - Linyan Ye
- Key Laboratory of 3D Printing Technology in Stomatology, The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523710, Guangdong, China
| | - Rouye He
- Key Laboratory of 3D Printing Technology in Stomatology, The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523710, Guangdong, China
| | - Jingwei He
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, Guangdong, China.
| | - Suidong Ouyang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523710, Guangdong, China
| | - Jingying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of 3D Printing Technology in Stomatology, The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523710, Guangdong, China.
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3-Year Clinical Performance of a New Pit and Fissure Sealant. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11133741. [PMID: 35807023 PMCID: PMC9267564 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11133741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this 3-year, randomized clinical trial (RCT) in split-mouth design was to explore the clinical survival of a Bis-GMA-free pit and fissure sealant (Helioseal F Plus) in comparison to a control material (Helioseal F). The initial population consisted of 92 adolescents. Follow-ups took place after one year (N = 85), two years (N = 82) and three years (N = 76) after application. At each examination, sealant retention and the presence of caries were recorded. The statistical analysis included the calculation of Kaplan–Meier survival curves, log-rank tests and a Cox proportional hazard regression model. No adverse events were documented. The proportion of completely intact sealants and those with minimal loss was almost identical in both groups, at 84.3% (Helioseal F; 113/134) and 81.7% (Helioseal F Plus; 107/131) after three years of observation. The regression analysis revealed an operator dependency, but no significant differences were found between the materials, the study centers, the chosen isolation technique, patient age or sex. After 3 years, 91.7% and 100.0% of all molars were free of non-cavitated carious lesions or carious cavities, respectively. It can be concluded that the new fissure sealing material can be considered as at least equivalent in terms of survival and retention behavior compared to the predecessor material.
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