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Zhang X, Liu QJ, Liu FS, Liu ZT, Yang X. Molecular dynamics simulation of sensitivity of HMX, FOX-7, and TATB crystals. J Mol Model 2024; 30:150. [PMID: 38664264 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-024-05941-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
METHODS This study used molecular dynamics (MD) to simulate three materials (HMX, FOX-7, and TATB) under the NVT ensemble. Six temperatures (100 K, 200 K, 300 K, 400 K, 500 K, and 600 K) were simulated. In addition, the trigger bond lengths, energy bands, and density of states of three materials were obtained at different temperatures and compared with the calculated results at 0 K. CONTEXT The results indicate that the trigger bond lengths of the three materials are very close to the experimental values. Overall, the maximum and average bond lengths of the trigger bonds increase with increasing temperature. The band gap value decreases with increasing temperature. The changes in trigger bond length and band gap value are consistent with the experimental fact that sensitivity increases with increasing temperature. And Eg > 1 eV is consistently found within the temperature range of 0-600 K, indicating that all three materials are non-metallic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Zhang
- Bond and Band Engineering Group, School of Physical Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi-Jun Liu
- Bond and Band Engineering Group, School of Physical Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, People's Republic of China
| | - Fu-Sheng Liu
- Bond and Band Engineering Group, School of Physical Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng-Tang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue Yang
- Bond and Band Engineering Group, School of Physical Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, People's Republic of China.
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2
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Yang C, Li X, Zhou N, Dong H, Hu X, Jin J, Huang T, Wang J. Theoretical study on intra-molecule interactions in TKX-50. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:26861-26877. [PMID: 37782490 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp03564f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
To fully and deeply understand the weak interactions in the gaseous structure of the TKX-50 molecule, two conformations I and II of the TKX-50 molecule confirmed in a crystal cell were optimized at the B3LYP/6-311g(d,p) level in the gas state, and the single point energy of the optimized structure was calculated at the M06-2X/ma-TZVPP level. Analyzing methods for weak interactions such as the interaction region indicator (IRI), topological basin analysis, and the extended transition state-natural orbitals for chemical valence (ETS-NOCV) theory with the help of Multiwfn code were employed to reveal the corresponding intramolecular weak interactions. The results showed that there were 5 kinds of intramolecular weak interaction in both conformations. They are two types of H bond, two types of intra-ring weak interaction, and one type of O-N bond within the molecular fragment containing the bis-tetrazole ring. The combined effect of all these weak interactions holds the bis-tetrazole ring of TKX-50 retaining an almost coplanar configuration. Meanwhile, the strength of these weak interactions is significantly different in conformation I and conformation II. The most obvious difference is that conformation II has a significant H transfer between intramolecular fragments due to the mirror rotation of almost 180° of cations (NH3OH)+ perpendicular to the N-O bond axis thereof as compared to the reference conformation I. This conformational difference not only makes the weak interaction between the two conformations very different but also forms a quasi-covalent bond in conformation II with much larger bonding energy than other H bonds, thus resulting in conformation II having lower electron energy and more stable geometry. In addition, the order of breaking various H bonds in the combustion decomposition process of TKX-50 is deduced by comparing various H bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhai Yang
- School of Materials Engineering, Changshu Institute of Technology, SuZhou, 215500, China
| | - Xue Li
- School of Petroleum Engineering, Changzhou University, ChangZhou, 213164, China
| | - Ning Zhou
- School of Petroleum Engineering, Changzhou University, ChangZhou, 213164, China
| | - Huilong Dong
- School of Materials Engineering, Changshu Institute of Technology, SuZhou, 215500, China
| | - Xiuli Hu
- School of Materials Engineering, Changshu Institute of Technology, SuZhou, 215500, China
| | - Junxun Jin
- School of Materials Engineering, Changshu Institute of Technology, SuZhou, 215500, China
| | - Tao Huang
- School of Materials Engineering, Changshu Institute of Technology, SuZhou, 215500, China
| | - Jinhui Wang
- College of Ocean Science and Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai, 201306, China
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Qu Y, Qian W, Zhang J, Gong F, Xie Z, Yang Z, Nie F, Zhao X. Interfacial engineered RDX/TATB energetic co-particles for enhanced safety performance and thermal stability. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:10527-10534. [DOI: 10.1039/d2dt01421a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazinane (RDX) has attracted considerable attentions in energy related fields. However, the safety performance of RDX needs to be improved in terms of various external stimulations. Herein, such issues of...
