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Li QY, Munawar M, Saeed M, Shen JQ, Khan MS, Noreen S, Alagawany M, Naveed M, Madni A, Li CX. Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad (Bitter Apple Fruit): Promising Traditional Uses, Pharmacological Effects, Aspects, and Potential Applications. Front Pharmacol 2022; 12:791049. [PMID: 35145403 PMCID: PMC8821906 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.791049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Health consciousness and increased knowledge about the side effects of synthetic drugs have enhanced interest in traditional medicines. Medicinal plants offer cures for various diseases, leading to improved living standards. This has brought ethnomedicinal studies into the spotlight and increased demand for herb-based medicines. Citrullus colocynthis is an herbaceous plant containing an abundance of nutrients that play a key role in the improvement of wellbeing. C. colocynthis has many biological properties, such as antioxidative, hypoglycemic, antibacterial, anti-cancerous, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, gastrointestinal tract, reproduction, protection, anti-microbial, antidiabetic, hypolipidemic, antineoplastic, profibrinolytic, anti-allergic, pesticidal, and immune-stimulatory. There are numerous bioactive compounds like cucurbitacin, flavonoids, and polyphenols in C. colocynthis that give it medicinal properties. Herein, we have extensively compiled, reviewed, and analyzed significant information on C. colocynthhis from the best published available evidence in PubMed, Scopus (Embase), Web of Science (Web of Knowledge), Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar, etc. Scientific literature evidenced that owing to the bioactive constituents, including cucurbitacin, polyphenols, flavonoids, and other potent molecules, C. colocynthis has many pharmacological and physiological functions. It possesses multi-beneficial applications in treating various disorders of humans and animals. So, the primary purpose of this comprehensive review is to provide an overview of the findings of positive impacts and risks of C. colocynthis consumption on human health, especially in poultry and veterinary fields. In the future, this narrative article will be aware of discoveries about the potential of this promising natural fruit and its bioactive compounds as the best nutraceuticals and therapeutic drugs in veterinary and human medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin-Yuan Li
- Department of Human Anatomy, Medical Institute of Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Mahzaib Munawar
- Department of Poultry and Animal Breeding, Faculty of Animal Production and Technology, The Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Saeed
- Department of Poultry and Animal Breeding, Faculty of Animal Production and Technology, The Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Ji-Qiang Shen
- Department of Human Anatomy, Medical Institute of Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Muhammad Sajjad Khan
- Department of Poultry and Animal Breeding, Faculty of Animal Production and Technology, The Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Sobia Noreen
- Faculty of Pharmacy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Mahmoud Alagawany
- Department of Poultry, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Muhammad Naveed
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Asadullah Madni
- Faculty of Pharmacy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Chang-Xing Li
- Department of Human Anatomy, Medical Institute of Qinghai University, Xining, China
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Soares FGN, Göethel G, Kagami LP, das Neves GM, Sauer E, Birriel E, Varela J, Gonçalves IL, Von Poser G, González M, Kawano DF, Paula FR, de Melo EB, Garcia SC, Cerecetto H, Eifler-Lima VL. Novel coumarins active against Trypanosoma cruzi and toxicity assessment using the animal model Caenorhabditis elegans. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol 2019; 20:76. [PMID: 31852548 PMCID: PMC6921407 DOI: 10.1186/s40360-019-0357-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chagas disease (CD) is a tropical parasitic disease. Although the number of people infected is very high, the only drugs available to treat CD, nifurtimox (Nfx) and benznidazole, are highly toxic, particularly in the chronic stage of the disease. Coumarins are a large class of compounds that display a wide range of interesting biological properties, such as antiparasitic. Hence, the aim of this work is to find a good antitrypanosomal drug with less toxicity. The use of simple organism models has become increasingly attractive for planning and simplifying efficient drug discovery. Within these models, Caenorhabditis elegans has emerged as a convenient and versatile tool with significant advantages for the toxicological potential identification for new compounds. METHODS Trypanocidal activity: Forty-two 4-methylamino-coumarins were assayed against the epimastigote form of Trypanosoma cruzi (Tulahuen 2 strain) by inhibitory concentration 50% (IC50). Toxicity assays: Lethal dose 50% (LD50) and Body Area were determined by