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Kumar N, He J, Rusling JF. Electrochemical transformations catalyzed by cytochrome P450s and peroxidases. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:5135-5171. [PMID: 37458261 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00461a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450s (Cyt P450s) and peroxidases are enzymes featuring iron heme cofactors that have wide applicability as biocatalysts in chemical syntheses. Cyt P450s are a family of monooxygenases that oxidize fatty acids, steroids, and xenobiotics, synthesize hormones, and convert drugs and other chemicals to metabolites. Peroxidases are involved in breaking down hydrogen peroxide and can oxidize organic compounds during this process. Both heme-containing enzymes utilize active FeIVO intermediates to oxidize reactants. By incorporating these enzymes in stable thin films on electrodes, Cyt P450s and peroxidases can accept electrons from an electrode, albeit by different mechanisms, and catalyze organic transformations in a feasible and cost-effective way. This is an advantageous approach, often called bioelectrocatalysis, compared to their biological pathways in solution that require expensive biochemical reductants such as NADPH or additional enzymes to recycle NADPH for Cyt P450s. Bioelectrocatalysis also serves as an ex situ platform to investigate metabolism of drugs and bio-relevant chemicals. In this paper we review biocatalytic electrochemical reactions using Cyt P450s including C-H activation, S-oxidation, epoxidation, N-hydroxylation, and oxidative N-, and O-dealkylation; as well as reactions catalyzed by peroxidases including synthetically important oxidations of organic compounds. Design aspects of these bioelectrocatalytic reactions are presented and discussed, including enzyme film formation on electrodes, temperature, pH, solvents, and activation of the enzymes. Finally, we discuss challenges and future perspective of these two important bioelectrocatalytic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeraj Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-3136, USA.
| | - Jie He
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-3136, USA.
- Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-3136, USA
| | - James F Rusling
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-3136, USA.
- Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-3136, USA
- Department of Surgery and Neag Cancer Center, Uconn Health, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
- School of Chemistry, National University of Ireland at Galway, Galway, Ireland
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2
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Ekin S, Yildirim S, Akkoyun MB, Gok HN, Arihan O, Oto G, Akkoyun T, Basbugan Y, Aslan S. Theophylline attenuates bleomycin-induced oxidative stress in rats: The role of IL-6, NF-κB, and antioxidant enzymes. BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/s2175-97902022e20827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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3
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Yang Y, Su L, Huang Y, Zhang X, Li C, Wang J, Fan L, Wang S, Zhao YH. Bio-uptake, tissue distribution and metabolism of a neonicotinoid insecticide clothianidin in zebrafish. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 292:118317. [PMID: 34634407 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Neonicotinoids have been often detected in aquatic environment with high concentrations; however, little is known about their risk and fate to/in fish. This study systematically investigated the bio-uptake, tissue distribution and metabolism of neonicotinoids in zebrafish, taking clothianidin (CLO) as an example. The results revealed the uptake and elimination kinetics of CLO in whole fish and different tissues was very similar, and its bioconcentration factor (<1) indicates the low bioaccumulation potential in zebrafish. The highest accumulative tissues for CLO were found to be intestine and liver. Eight biotransformation products were identified in intestine and liver, and the metabolic pathways were found to be N-demethylation and nitro-reduction. The metabolic kinetics of two products (desmethyl clothianidin and clothianidin urea) revealed the metabolism of CLO mainly occurred in liver and intestine. This suggested that the hepatobiliary system played an important role in the metabolism and elimination of CLO. This study provides a comprehensive evaluation of the toxicokinetics of CLO in zebrafish, and these results can contribute to its ecological risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, 130117, PR China
| | - Limin Su
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, 130117, PR China
| | - Ying Huang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, 130117, PR China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, 130117, PR China
| | - Chao Li
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, 130117, PR China.