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Fu Y, Wang X, Zhu Y, Xu B, Liu Z, Chen L, Liao X. Thermal characteristics of dihydroxylammonium 5,5′-bistetrazole-1,1′-diolate in contact with nitrocellulose/nitroglycerine under continuous heat flow. ARAB J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2021.103466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Nasrollahzadeh M, Nezafat Z, Bidgoli NSS, Shafiei N. Use of tetrazoles in catalysis and energetic applications: Recent developments. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2021.111788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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A study on interwoven hydrogen bonding interactions in new zidovudine-picric acid (1:1) cocrystal through single crystal XRD, spectral and computational methods. J Mol Struct 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2020.128052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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7
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Comparative investigation on the thermostability, sensitivity, and mechanical performance of RDX/HMX energetic cocrystal and its mixture. J Mol Model 2020; 26:176. [PMID: 32535754 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-020-04426-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Molecular mechanics (MM) and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation method were applied to explore the impact of temperature (220-380 K) on the thermostability, sensitivity, and mechanical performance of RDX (1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazacyco-hexane)/HMX (1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocane) energetic cocrystal and mixture models. The mechanical property, the maximum trigger bond length ([Formula: see text]), binding energy, and cohesive energy density (CED) of the pure RDX, β-HMX crystal, the cocrystal, and mixture models were acquired and compared. The results manifest that temperature has an important impact on the binding capacity between the components of the cocrystal and mixture. The binding energies decrease as the temperature rises, and the cocrystal has larger values than those of mixture. For all the models, the [Formula: see text] increases and the CEDs decrease with the rising temperature, implying that the sensitivity of the explosives increases, while the [Formula: see text] values of the cocrystal are smaller than those of HMX and the CED values are between those of RDX and β-HMX, indicating that the sensitivity has been enhanced through co-crystallization. As the temperature increases, the shear modulus (G), bulk modulus (K), and tensile modulus (E) values of all models have an evident downtrend. Simultaneously, G, K, and E values of the cocrystal model are less than those of RDX and β-HMX, while the K/G ratio and Cauchy pressure (C12-C44) are larger, signifying that co-crystallization can weaken the brittleness and enhance the ductility of the pure crystals. Compared with the mixture, the cocrystal has better ductility and stability.
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Key Words
- 1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazacyco-hexane (RDX)/1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocane (HMX) energetic cocrystal
- Mechanical performance
- Molecular dynamics simulation
- Sensitivity
- Thermostability
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Liu Y, Gou RJ, Zhang SH, Chen YH, Chen MH, Liu YB. Effect of solvent mixture on the formation of CL-20/HMX cocrystal explosives. J Mol Model 2019; 26:8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00894-019-4265-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Likhitha U, Narayana B, Sarojini B, Lobo AG, Sharma G, Pathania S, Kant R. Do hydrogen bonding and noncovalent interactions stabilize nicotinamide-picric acid cocrystal supramolecular assembly? J Mol Struct 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2019.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Theoretical calculation into the effect of molar ratio on the structures, stability, mechanical properties and detonation performance of 1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocane/ 1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazacyco-hexane cocrystal. J Mol Model 2019; 25:299. [PMID: 31482441 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-019-4181-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Molecular dynamics (MD) simulation was conducted to research the effect of molar ratio on the thermal stability, mechanical properties, and detonation performance of HMX (1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocane)/RDX (1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazacyco-hexane) cocrystal explosive at ambient condition. The binding energy, mechanical properties, and the detonation parameters of the pure β-HMX, RDX crystal, and the cocrystal models were got and contrasted. The results demonstrate that molar ratio has a great influence on the properties of the cocrystal system. The binding energy of the cocrystals has the maximum values at the 1:1 molar ratio, indicating that the stability of HMX/RDX(1:1) cocrystal is the best and HMX and RDX may prefer to cocrystallizing at 1:1 molar ratio. What's more, the tensile modulus (E) and shear modulus (G) of the HMX/RDX(1:1) cocrystals have the minimum value, while the C12-C44 and K/G have the maximum value, implying that the cocrystal at 1:1 molar ratio has the best mechanical properties. Simultaneously, the E, K, and G of the cocrystals are all smaller than those of β-HMX's and generally larger than those RDX's, while the Cauchy pressure (C12-C44) and K/G ratio were greater, demonstrating that cocrystallizing can improve the brittleness and enhance the ductility. The detonation velocity (D) and detonation pressure (P) decrease with the rising RDX content, while the properties are still superior to the pure RDX crystal; thus, the energy properties of the cocrystal are still excellent. In a word, HMX/RDX cocrystal at 1:1 molar ratio has the best thermal stability, mechanical properties, and the excellent energetic performance.