Caenorhabditis elegans N2 strain (wild type) after acute exposure. Structure-activity relationship: A classificatory model was built using 3D descriptors. RESULTS Two of these coumarins demonstrated near equipotency to Nifurtimox (IC50 = 5.0 ± 1 μM), with values of: 11 h (LaSOM 266), (IC50 = 6.4 ± 1 μM) and 11 g (LaSOM 231), (IC50 = 8.2 ± 2.3 μM). In C. elegans it was possible to observe that Nfx showed greater toxicity in both the LD50 assay and the evaluation of the development of worms. It is possible to observe that the efficacy between Nfx and the synthesized compounds (11 h and 11 g) are similar. On the other hand, the toxicity of Nfx is approximately three times higher than that of the compounds. Results from the QSAR-3D study indicate that the volume and hydrophobicity of the substituents have a significant impact on the trypanocidal activities for derivatives that cause more than 50% of inhibition. These results show that the C. elegans model is efficient for screening potentially toxic compounds. CONCLUSION Two coumarins (11 h and 11 g) showed activity against T. cruzi epimastigote similar to Nifurtimox, however with lower toxicity in both LD50 and development of C. elegans assays. These two compounds may be a feasible starting point for the development of new trypanocidal drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana Gomes Nascimento Soares
- Laboratório de Síntese Orgânica Medicinal/LaSOM, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Göethel
- Laboratório Toxicologia/LATOX, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Luciano Porto Kagami
- Laboratório de Síntese Orgânica Medicinal/LaSOM, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Machado das Neves
- Laboratório de Síntese Orgânica Medicinal/LaSOM, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Elisa Sauer
- Laboratório de Síntese Orgânica Medicinal/LaSOM, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Estefania Birriel
- Facultad de Ciencias-Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Javier Varela
- Facultad de Ciencias-Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Itamar Luís Gonçalves
- Laboratório de Síntese Orgânica Medicinal/LaSOM, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Gilsane Von Poser
- Laboratório de Síntese Orgânica Medicinal/LaSOM, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Mercedes González
- Facultad de Ciencias-Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Daniel Fábio Kawano
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
- Departamento de Química Orgânica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Fávero Reisdorfer Paula
- Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, Centro de Ciências Médicas e Farmacêuticas, Cascavel, PR, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Borges de Melo
- Centro de Ciências Médicas e Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, Cascavel, PR, Brazil
| | - Solange Cristina Garcia
- Laboratório Toxicologia/LATOX, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Hugo Cerecetto
- Facultad de Ciencias-Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Vera Lucia Eifler-Lima
- Laboratório de Síntese Orgânica Medicinal/LaSOM, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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Tugcu G, Sipahi H, Aydin A. Application of a Validated QSTR Model for Repurposing COX-2 Inhibitor Coumarin Derivatives as Potential Antitumor Agents. Curr Top Med Chem 2019; 19:1121-1128. [DOI: 10.2174/1568026619666190618143552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2018] [Revised: 03/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
The discovery of novel potent molecules for both cancer prevention and
treatment has been continuing over the past decade. In recent years, identification of new, potent, and
safe anticancer agents through drug repurposing has been regarded as an expeditious alternative to traditional
drug development. The cyclooxygenase-2 is known to be over-expressed in several types of
human cancer. For this reason cyclooxygenase-2 inhibition may be useful tool for cancer chemotherapy.
Objective:
The first aim of the study was to develop a validated linear model to predict antitumor activity.
Subsequently, applicability of the model for repurposing these cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors as
antitumor compounds to abridge drug development process.
Method:
We performed a quantitative structure-toxicity relationship (QSTR) study on a set of coumarin
derivatives using a large set of molecular descriptors. A linear model predicting growth inhibition
on leukemia CCRF cell lines was developed and consequently validated internally and externally.
Accordingly, the model was applied on a set of 143 cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor coumarin derivatives to
explore their antitumor activity.
Results:
The results indicated that the developed QSAR model would be useful for estimating inhibitory
activity of coumarin derivatives on leukemia cell lines. Electronegativity was found to be a prominent
property of the molecules in describing antitumor activity. The applicability domain of the developed
model highlighted the potential antitumor compounds.