| | - Jia Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, 130117, PR China
| | - Lingyun Fan
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, 130117, PR China
| | - Shuo Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, 130117, PR China
| | - Yuan H Zhao
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, 130117, PR China
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4
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Banerjee A, Shah JK. Elucidating the effect of the ionic liquid type and alkyl chain length on the stability of ionic liquid-iron porphyrin complexes. J Chem Phys 2020; 153:034306. [PMID: 32716177 DOI: 10.1063/5.0007815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study is motivated by the long-term objective of understanding how ionic liquids are biodegraded by cytochrome P450, which contains iron porphyrin (FeP) serving as the catalytic center. To this end, the current study is designed to elucidate the impact of types and conformations of ionic liquids on the binding energy with FeP, the key interactions that stabilize the ionic liquid-FeP complex, and how the electron uptake ability of FeP is altered in the presence of ionic liquids. Four classes of ionic liquids are considered: 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium, 1-alkyl-pyridinium, 1-alkylsulfonium, and N-methyl-N-alkylpyrrolidinium. The influence of linear alkyl chains of ethyl, butyl, hexyl, octyl, and decyl is examined on the favorable binding modes with FeP, considering two widely different conformations: tail up and tail down with respect to FeP. Electronic structure calculations are performed at the M06 level of theory with the 6-31G(d,p) basis set for C, H, and N atoms, while the Lanl2DZ basis set is employed for Fe. Donor-acceptor interactions contributing to the binding of ionic liquids to FeP are unraveled through the natural bond orbital analysis. The results from this study indicate that the binding energies are dependent not only on the class of ionic liquids but also on the conformations presented to FeP. The propensity of FeP to acquire an electron is significantly enhanced in the presence of ionic liquid cations, irrespective of the type and the alkyl chain length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atiya Banerjee
- School of Chemical Engineering, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, USA
| | - Jindal K Shah
- School of Chemical Engineering, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, USA
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Hu D, Gao YH, Yao XS, Gao H. Recent advances in dissecting the demethylation reactions in natural product biosynthesis. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2020; 59:47-53. [PMID: 32460136 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2020.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Demethylation is a chemical process widely distributed in nature to remove a methyl group from an organic molecule, which is a key aspect of diverse biological processes including biosynthesis of natural products, degradation of plant biomass and epigenetic regulation. This process is facilitated by diverse demethylases via distinct mechanisms. Recent studies have disclosed some novel demethylation reactions as well as their underlying demethylases in the biosynthesis of bacterial sterols, fungal terpenoids, and plant alkaloids. This article focuses on current advances in dissecting the demethylation reactions in biosynthesis of natural products and aims to point out the enzymatic mechanisms, which will further enhance our knowledge and understanding of demethylation process in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Hu
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yao-Hui Gao
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin-Sheng Yao
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Gao
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, People's Republic of China.
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Chen Z, Wu T, Yang X, Yue F, Fu F. An exploration of the solvent- and acid-catalyzed mutarotation mechanisms of lactose in aqueous solution. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj03660a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Exploration of the solvent- and acid-catalyzed mutarotation mechanisms of lactose to reveal the ease of the mutarotation varying with the acidity of the catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeqin Chen
- College of Materials and Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Chengdu University of Technology
- Chengdu 610059
- People's Republic of China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
| | - Tunyan Wu
- Chengdu Jinjiang Research Institute of Education Science
- Chengdu 610064
- People's Republic of China
| | - Xue Yang
- College of Materials and Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Chengdu University of Technology
- Chengdu 610059
- People's Republic of China
| | - Fen Yue
- College of Materials and Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Chengdu University of Technology
- Chengdu 610059
- People's Republic of China
| | - Fengping Fu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- China West Normal University
- Nanchong 637002
- People's Republic of China
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Bao L, Liu W, Li Y, Wang X, Xu F, Yang Z, Yue Y, Zuo C, Zhang Q, Wang W. Carcinogenic Metabolic Activation Process of Naphthalene by the Cytochrome P450 Enzyme 1B1: A Computational Study. Chem Res Toxicol 2019; 32:603-612. [PMID: 30794404 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.8b00297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The metabolic activation and transformation of naphthalene by the cytochrome P450 enzyme (CYP 1B1) plays an important role in its potential carcinogenicity. The process has been explored by a quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) computational method. Molecular dynamic simulations were performed to explore the interaction between naphthalene and CYP 1B1. Naphthalene involves α- and β-carbon, the electrophilic addition of which would result in different reaction pathways. Our computational results show that both additions on α- and β-carbon can generate naphthalene 1,2-oxide. The activation barrier for the addition on β-carbon is higher than that for the α-carbon by 2.6 kcal·mol-1, which is possibly caused by the proximity between β-carbon and the iron-oxo group of Cpd I in the system. We also found that naphthalene 1,2-oxide is unstable and the O-C bond cleavage easily occurs via cellular hydronium ion, hydroxyl radical/anion; then it will convert to the potential ultimate carcinogen 1,2-naphthoquinone. The results demonstrate and inform a detailed process of generating naphthalene 1,2-oxide and new predictions for its conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Bao
- Environment Research Institute , Shandong University , Qingdao 266237 , People's Republic of China
| | - Wen Liu
- Environment Research Institute , Shandong University , Qingdao 266237 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yanwei Li
- Environment Research Institute , Shandong University , Qingdao 266237 , People's Republic of China
| | - Xueyu Wang
- Environment Research Institute , Shandong University , Qingdao 266237 , People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Xu
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Shandong University , Shenzhen 518057 , People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongyue Yang
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Yue Yue
- Environment Research Institute , Shandong University , Qingdao 266237 , People's Republic of China
| | - Chenpeng Zuo
- Environment Research Institute , Shandong University , Qingdao 266237 , People's Republic of China
| | - Qingzhu Zhang
- Environment Research Institute , Shandong University , Qingdao 266237 , People's Republic of China
| | - Wenxing Wang
- Environment Research Institute , Shandong University , Qingdao 266237 , People's Republic of China
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