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11
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Zhai P, Shi C, Zhao S, Mei Z, Pan Y. Molecular dynamics simulations of a cyclotetramethylene tetra-nitramine/hydrazine 5,5'-bitetrazole-1,1'-diolate cocrystal. RSC Adv 2019; 9:19390-19396. [PMID: 35519389 PMCID: PMC9065316 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra02966d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
An energetic ionic salt (EIS)-based cocrystal formation, cyclotetramethylene tetra-nitramine (HMX)/hydrazine 5,5′-bitetrazole-1,1′-diolate (HA·BTO), is predicted based on molecular dynamics simulations. HA·BTO is a newly-synthesized environmentally friendly energetic ionic salt with good detonation performance and low sensitivity. Calculated powder X-ray diffraction patterns and intermolecular interactions deduce the formation of the new cocrystal structure. Radial distribution function analysis suggests that hydrogen bonds and van der Waals (vdW) forces exist between the H⋯O pairs of HMX and HA·BTO, while the hydrogen bonds between the H of HA·BTO and the O of HMX play a prominent role. The cohesive energy density and mechanical properties are also analyzed. The cohesive energy density of the HMX/HA·BTO cocrystal is larger than that of the composite of HMX and HA·BTO, indicating an improvement in crystal stability by cocrystalization. Compared to both HMX and HA·BTO, HMX/HA·BTO has smaller Young modulus, bulk modulus and shear modulus values, but larger K/G values and a positive Cauchy pressure, suggesting decreased stiffness and improved ductibility. Moreover, the calculated formation energy is −405.79 kJ mol−1 at 298 K, which implies that the proposed cocrystal structure is likely to be synthesized at ambient temperature. In summary, we have predicted an EIS-based cocrystal formation in which the safety and mechanical properties of HMX have been improved via cocrystalization with HA·BTO, and this provides deep insight into the formation mechanism of the EIS-based cocrystal. An energetic ionic salt-based cocrystal formation, HMX/HA·BTO, is predicted based on molecular dynamics simulations.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Zhai
- Xi'an High-Tech Research Institute Xi'an 710025 People's Republic of China .,Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute Xi'an 710065 People's Republic of China
| | - Chengying Shi
- Xi'an High-Tech Research Institute Xi'an 710025 People's Republic of China
| | - Shengxiang Zhao
- Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute Xi'an 710065 People's Republic of China
| | - Zongshu Mei
- Xi'an High-Tech Research Institute Xi'an 710025 People's Republic of China
| | - Yinguang Pan
- Xi'an High-Tech Research Institute Xi'an 710025 People's Republic of China
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Duan B, Shu Y, Liu N, Lu Y, Wang B, Lu X, Zhang J. Comparative studies on structure, sensitivity and mechanical properties of CL-20/DNDAP cocrystal and composite by molecular dynamics simulation. RSC Adv 2018; 8:34690-34698. [PMID: 35548627 PMCID: PMC9087360 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra07387b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular dynamics simulation was performed on 2,4,6,8,10,12-hexanitro-2,4,6,8,10,12-hexaazaisowurtzitane (CL-20), 2,4-dinitro-2,4-diazapentane (DNDAP), and CL-20/DNDAP cocrystal and composite under COMPASS force field at different temperatures. The binding energy (Ebind), radial distribution function (RDF), trigger bond length, cohesive energy density (CED) and mechanical properties were studied and compared. The results show that the binding energy of the cocrystal is evidently higher than that of the composite at the same temperature. RDF analysis reveals that hydrogen bonds and vdW forces between CL-20 and DNDAP exist in both CL-20/DNDAP cocrystal and composite, and the interactions in the cocrystal are stronger than those in the composite. The maximum trigger bond length decreases in the order ε-CL-20 > CL-20/DNDAP composite > CL-20/DNDAP cocrystal. Moreover, the rigidity and stiffness of the cocrystal and composite decrease compared to that of CL-20, while the ductility and elasticity are better than that of the two pure components. These results demonstrate that CL-20/DNDAP cocrystal might be very promising in explosive applications. This work proves that cocrystallization is a more effective modification method than mixing and elucidated the underlying mechanism.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Binghui Duan
- Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute Xi'an 710065 People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanjie Shu
- Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute Xi'an 710065 People's Republic of China .,State Key Laboratory of Fluorine & Nitrogen Chemicals Xi'an 710065 People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Liu
- Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute Xi'an 710065 People's Republic of China .,State Key Laboratory of Fluorine & Nitrogen Chemicals Xi'an 710065 People's Republic of China
| | - Yingying Lu
- Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute Xi'an 710065 People's Republic of China
| | - Bozhou Wang
- Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute Xi'an 710065 People's Republic of China .,State Key Laboratory of Fluorine & Nitrogen Chemicals Xi'an 710065 People's Republic of China
