Design, fabrication, evaluation, and in vitro study of green biomaterial and antibacterial polymeric biofilms of polyvinyl alcohol/tannic acid/CuO/ SiO2

Developing and Screening of a Bacteria-Fighting and Moisture-Controlling Coccinia grandis and Poly(vinyl alcohol) Electrospun Nanofibrous Mat

Nanofibers are extensively employed in the antimicrobial industry owing to their remarkable properties and diverse applications. Managing wounds poses a significant and enduring challenge for healthcare systems globally. This study aims to produce and evaluate electrospun nanofiber mats made from poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and Coccinia grandis (C. grandis) leaf extract, highlighting the medicinal properties of this herbal product for potential biomedical applications (wound dressing). During the evaluations, a 60:40 ratio of PVA to leaf extract was found to be suitable, and the electrospinning process was utilized for production. Scanning electron microscopy was employed for morphological assessment, and an antibacterial assay was conducted against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Escherichia coli (E. coli) to evaluate cell cytotoxicity. Additionally, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and moisture management behavior (moisture management test) analyses were performed on the fabricated electrospun nanofibrous mat. The formation of small beads was confirmed, with the nanofibers having an average diameter of 295.07 ± 0.0032 nm and a porosity of approximately 76%, which is adequate for oxygen circulation and air ventilation, ensuring skin breathability. Gram-positive bacteria (S. aureus) exhibited a zone of inhibition (ZOI) of 14 mm, while Gram-negative bacteria (E. coli) showed a ZOI of 10 mm, attributed to the presence of a thick peptidoglycan cell wall in Gram-positive bacteria with no cell toxicity (100% cell viability). FTIR confirms the formation of weak van der Waals bonds and represents H-bonds between PVA polymer and C. grandis leaf extract. Furthermore, according to the MMT analysis, the electrospun nanofibrous mat demonstrates rapid absorption and slow drying properties. Therefore, the produced electrospun nanofibrous mat could prove beneficial for wound dressing purposes.

Optimizing Wound Healing: Examining the Influence of Biopolymers Through a Comprehensive Review of Nanohydrogel-Embedded Nanoparticles in Advancing Regenerative Medicine

Nanohydrogel wound healing refers to the use of nanotechnology-based hydrogel materials to promote the healing of wounds. Hydrogel dressings are made up of a three-dimensional network of hydrophilic polymers that can absorb and retain large amounts of water or other fluids. Nanohydrogels take this concept further by incorporating nanoscale particles or structures into the hydrogel matrix. These nanoparticles can be made of various materials, such as silver, zinc oxide, or nanoparticles derived from natural substances like chitosan. The inclusion of nanoparticles can provide additional properties and benefits to the hydrogel dressings. Nanohydrogels can be designed to release bioactive substances, such as growth factors or drugs, in a controlled manner. This allows for targeted delivery of therapeutics to the wound site, promoting healing and reducing inflammation. Nanoparticles can reinforce the structure of hydrogels, improving their mechanical strength and stability. Nanohydrogels often incorporate antimicrobial nanoparticles, such as silver or zinc oxide. These nanoparticles have shown effective antimicrobial activity against a wide range of bacteria, fungi, and other pathogens. By incorporating them into hydrogel dressings, nanohydrogels can help prevent or reduce the risk of infection in wounds. Nanohydrogels can be designed to encapsulate and release bioactive substances, such as growth factors, peptides, or drugs, in a controlled and sustained manner. This targeted delivery of therapeutic agents promotes wound healing by facilitating cell proliferation, reducing inflammation, and supporting tissue regeneration. The unique properties of nanohydrogels, including their ability to maintain a moist environment and deliver bioactive agents, can help accelerate the wound healing process. By creating an optimal environment for cell growth and tissue repair, nanohydrogels can promote faster and more efficient healing of wounds.

Design of bone scaffolds with calcium phosphate and its derivatives by 3D printing: A review

Tissue engineering is a fascinating field that combines biology, engineering, and medicine to create artificial tissues and organs. It involves using living cells, biomaterials, and bioengineering techniques to develop functional tissues that can be used to replace or repair damaged or diseased organs in the human body. The process typically starts by obtaining cells from the patient or a donor. These cells are then cultured and grown in a laboratory under controlled conditions. Scaffold materials, such as biodegradable polymers or natural extracellular matrices, are used to provide support and structure for the growing cells. 3D bone scaffolds are a fascinating application within the field of tissue engineering. These scaffolds are designed to mimic the structure and properties of natural bone tissue and serve as a temporary framework for new bone growth. The main purpose of a 3D bone scaffold is to provide mechanical support to the surrounding cells and guide their growth in a specific direction. It acts as a template, encouraging the formation of new bone tissue by providing a framework for cells to attach, proliferate, and differentiate. These scaffolds are typically fabricated using biocompatible materials like ceramics, polymers, or a combination of both. The choice of material depends on factors such as strength, biodegradability, and the ability to facilitate cell adhesion and growth. Advanced techniques like 3D printing have revolutionized the fabrication process of these scaffolds. Using precise layer-by-layer deposition, it allows for the creation of complex, patient-specific geometries, mimicking the intricacies of natural bone structure. This article offers a brief overview of the latest developments in the research and development of 3D printing techniques for creating scaffolds used in bone tissue engineering.