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Quinazolinone dimers as a potential new class of safer Kv1 inhibitors: Overcoming hERG, sodium and calcium channel affinities. Bioorg Chem 2021; 115:105264. [PMID: 34416509 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.105264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Revised: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of more selective and safer voltage-gated potassium channel blockers is an extremely demanding approach. Designing selective Kv1.5 inhibitors is very challenging as only limited data is available on this target due to a lacking crystal structure for this ion channel receptor. Herein, we synthesized a series of 21 novel quinazolinone dimers 3a-i, 5a-i and 10a-c. We tried to avoid structural features responsible for non-selectivity and for most potassium channel blockers' side effects in our design. In contrast to other works, which lack investigation over wide ranges of potassium and sodium channels, we screened the inhibitory activity of our synthesized compounds over multiple voltage-gated potassium channels, including six different human Kv1 channel subtypes Kv1.1, Kv1.2, Kv1.3, Kv1.4, Kv1.5 and Kv1.6 channels as well as Kv2.1, Kv3.1, Kv4.3, Kv7.2, Kv7.3, Kv10.1, hERG, and Shaker IR. Moreover, these compounds' selectivity was investigated on sodium channels Nav1.2, Nav1.4 and Nav1.5 and calcium channels Cav3.1-Cav3.3. The results revealed two compounds (3a and 3e) with low micromolar Kv1.5 inhibition activity with EC50 values of 5.1 ± 0.9 µM and 12.5 ± 1.1 µM, respectively. However, at higher concentrations, they also showed inhibitory activity on Kv1.3 and Kv1.1 channels. This might be due to structural similarities between these three Kv1 channel isoforms. Compound 3a shows a slight preference for Kv1.5. Interestingly, they lack any activity on other potassium channels (including hERG), sodium channels, and calcium channels. Our findings recommend quinazolinone dimers with ethylene linker as a potential new class of safer Kv1 inhibitors and a good start for designing more selective and potent Kv1.5 inhibitors.
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Bachmann M, Costa R, Peruzzo R, Prosdocimi E, Checchetto V, Leanza L. Targeting Mitochondrial Ion Channels to Fight Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19072060. [PMID: 30011966 PMCID: PMC6073807 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19072060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, several experimental evidences have underlined a new role of ion channels in cancer development and progression. In particular, mitochondrial ion channels are arising as new oncological targets, since it has been proved that most of them show an altered expression during tumor development and the pharmacological targeting of some of them have been demonstrated to be able to modulate cancer growth and progression, both in vitro as well as in vivo in pre-clinical mouse models. In this scenario, pharmacology of mitochondrial ion channels would be in the near future a new frontier for the treatment of tumors. In this review, we discuss the new advances in the field, by focusing our attention on the improvements in new drug developments to target mitochondrial ion channels.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Roberto Costa
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy.
| | - Roberta Peruzzo
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy.
| | - Elena Prosdocimi
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy.
| | | | - Luigi Leanza
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy.
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Chen R, Chung SH. Inhibition of Voltage-Gated K + Channel Kv1.5 by Antiarrhythmic Drugs. Biochemistry 2018; 57:2704-2710. [PMID: 29652491 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.8b00268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Molecular dynamics simulations are employed to determine the inhibitory mechanisms of three drugs, 5-(4-phenoxybutoxy)psoralen (PAP-1), vernakalant, and flecainide, on the voltage-gated K+ channel Kv1.5, a target for the treatment of cardiac arrhythmia. At neutral pH, PAP-1 is neutral, whereas the other two molecules carry one positive charge. We show that PAP-1 forms stable dimers in water, primarily through hydrophobic interactions between aromatic rings. All three molecules bind to the cavity between the Ile508 and Val512 residues from the four subunits of the channel. Once bound, the drug molecules are flexible, with the average root-mean-square fluctuation being between 2 and 3 Å, which is larger than the radius of gyration of a bulky amino acid. The presence of a monomeric PAP-1 causes the permeating K+ ion to dehydrate, thereby creating a significant energy barrier. In contrast, vernakalant blocks the ion permeation primarily via an electrostatic mechanism and, therefore, must be in the protonated and charged form to be effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Chen
- Research School of Biology , Australian National University , Acton , ACT 2601 , Australia
| | - Shin-Ho Chung
- Research School of Biology , Australian National University , Acton , ACT 2601 , Australia