Conclusion:
The promising results revealed that applied integrated in silico approach for repurposing
by combining both the biological activity similarity and the molecular similarity via the computational
method could be efficiently used to screen potential antitumor compounds among cyclooxygenase-2
inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulcin Tugcu
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yeditepe University, Istanbul-34755, Turkey
| | - Hande Sipahi
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yeditepe University, Istanbul-34755, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Aydin
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yeditepe University, Istanbul-34755, Turkey
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Ribeiro TPP, Manarin FG, Borges de Melo E. In silico study toward the identification of new and safe potential inhibitors of photosynthetic electron transport. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 153:175-180. [PMID: 29428593 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
To address the rising global demand for food, it is necessary to search for new herbicides that can control resistant weeds. We performed a 2D-quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) study to predict compounds with photosynthesis-inhibitory activity. A data set of 44 compounds (quinolines and naphthalenes), which are described as photosynthetic electron transport (PET) inhibitors, was used. The obtained model was approved in internal and external validation tests. 2D Similarity-based virtual screening was performed and 64 compounds were selected from the ZINC database. By using the VEGA QSAR software, 48 compounds were shown to have potential toxic effects (mutagenicity and carcinogenicity). Therefore, the model was also tested using a set of 16 molecules obtained by a similarity search of the ZINC database. Six compounds showed good predicted inhibition of PET. The obtained model shows potential utility in the design of new PET inhibitors, and the hit compounds found by virtual screening are novel bicyclic scaffolds of this class.
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Chen L, Lu J, Huang T, Cai YD. A computational method for the identification of candidate drugs for non-small cell lung cancer. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0183411. [PMID: 28820893 PMCID: PMC5562320 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer causes a large number of deaths per year. Until now, a cure for this disease has not been found or developed. Finding an effective drug through traditional experimental methods invariably costs millions of dollars and takes several years. It is imperative that computational methods be developed to integrate several types of existing information to identify candidate drugs for further study, which could reduce the cost and time of development. In this study, we tried to advance this effort by proposing a computational method to identify candidate drugs for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), a major type of lung cancer. The method used three steps: (1) preliminary screening, (2) screening compounds by an association test and a permutation test, (3) screening compounds using an EM clustering algorithm. In the first step, based on the chemical-chemical interaction information reported in STITCH, a well-known database that reports interactions between chemicals and proteins, and approved NSCLC drugs, compounds that can interact with at least one approved NSCLC drug were picked. In the second step, the association test selected compounds that can interact with at least one NSCLC-related chemical and at least one NSCLC-related gene, and subsequently, the permutation test was used to discard nonspecific compounds from the remaining compounds. In the final step, core compounds were selected using a powerful clustering algorithm, the EM algorithm. Six putative compounds, protoporphyrin IX, hematoporphyrin, canertinib, lapatinib, pelitinib, and dacomitinib, were identified by this method. Previously published data show that all of the selected compounds have been reported to possess anti-NSCLC activity, indicating high probabilities of these compounds being novel candidate drugs for NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Chen
- College of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- College of Information Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Lu
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tao Huang
- Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu-Dong Cai
- College of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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Marostica LL, de Barros ALB, Oliveira J, Salgado BS, Cassali GD, Leite EA, Cardoso VN, Lang KL, Caro MSB, Durán FJ, Schenkel EP, de Oliveira MC, Simões CMO. Antitumor effectiveness of a combined therapy with a new cucurbitacin B derivative and paclitaxel on a human lung cancer xenograft model. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2017; 329:272-281. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2017.