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Bhagat K, Singh JV, Pagare PP, Kumar N, Sharma A, Kaur G, Kinarivala N, Gandu S, Singh H, Sharma S, Bedi PMS. Rational approaches for the design of various GABA modulators and their clinical progression. Mol Divers 2021; 25:551-601. [PMID: 32170466 PMCID: PMC8422677 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-020-10068-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
GABA (γ-amino butyric acid) is an important inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. Attenuation of GABAergic neurotransmission plays an important role in the etiology of several neurological disorders including epilepsy, Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's chorea, migraine, Parkinson's disease, neuropathic pain, and depression. Increase in the GABAergic activity may be achieved through direct agonism at the GABAA receptors, inhibition of enzymatic breakdown of GABA, or by inhibition of the GABA transport proteins (GATs). These functionalities make GABA receptor modulators and GATs attractive drug targets in brain disorders associated with decreased GABA activity. There have been several reports of development of GABA modulators (GABA receptors, GABA transporters, and GABAergic enzyme inhibitors) in the past decade. Therefore, the focus of the present review is to provide an overview on various design strategies and synthetic approaches toward developing GABA modulators. Furthermore, mechanistic insights, structure-activity relationships, and molecular modeling inputs for the biologically active derivatives have also been discussed. Summary of the advances made over the past few years in the clinical translation and development of GABA receptor modulators is also provided. This compilation will be of great interest to the researchers working in the field of neuroscience. From the light of detailed literature, it can be concluded that numerous molecules have displayed significant results and their promising potential, clearly placing them ahead as potential future drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavita Bhagat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, PB, 143005, India
| | - Jatinder V Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, PB, 143005, India
| | - Piyusha P Pagare
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23219, USA
| | - Nitish Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, PB, 143005, India
| | - Anchal Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, PB, 143005, India
| | - Gurinder Kaur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, PB, 143005, India
| | - Nihar Kinarivala
- Program in Chemical Biology, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Srinivasa Gandu
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Cell and Development Biology Graduate Program, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Harbinder Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, PB, 143005, India.
| | - Sahil Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, PB, 143005, India.
- Program in Chemical Biology, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
| | - Preet Mohinder S Bedi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, PB, 143005, India.
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Solomon VR, Tallapragada VJ, Chebib M, Johnston G, Hanrahan JR. GABA allosteric modulators: An overview of recent developments in non-benzodiazepine modulators. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 171:434-461. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.03.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2018] [Revised: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Ubiquitous Nature of Fluoroquinolones: The Oscillation between Antibacterial and Anticancer Activities. Antibiotics (Basel) 2017; 6:antibiotics6040026. [PMID: 29112154 PMCID: PMC5745469 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics6040026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Revised: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluoroquinolones are synthetic antibacterial agents that stabilize the ternary complex of prokaryotic topoisomerase II enzymes (gyrase and Topo IV), leading to extensive DNA fragmentation and bacteria death. Despite the similar structural folds within the critical regions of prokaryotic and eukaryotic topoisomerases, clinically relevant fluoroquinolones display a remarkable selectivity for prokaryotic topoisomerase II, with excellent safety records in humans. Typical agents that target human topoisomerases (such as etoposide, doxorubicin and mitoxantrone) are associated with significant toxicities and secondary malignancies, whereas clinically relevant fluoroquinolones are not known to exhibit such propensities. Although many fluoroquinolones have been shown to display topoisomerase-independent antiproliferative effects against various human cancer cells, those that are significantly active against eukaryotic topoisomerase show the same DNA damaging properties as other topoisomerase poisons. Empirical models also show that fluoroquinolones mediate some unique immunomodulatory activities of suppressing pro-inflammatory cytokines and super-inducing interleukin-2. This article reviews the extended roles of fluoroquinolones and their prospects as lead for the unmet needs of "small and safe" multimodal-targeting drug scaffolds.