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Interactions of Propofol With Human Voltage-gated Kv1.5 Channel Determined by Docking Simulation and Mutagenesis Analyses. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2018; 71:10-18. [DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000000538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Al-Sabi A, Daly D, Hoefer P, Kinsella GK, Metais C, Pickering M, Herron C, Kaza SK, Nolan K, Dolly JO. A Rational Design of a Selective Inhibitor for Kv1.1 Channels Prevalent in Demyelinated Nerves That Improves Their Impaired Axonal Conduction. J Med Chem 2017; 60:2245-2256. [PMID: 28225274 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b01262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
K+ channels containing Kv1.1 α subunits, which become prevalent at internodes in demyelinated axons, may underlie their dysfunctional conduction akin to muscle weakness in multiple sclerosis. Small inhibitors were sought with selectivity for the culpable hyper-polarizing K+ currents. Modeling of interactions with the extracellular pore in a Kv1.1-deduced structure identified diaryldi(2-pyrrolyl)methane as a suitable scaffold with optimized alkyl ammonium side chains. The resultant synthesized candidate [2,2'-((5,5'(di-p-topyldiaryldi(2-pyrrolyl)methane)bis(2,2'carbonyl)bis(azanediyl)) diethaneamine·2HCl] (8) selectively blocked Kv1.1 channels (IC50 ≈ 15 μM) recombinantly expressed in mammalian cells, induced a positive shift in the voltage dependency of K+ current activation, and slowed its kinetics. It preferentially inhibited channels containing two or more Kv1.1 subunits regardless of their positioning in concatenated tetramers. In slices of corpus callosum from mice subjected to a demyelination protocol, this novel inhibitor improved neuronal conduction, highlighting its potential for alleviating symptoms in multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Gemma K Kinsella
- School of Food Science and Environmental Health, College of Sciences and Health, Dublin Institute of Technology , Cathal Brugha Street, Dublin 1, Ireland
| | | | - Mark Pickering
- UCD School of Medicine, University College Dublin , Dublin, Ireland
| | - Caroline Herron
- School of Biomolecular and Biomed Science, Conway Institute , Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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Abstract
The voltage gated Kv1.5 channels conduct the ultrarapid delayed rectifier current (IKur) and play critical role in repolarization of action potential duration. It is the most rapidly activated channel and has very little or no inactivated states. In human cardiac cells, these channels are expressed more extensively in atrial myocytes than ventricle. From the evidences of its localization and functions, Kv1.5 has been declared a selective drug target for the treatment of atrial fibrillation (AF). In this present study, we have tried to identify the rapidly activating property of Kv1.5 and studied its mode of inhibition using molecular modeling, docking, and simulation techniques. Channel in open conformation is found to be stabilized quickly within the dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine membrane, whereas most of the secondary structure elements were lost in closed state conformation. The obvious reason behind its ultra-rapid property is possibly due to the amino acid alteration in S4-S5 linker; the replacement of Lysine by Glutamine and vice versa. The popular published drugs as well as newly identified lead molecules were able to inhibit the Kv1.5 in a very similar pattern, mainly through the nonpolar interactions, and formed sable complexes. V512 is found as the main contributor for the interaction along with the other important residues such as V505, I508, A509, V512, P513, and V516. Furthermore, two screened novel compounds show surprisingly better inhibitory potency and can be considered for the future perspective of antiarrhythmic survey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajabrata Bhuyan
- a BIF Centre, Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics , University of Kalyani , Nadia, Kalyani 741235 , West Bengal , India
| | - Alpana Seal
- b Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics , University of Kalyani , Nadia, Kalyani 741235 , West Bengal , India
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Design and bio-evaluation of indole derivatives as potent Kv1.5 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:6466-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.08.