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Cytotoxic effects of natural and semisynthetic cucurbitacins on lung cancer cell line A549. Invest New Drugs 2016; 34:139-48. [DOI: 10.1007/s10637-015-0317-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Marostica LL, Silva IT, Kratz JM, Persich L, Geller FC, Lang KL, Caro MSB, Durán FJ, Schenkel EP, Simões CMO. Synergistic Antiproliferative Effects of a New Cucurbitacin B Derivative and Chemotherapy Drugs on Lung Cancer Cell Line A549. Chem Res Toxicol 2015; 28:1949-60. [PMID: 26372186 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.5b00153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) represents an important cause of mortality worldwide due to its aggressiveness and growing resistance to currently available therapy. Cucurbitacins have emerged as novel potential anticancer agents showing strong antiproliferative effects and can be promising candidates for combined treatments with clinically used anticancer agents. This study investigates the synergistic antiproliferative effects of a new semisynthetic derivative of cucurbitacin B (DACE) with three chemotherapy drugs: cisplatin (CIS), irinotecan (IRI), and paclitaxel (PAC) on A549 cells. The most effective combinations were selected for studies of the mechanism of action. Using an in silico tool, DACE seems to act by a different mechanism of action when compared with that of different classes of drugs already used in clinical settings. DACE also showed potent synergic effects with drugs, and the most potent combinations induced G2/M cell cycle arrest by modulating survivin and p53 expression, disruption of F-actin cytoskeleton, and cell death by apoptosis. These treatments completely inhibited the clonogenic potential and did not reduce the proliferation of nontumoral lung cells (MRC-5). DACE also showed relevant antimigratory and anti-invasive effects, and combined treatments modulated cell migration signaling pathways evolved with metastasis progression. The effects of DACE associated with drugs was potentiated by the oxidant agent l-buthionine-sulfoximine (BSO), and attenuated by N-acetilcysteine (NAC), an antioxidant agent. The antiproliferative effects induced by combined treatments were attenuated by a pan-caspase inhibitor, indicating that the effects of these treatments are dependent on caspase activity. Our data highlight the therapeutic potential of DACE used in combination with known chemotherapy drugs and offer important insights for the development of more effective and selective therapies against lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Lourenço Marostica
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina , Campus Trindade, CEP 88040-900, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Izabella Thaís Silva
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina , Campus Trindade, CEP 88040-900, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Jadel Müller Kratz
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina , Campus Trindade, CEP 88040-900, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Lara Persich
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina , Campus Trindade, CEP 88040-900, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Cristina Geller
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina , Campus Trindade, CEP 88040-900, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Karen Luise Lang
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina , Campus Trindade, CEP 88040-900, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Miguel Soriano Balparda Caro
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina , Campus Trindade, CEP 88040-900, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Fernando Javier Durán
- UMYMFOR-CONICET, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Buenos Aires , Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Eloir Paulo Schenkel
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina , Campus Trindade, CEP 88040-900, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Cláudia Maria Oliveira Simões
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina , Campus Trindade, CEP 88040-900, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
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In vitro and in vivo antitumor activity of a novel semisynthetic derivative of cucurbitacin B. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117794. [PMID: 25674792 PMCID: PMC4326133 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the most deadly type of cancer in humans, with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) being the most frequent and aggressive type of lung cancer showing high resistance to radiation and chemotherapy. Despite the outstanding progress made in anti-tumor therapy, discovering effective anti-tumor drugs is still a challenging task. Here we describe a new semisynthetic derivative of cucurbitacin B (DACE) as a potent inhibitor of NSCLC cell proliferation. DACE arrested the cell cycle of lung epithelial cells at the G2/M phase and induced cell apoptosis by interfering with EGFR activation and its downstream signaling, including AKT, ERK, and STAT3. Consistent with our in vitro studies, intraperitoneal application of DACE significantly suppressed the growth of mouse NSCLC that arises from type II alveolar pneumocytes due to constitutive expression of a human oncogenic c-RAF kinase (c-RAF-1-BxB) transgene in these cells. Taken together, these findings suggest that DACE is a promising lead compound for the development of an anti-lung-cancer drug.
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Morotti AL, Lang KL, Carvalho I, Schenkel EP, Bernardes LS. Semi-Synthesis of new glycosidic triazole derivatives of dihydrocucurbitacin B. Tetrahedron Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2014.11.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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de Campos LJ, de Melo EB. Modeling structure–activity relationships of prodiginines with antimalarial activity using GA/MLR and OPS/PLS. J Mol Graph Model 2014; 54:19-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2014.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2014] [Revised: 08/02/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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