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Quinazolines: New horizons in anticonvulsant therapy. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 80:447-501. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.04.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2014] [Revised: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Comparison [3H]-flumazenil binding parameters in rat cortical membrane using different separation methods, filtration and centrifugation. Nucl Med Biol 2013; 40:896-900. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2013.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Revised: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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6
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Yang Y, Zhang W, Cheng J, Tang Y, Peng Y, Li Z. Pharmacophore, 3D-QSAR, and Bayesian Model Analysis for Ligands Binding at the Benzodiazepine Site of GABAAReceptors: the Key Roles of Amino Group and Hydrophobic Sites. Chem Biol Drug Des 2013; 81:583-90. [DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Revised: 12/07/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology; School of Pharmacy; East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai; China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology; School of Pharmacy; East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai; China
| | | | - Yun Tang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design; School of Pharmacy; East China University of Science and Technology; PO Box 544, 130 Meilong Road; Shanghai; 200237; China
| | - Yanqing Peng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology; School of Pharmacy; East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai; China
| | - Zhong Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology; School of Pharmacy; East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai; China
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Ghoshal N, Vijayan RSK. Pharmacophore models for GABA(A) modulators: implications in CNS drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2012; 5:441-60. [PMID: 22823129 DOI: 10.1517/17460441003789363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD GABA(A) ion channel is a validated drug target, implicated in the pathophysiology of various neurological and psychiatric disorders. Structural investigations on GABA(A) are currently precluded in the absence of experimentally resolved structure. Pharmacophore modeling circumvents such issues and proves to be a powerful and successful method in drug discovery. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW The present reviews encompass pharmacophoric models available in the literature for the orthosteric GABA and the allosteric benzodiazepine binding site. Success stories from these simplistic pharmacophore models in scaffold hopping and strategic lead optimization have been highlighted. Recent advances in pharmacophore modeling that can leverage CNS drug discovery programs and deliver astounding results have been reviewed. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN Readers are bound to gain a comprehensive insight on different computational techniques used by different groups to arrive at simple, yet sophisticated pharmacophore models. In the absence of experimentally unresolved active site geometry of GABA(A), these models will provide the reader an opportunity to translate these pharmacophoric features to the microscopic phenomenon of supramolecular ligand interaction. TAKE HOME MESSAGE Pharmacophore modeling has now evolved as a mainstay approach for lead generation and optimization in drug discovery programs. Of late, many advances in pharmacophore perception have emerged. Such advancements should be used to confront activity profiling and early stage risk assessment in a high-throughput fashion. Extending such technologies has the potential not only to reduce time and cost, but also to prevent late stage attrition in drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanda Ghoshal
- Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (A unit of CSIR), Structural Biology and Bioinformatics Division, 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata-700032, India +91 33 2473 3491 ext. 854 ; +91 33 2473 5197 ;
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Nilsson J, Nielsen EØ, Liljefors T, Nielsen M, Sterner O. 3-Arylisothiazoloquinols As Potent Ligands for the Benzodiazepine Site of GABA<sub>A</sub> Receptors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.4236/jbise.2012.51001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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9
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Abstract
GABA is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the adult mammalian CNS. The ionotropic GABA type A receptors (GABA(A)Rs) belong to the Cys-loop family of receptors. Each member of the family is a large pentameric protein in which each subunit traverses the cell membrane four times. Within this family, the GABA type A receptors are particularly important for their rich pharmacology as they are targets for a range of therapeutically important drugs, including the benzodiazepines, barbiturates, neuroactive steroids and anesthetics. This review discusses new insights into receptor properties that allow us to begin to relate the structure of an individual receptor to its functional and pharmacological properties.