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2013] [Revised: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Gray NW, Zhorov BS, Moczydlowski EG. Interaction of local anesthetics with the K (+) channel pore domain: KcsA as a model for drug-dependent tetramer stability. Channels (Austin) 2013; 7:182-93. [PMID: 23545989 DOI: 10.4161/chan.24455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Local anesthetics and related drugs block ionic currents of Na (+) , K (+) and Ca ( 2+) conducted across the cell membrane by voltage-dependent ion channels. Many of these drugs bind in the permeation pathway, occlude the pore and stop ion movement. However channel-blocking drugs have also been associated with decreased membrane stability of certain tetrameric K (+) channels, similar to the destabilization of channel function observed at low extracellular K (+) concentration. Such drug-dependent stability may result from electrostatic repulsion of K (+) from the selectivity filter by a cationic drug molecule bound in the central cavity of the channel. In this study we used the pore domain of the KcsA K (+) channel protein to test this hypothesis experimentally with a biochemical assay of tetramer stability and theoretically by computational simulation of local anesthetic docking to the central cavity. We find that two common local anesthetics, lidocaine and tetracaine, promote thermal dissociation of the KcsA tetramer in a K (+) -dependent fashion. Docking simulations of these drugs with open, open-inactivated and closed crystal structures of KcsA yield many energetically favorable drug-channel complexes characterized by nonbonded attraction to pore-lining residues and electrostatic repulsion of K (+) . The results suggest that binding of cationic drugs to the inner cavity can reduce tetramer stability of K (+) channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noel W Gray
- Neuroscience & Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
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Wacker SJ, Jurkowski W, Simmons KJ, Fishwick CWG, Johnson AP, Madge D, Lindahl E, Rolland JF, de Groot BL. Identification of selective inhibitors of the potassium channel Kv1.1-1.2((3)) by high-throughput virtual screening and automated patch clamp. ChemMedChem 2012; 7:1775-83. [PMID: 22473914 PMCID: PMC3525944 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201100600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Revised: 03/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Two voltage-dependent potassium channels, Kv1.1 (KCNA1) and Kv1.2 (KCNA2), are found to co-localize at the juxtaparanodal region of axons throughout the nervous system and are known to co-assemble in heteromultimeric channels, most likely in the form of the concatemer Kv1.1-1.2((3)) . Loss of the myelin sheath, as is observed in multiple sclerosis, uncovers the juxtaparanodal region of nodes of Ranvier in myelinated axons leading to potassium conductance, resulting in loss of nerve conduction. The selective blocking of these Kv channels is therefore a promising approach to restore nerve conduction and function. In the present study, we searched for novel inhibitors of Kv1.1-1.2((3)) by combining a virtual screening protocol and electrophysiological measurements on a concatemer Kv1.1-1.2((3)) stably expressed in Chinese hamster ovary K1 (CHO-K1) cells. The combined use of four popular virtual screening approaches (eHiTS, FlexX, Glide, and Autodock-Vina) led to the identification of several compounds as potential inhibitors of the Kv1.1-1.2((3)) channel. From 89 electrophysiologically evaluated compounds, 14 novel compounds were found to inhibit the current carried by Kv1.1-1.2((3)) channels by more than 80 % at 10 μM. Accordingly, the IC(50) values calculated from concentration-response curve titrations ranged from 0.6 to 6 μM. Two of these compounds exhibited at least 30-fold higher potency in inhibition of Kv1.1-1.2((3)) than they showed in inhibition of a set of cardiac ion channels (hERG, Nav1.5, and Cav1.2), resulting in a profile of selectivity and cardiac safety. The results presented herein provide a promising basis for the development of novel selective ion channel inhibitors, with a dramatically lower demand in terms of experimental time, effort, and cost than a sole high-throughput screening approach of large compound libraries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sören J Wacker
- Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Computational Biomolecular Dynamics Group, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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Galán-Freyle N, Olivero-Verbel J, Díaz-López L. Modeling of allergen proteins found in sea food products. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2012. [DOI: 10.1590/s0101-20612012005000032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Shellfish are a source of food allergens, and their consumption is the cause of severe allergic reactions in humans. Tropomyosins, a family of muscle proteins, have been identified as the major allergens in shellfish and mollusks species. Nevertheless, few experimentally determined three-dimensional structures are available in the Protein Data Base (PDB). In this study, 3D models of several homologous of tropomyosins present in marine shellfish and mollusk species (Chaf 1, Met e1, Hom a1, Per v1, and Pen a1) were constructed, validated, and their immunoglobulin E binding epitopes were identified using bioinformatics tools. All protein models for these allergens consisted of long alpha-helices. Chaf 1, Met e1, and Hom a1 had six conserved regions with sequence similarities to known epitopes, whereas Per v1 and Pen a1 contained only one. Lipophilic potentials of identified epitopes revealed a high propensity of hydrophobic amino acids in the immunoglobulin E binding site. This information could be useful to design tropomyosin-specific immunotherapy for sea food allergies.