| | - Xianming Lu
- Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute Xi'an 710065 People's Republic of China .,State Key Laboratory of Fluorine & Nitrogen Chemicals Xi'an 710065 People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaoqiang Zhang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an 710129 People's Republic of China
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Hang GY, Yu WL, Wang T, Li Z. Theoretical investigation of the structures and properties of CL-20/DNB cocrystal and associated PBXs by molecular dynamics simulation. J Mol Model 2018; 24:97. [PMID: 29556732 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-018-3638-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In this work, a CL-20/DNB cocrystal explosive model was established and six different kinds of fluoropolymers, i.e., PVDF, PCTFE, F2311, F2312, F2313 and F2314 were added into the (1 0 0), (0 1 0), (0 0 1) crystal orientations to obtain the corresponding polymer bonded explosives (PBXs). The influence of fluoropolymers on PBX properties (energetic property, stability and mechanical properties) was investigated and evaluated using molecular dynamics (MD) methods. The results reveal a decrease in engineering moduli, an increase in Cauchy pressure (i.e., rigidity and stiffness is lessened), and an increase in plastic properties and ductility, thus indicating that the fluoropolymers have a beneficial influence on the mechanical properties of PBXs. Of all the PBXs models tested, the mechanical properties of CL-20/DNB/F2311 were the best. Binding energies show that CL-20/DNB/F2311 has the highest intermolecular interaction energy and best compatibility and stability. Therefore, F2311 is the most suitable fluoropolymer for PBXs. The mechanical properties and binding energies of the three crystal orientations vary in the order (0 1 0) > (0 0 1) > (1 0 0), i.e., the mechanical properties of the (0 1 0) crystal orientation are best, and this is the most stable crystal orientation. Detonation performance results show that the density and detonation parameters of PBXs are lower than those of the pure CL-20 and CL-20/DNB cocrystal explosive. The power and energetic performance of PBXs are thus weakened; however, these PBXs still have excellent detonation performance and are very promising. The results and conclusions provide some helpful guidance and novel instructions for the design and manufacture of PBXs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gui-Yun Hang
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, Xi'an Research Institute of High-Tech, Shaanxi, Xi'an, 710025, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wen-Li Yu
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, Xi'an Research Institute of High-Tech, Shaanxi, Xi'an, 710025, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, Xi'an Research Institute of High-Tech, Shaanxi, Xi'an, 710025, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen Li
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, Xi'an Research Institute of High-Tech, Shaanxi, Xi'an, 710025, People's Republic of China
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Comparative studies on structures, mechanical properties, sensitivity, stabilities and detonation performance of CL-20/TNT cocrystal and composite explosives by molecular dynamics simulation. J Mol Model 2017; 23:281. [PMID: 28929235 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-017-3455-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
To investigate and compare the differences of structures and properties of CL-20/TNT cocrystal and composite explosives, the CL-20/TNT cocrystal and composite models were established. Molecular dynamics simulations were performed to investigate the structures, mechanical properties, sensitivity, stabilities and detonation performance of cocrystal and composite models with COMPASS force field in NPT ensemble. The lattice parameters, mechanical properties, binding energies, interaction energy of trigger bond, cohesive energy density and detonation parameters were determined and compared. The results show that, compared with pure CL-20, the rigidity and stiffness of cocrystal and composite models decreased, while plastic properties and ductility increased, so mechanical properties can be effectively improved by adding TNT into CL-20 and the cocrystal model has better mechanical properties. The interaction energy of the trigger bond and the cohesive energy density is in the order of CL-20/TNT cocrystal > CL-20/TNT composite > pure CL-20, i.e., cocrystal model is less sensitive than CL-20 and the composite model, and has the best safety parameters. Binding energies show that the cocrystal model has higher intermolecular interaction energy values than the composite model, thus illustrating the better stability of the cocrystal model. Detonation parameters vary as CL-20 > cocrystal > composite, namely, the energy density and power of cocrystal and composite model are weakened; however, the CL-20/TNT cocrystal explosive still has desirable energy density and detonation performance. This results presented in this paper help offer some helpful guidance to better understand the mechanism of CL-20/TNT cocrystal explosives and provide some theoretical assistance for cocrystal explosive design.
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