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Thangapandian S, John S, Sakkiah S, Lee KW. Discovery of potential integrin VLA-4 antagonists using pharmacophore modeling, virtual screening and molecular docking studies. Chem Biol Drug Des 2011; 78:289-300. [PMID: 21507205 DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-0285.2011.01127.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Very late antigen-4 (VLA-4) is an integrin protein, and its antagonists are useful as anti-inflammatory drugs. The aim of this study is to discover novel virtual lead compounds to use them in designing potent VLA-4 antagonists. A best pharmacophore model was generated with correlation coefficient of 0.935, large cost difference of 114.078, comprising two hydrogen bond acceptors and three hydrophobic features. It was further validated and used in database screening for potential VLA-4 antagonists. A homology model of VLA-4 was built and employed in molecular docking of screened hit compounds. Finally, two compounds were identified as potential virtual leads to be deployed in the designing of novel potent VLA-4 antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sundarapandian Thangapandian
- Department of Biochemistry and Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Program), Environmental Biotechnology National Core Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, 900 Gazwa-dong, Jinju 660-701, Korea
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Nilsson J, Gidlöf R, Nielsen EØ, Liljefors T, Nielsen M, Sterner O. Triazoloquinazolinediones as novel high affinity ligands for the benzodiazepine site of GABAA receptors. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:111-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.11.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2010] [Accepted: 11/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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12
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Roy PP, Roy K. Pharmacophore mapping, molecular docking and QSAR studies of structurally diverse compounds as CYP2B6 inhibitors. MOLECULAR SIMULATION 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/08927022.2010.492834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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13
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Mitra I, Saha A, Roy K. Pharmacophore mapping of arylamino-substituted benzo[b]thiophenes as free radical scavengers. J Mol Model 2010; 16:1585-96. [PMID: 20195668 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-010-0661-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2009] [Accepted: 01/11/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Predictive pharmacophore models have been developed for a series of arylamino-substituted benzo[b]thiophenes exhibiting free radical scavenging activity. 3D pharmacophore models were generated using a set of 20 training set compounds and subsequently validated by mapping 6 test set compounds using Discovery Studio 2.1 software. Further model validation was performed by randomizing the data using Fischer's validation technique at the 95% confidence level. The most predictive pharmacophore model developed using the conformers obtained from the BEST method showed a correlation coefficient (r) of 0.942 and consisted of three features: hydrogen bond donor, hydrogen bond acceptor and aromatic ring. Acceptable values of external validation parameters, like R2pred (0.853) and r2m(test) (0.844), also implied that the external predictivity of the model was significant. The development of further pharmacophore models using conformers obtained from the FAST method yielded a few models with good predictivity, with the best one (r=0.904) consisting of two features: hydrogen bond donor and hydrogen bond acceptor. Significant values of external validation parameters, R2pred (0.913) and r2m(test) (0.821), also reflect the high predictive ability of the model. Again, Fischer validation results implied that the models developed were robust enough and their good results were not based on mere chance. These validation approaches indicate the reliability of the predictive abilities of the 3D pharmacophore models developed here, which may thus be further utilized as a 3D query tool in the virtual screening of new chemical entities with potent antioxidant activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indrani Mitra
- Drug Theoretics and Cheminformatics Lab, Division of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 700 032, India
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Gaurav A, Yadav MR, Giridhar R, Gautam V, Singh R. 3D-QSAR studies of 4-quinolone derivatives as high-affinity ligands at the benzodiazepine site of brain GABAA receptors. Med Chem Res 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-010-9306-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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15
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Mewett KN, Fernandez SP, Pasricha AK, Pong A, Devenish SO, Hibbs DE, Chebib M, Johnston GAR, Hanrahan JR. Synthesis and biological evaluation of flavan-3-ol derivatives as positive modulators of GABAA receptors. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17:7156-73. [PMID: 19783443 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.08.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2009] [Revised: 08/21/2009] [Accepted: 08/29/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
We herein describe the synthesis and positive modulatory activities of a small library of flavan-3-ol derivatives on alpha(1)beta(2)gamma(2L) GABA(A) receptors. Structure-activity relationships of various substituents on the A, B and C rings were evaluated in a functional electrophysiological assay. A trans configuration and a 3-acetoxy moiety are essential for activity. Substitution of the B ring appears to be well tolerated, with substituents on the A ring playing a major role in determining activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth N Mewett
- Adrien Albert Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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16
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Fu L, Xu J, Yao H, Wu X. A Synthesis of 4H-1, 4-Benzothiazines. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL RESEARCH 2008. [DOI: 10.3184/030823408x356323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A convenient synthesis of 4H-1, 4-benzothiazines is described. The key step is the coupling between 2-amino-5-chlorophenyl disulfide (3) and ethyl acetylenecarboxylate (4) in the presence of CuI as a catalyst or by microwave irradiation in moderate yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizhi Fu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Jinyi Xu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Hequan Yao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoming Wu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