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Ravens U, Wettwer E. Ultra-rapid delayed rectifier channels: molecular basis and therapeutic implications. Cardiovasc Res 2010; 89:776-85. [DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvq398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
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Yang Q, Fedida D, Xu H, Wang B, Du L, Wang X, Li M, You Q. Structure-based virtual screening and electrophysiological evaluation of new chemotypes of K(v)1.5 channel blockers. ChemMedChem 2010; 5:1353-8. [PMID: 20540065 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201000162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most prevalent nonfatal cardiac rhythm disorder associated with an increased risk of heart failure and stroke. Considering the ventricular side effects induced by anti-arrhythmic agents in current use, K(v)1.5 channel blockers have attracted a great deal of deliberation owing to their selective actions on atrial electrophysiology. Herein we report new chemotypes of K(v)1.5 channel blockers that were identified through a combination of structure-based virtual screening and in silico druglike property prediction including six scoring functions, as well as electrophysiological evaluation. Among them, five of the 18 compounds exhibited >50 % blockade ratio at 10 microM, and have structural features different from conventional K(v)1.5 channel blockers. These novel scaffolds could serve as hits for further optimization and SAR studies for the discovery of selective agents to treat AF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Yang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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Kelm S, Shi J, Deane CM. MEDELLER: homology-based coordinate generation for membrane proteins. Bioinformatics 2010; 26:2833-40. [PMID: 20926421 PMCID: PMC2971581 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btq554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2010] [Revised: 09/21/2010] [Accepted: 09/25/2010] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
MOTIVATION Membrane proteins (MPs) are important drug targets but knowledge of their exact structure is limited to relatively few examples. Existing homology-based structure prediction methods are designed for globular, water-soluble proteins. However, we are now beginning to have enough MP structures to justify the development of a homology-based approach specifically for them. RESULTS We present a MP-specific homology-based coordinate generation method, MEDELLER, which is optimized to build highly reliable core models. The method outperforms the popular structure prediction programme Modeller on MPs. The comparison of the two methods was performed on 616 target-template pairs of MPs, which were classified into four test sets by their sequence identity. Across all targets, MEDELLER gave an average backbone root mean square deviation (RMSD) of 2.62 Å versus 3.16 Å for Modeller. On our 'easy' test set, MEDELLER achieves an average accuracy of 0.93 Å backbone RMSD versus 1.56 Å for Modeller. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION http://medeller.info; Implemented in Python, Bash and Perl CGI for use on Linux systems; Supplementary data are available at http://www.stats.ox.ac.uk/proteins/resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Kelm
- Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, 1 South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3TG, UK.
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15
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Wang X, Yang Q, Li M, Yin D, You Q. In silico binding characteristics between human histamine H1 receptor and antagonists. J Mol Model 2010; 16:1529-37. [DOI: 10.1007/s00894-010-0666-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2009] [Accepted: 01/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Eldstrom J, Fedida D. Modeling of high-affinity binding of the novel atrial anti-arrhythmic agent, vernakalant, to Kv1.5 channels. J Mol Graph Model 2009; 28:226-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2009.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2009] [Revised: 07/25/2009] [Accepted: 07/27/2009] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Molecular hybridization, synthesis, and biological evaluation of novel chroman IKr and IKs dual blockers. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:1477-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2008] [Revised: 12/11/2008] [Accepted: 01/09/2009] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Yang Q, Du L, Tsai KC, Wang X, Li M, You Q. Pharmacophore Mapping for Kv1.5 Potassium Channel Blockers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/qsar.200810050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Li M, Fang H, Du L, Xia L, Wang B. Computational studies of the binding site of alpha1A-adrenoceptor antagonists. J Mol Model 2008; 14:957-66. [PMID: 18626669 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-008-0342-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2008] [Accepted: 06/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Aimed at achieving a good understanding of the 3-dimensional structures of human alpha1A-adrenoceptor (alpha1A-AR), we have successfully developed its homology model based on the crystal structure of beta2-AR. Subsequent structural refinements were performed to mimic the receptor's natural membrane environment by using molecular mechanics (MM) and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations in the GBSW implicit membrane model. Through molecular docking and further simulations, possible binding modes of subtype-selective alpha1A-AR antagonists, Silodosin, RWJ-69736 and (+)SNAP-7915, were examined. Results of the modeling and docking studies are qualitatively consistent with available experimental data from mutagenesis studies. The homology model built should be very useful for designing more potent subtype-selective alpha1A-AR antagonists and for guiding further mutagenesis studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minyong Li
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Biotechnology and Drug Design, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302, USA.
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