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Doyle SE, Pannella M, Onofrillo C, Bellotti C, Di Bella C, O’Connell CD, Pirogova E, Lucarelli E, Duchi S. NEST3D printed bone-mimicking scaffolds: assessment of the effect of geometrical design on stiffness and angiogenic potential. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1353154. [PMID: 38516128 PMCID: PMC10955058 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1353154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Tissue-engineered implants for bone regeneration require consideration regarding their mineralization and vascularization capacity. Different geometries, such as biomimetic designs and lattices, can influence the mechanical properties and the vascularization capacity of bone-mimicking implants. Negative Embodied Sacrificial Template 3D (NEST3D) printing is a versatile technique across a wide range of materials that enables the production of bone-mimicking scaffolds. In this study, different scaffold motifs (logpile, Voronoi, and trabecular bone) were fabricated via NEST3D printing in polycaprolactone to determine the effect of geometrical design on stiffness (10.44 ± 6.71, 12.61 ± 5.71, and 25.93 ± 4.16 MPa, respectively) and vascularization. The same designs, in a polycaprolactone scaffold only, or when combined with gelatin methacryloyl, were then assessed for their ability to allow the infiltration of blood vessels in a chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay, a cost-effective and time-efficient in ovo assay to assess vascularization. Our findings showed that gelatin methacrylolyl alone did not allow new chorioallantoic membrane tissue or blood vessels to infiltrate within its structure. However, polycaprolactone on its own or when combined with gelatin methacrylolyl allowed tissue and vessel infiltration in all scaffold designs. The trabecular bone design showed the greatest mineralized matrix production over the three designs tested. This reinforces our hypothesis that both biomaterial choice and scaffold motifs are crucial components for a bone-mimicking scaffold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie E. Doyle
- Electrical and Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering. RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Aikenhead Centre for Medical Discovery (ACMD), St Vincent’s Hospital Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | - Micaela Pannella
- Osteoncology, Bone and Soft Tissue Sarcomas and Innovative Therapies Unit, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Carmine Onofrillo
- Aikenhead Centre for Medical Discovery (ACMD), St Vincent’s Hospital Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
- Department of Surgery, St Vincent’s Hospital, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | - Chiara Bellotti
- Osteoncology, Bone and Soft Tissue Sarcomas and Innovative Therapies Unit, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Claudia Di Bella
- Aikenhead Centre for Medical Discovery (ACMD), St Vincent’s Hospital Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
- Department of Surgery, St Vincent’s Hospital, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medicine, St Vincent’s Hospital Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | - Cathal D. O’Connell
- Electrical and Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering. RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Aikenhead Centre for Medical Discovery (ACMD), St Vincent’s Hospital Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | - Elena Pirogova
- Electrical and Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering. RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Enrico Lucarelli
- Osteoncology, Bone and Soft Tissue Sarcomas and Innovative Therapies Unit, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Serena Duchi
- Aikenhead Centre for Medical Discovery (ACMD), St Vincent’s Hospital Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
- Department of Surgery, St Vincent’s Hospital, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
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De Cet A, D'Andrea L, Gastaldi D, Baino F, Verné E, Örlygsson G, Vena P. Micro-CT imaging and finite element models reveal how sintering temperature affects the microstructure and strength of bioactive glass-derived scaffolds. Sci Rep 2024; 14:969. [PMID: 38200047 PMCID: PMC10781744 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-50255-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
This study focuses on the finite element simulation and micromechanical characterization of bioactive glass-ceramic scaffolds using Computed micro Tomography ([Formula: see text]CT) imaging. The main purpose of this work is to quantify the effect of sintering temperature on the morphometry and mechanical performance of the scaffolds. In particular, the scaffolds were produced using a novel bioactive glass material (47.5B) through foam replication, applying six different sintering temperatures. Through [Formula: see text]CT imaging, detailed three-dimensional images of the scaffold's internal structure are obtained, enabling the extraction of important geometric features and how these features change with sintering temperature. A finite element model is then developed based on the [Formula: see text]CT images to simulate the fracture process under uniaxial compression loading. The model incorporates scaffold heterogeneity and material properties-also depending on sintering temperature-to capture the mechanical response, including crack initiation, propagation, and failure. Scaffolds sintered at temperatures equal to or higher than 700 [Formula: see text]C exhibit two-scale porosity, with micro and macro pores. Finite element analyses revealed that the dual porosity significantly affects fracture mechanisms, as micro-pores attract cracks and weaken strength. Interestingly, scaffolds sintered at high temperatures, the overall strength of which is higher due to greater intrinsic strength, showed lower normalized strength compared to low-temperature scaffolds. By using a combined strategy of finite element simulation and [Formula: see text]CT-based characterization, bioactive glass-ceramic scaffolds can be optimized for bone tissue engineering applications by learning more about their micromechanical characteristics and fracture response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna De Cet
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Laboratory of Biological Structure Mechanics (LaBS)-Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca D'Andrea
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Laboratory of Biological Structure Mechanics (LaBS)-Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Dario Gastaldi
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Laboratory of Biological Structure Mechanics (LaBS)-Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Baino
- Institute of Materials Physics and Engineering, Department of Applied Science and Technology-Politecnico di Torino, 10129, Turin, Italy
| | - Enrica Verné
- Institute of Materials Physics and Engineering, Department of Applied Science and Technology-Politecnico di Torino, 10129, Turin, Italy
| | | | - Pasquale Vena
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Laboratory of Biological Structure Mechanics (LaBS)-Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133, Milan, Italy.
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