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Lager E, Nilsson J, Østergaard Nielsen E, Nielsen M, Liljefors T, Sterner O. Affinity of 3-acyl substituted 4-quinolones at the benzodiazepine site of GABAA receptors. Bioorg Med Chem 2008; 16:6936-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.05.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2008] [Revised: 05/12/2008] [Accepted: 05/22/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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18
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Vijayan RSK, Ghoshal N. Structural basis for ligand recognition at the benzodiazepine binding site of GABAA alpha 3 receptor, and pharmacophore-based virtual screening approach. J Mol Graph Model 2008; 27:286-98. [PMID: 18565775 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2008.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2008] [Revised: 04/29/2008] [Accepted: 05/05/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Given the heterogeneity of GABA(A) receptor, the pharmacological significance of identifying subtype selective modulators is increasingly being recognized. Thus, drugs selective for GABA(A) alpha(3) receptors are expected to display fewer side effects than the drugs presently in clinical use. Hence we carried out 3D QSAR (three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship) studies on a series of novel GABA(A) alpha(3) subtype selective modulators to gain more insight into subtype affinity. To identify the 3D functional attributes required for subtype selectivity, a chemical feature-based pharmacophore, primarily based on selective ligands representing diverse structural classes was generated. The obtained pseudo receptor model of the benzodiazepine binding site revealed a binding mode akin to "Message-Address" concept. Scaffold hopping was carried out across multi-conformational May Bridge database for the identification of novel chemotypes. Further a focused data reduction approach was employed to choose a subset of enriched compounds based on "Drug likeness" and "Similarity-based" methods. These results taken together could provide impetus for rational design and optimization of more selective and high affinity leads with a potential to have decreased adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S K Vijayan
- Structural Biology and Bioinformatics Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4 Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
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Bharatham N, Bharatham K, Lee KW. Pharmacophore identification and virtual screening for methionyl-tRNA synthetase inhibitors. J Mol Graph Model 2007; 25:813-23. [PMID: 16996282 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2006.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2006] [Revised: 08/03/2006] [Accepted: 08/03/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (aaRSs) are essential enzymes involved in protein biosynthesis in all living organisms and are an unexploited antibacterial targets, as many strains of bacteria have become resistant to all established classes of antibiotics. Therefore, the main aim of this study is to discover new lead molecules which would be useful as anti-bacterial compounds. Pharmacophore models were developed by using CATALYST HypoGen with a training set of 29 diverse methionyl-tRNA synthetase (MetRS) inhibitors. The best quantitative pharmacophore hypothesis (Hypo1) obtained a correlation coefficient of 0.975, root mean square deviation (RMSD) of 0.55 and cost difference (null cost-total cost) of 70.32. This Hypo1 was validated by two methods, first by using 104 test set molecules which resulted a correlation of 0.926 between HypoGen estimated activities versus experimental activities and secondly by Cat-Scramble validation method. This validated pharmacophore model was further used for screening databases for discovery of new MetRS inhibitors. The new lead compounds were further analyzed for drug-like properties. Homology modeled structure of Staphylococcus aureus MetRS was built and molecular docking studies were performed with many inhibitors using the newly built protein structure. Finally, it was found that the new leads exhibited good estimated inhibitory activity, calculated binding properties similar to experimentally proven compounds and also favorable drug-like properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagakumar Bharatham
- Department of Biochemistry, Division of Applied Life Science, Environmental Biotechnology National Core Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Republic of Korea
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20
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21
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Lager E, Andersson P, Nilsson J, Pettersson I, Nielsen EØ, Nielsen M, Sterner O, Liljefors T. 4-quinolone derivatives: high-affinity ligands at the benzodiazepine site of brain GABA A receptors. synthesis, pharmacology, and pharmacophore modeling. J Med Chem 2006; 49:2526-33. [PMID: 16610795 DOI: 10.1021/jm058057p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The 3-ethoxycarbonyl-4-quinolone compound 1 has previously been identified via a database search as an interesting lead compound for ligand binding at the benzodiazepine site of GABA(A) receptors (Kahnberg et al. J. Mol. Graphics Modelling 2004, 23, 253-261). Pharmacophore-guided optimization of this lead compound yielded a number of high-affinity ligands for the benzodiazepine site including compounds 20 and 23-25 displaying sub-nanomolar affinities. A few of the compounds have been tested on the alpha(1)beta(2)gamma(2S) and alpha(3)beta(2)gamma(2S) GABA(A) receptor subtypes, and two of the compounds (5 and 19) display selectivity for alpha(1)- versus alpha(3)-containing receptors by a factor of 22 and 27, respectively. This selectivity for alpha(1)beta(2)gamma(2S) is in the same range as that for the well-known alpha(1) subunit selective compound zolpidem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Lager
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Lund University, P.O.B. 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
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