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Ahsin A, Qamar A, Muthu S, Vetrivelan V, Cao J, Bian W. Superalkali nature of the Si 9M 5 (M = Li, Na, and K) Zintl clusters: a theoretical study on electronic structure and dynamic nonlinear optical properties. RSC Adv 2024; 14:17091-17101. [PMID: 38808233 PMCID: PMC11130639 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra02396j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Zintl clusters have attracted widespread attention because of their intriguing bonding and unusual physical properties. We explore the Si9 and Si9M5 (where M = Li, Na, and K) Zintl clusters using the density functional theory combined with other methods. The exothermic nature of the Si9M5 cluster formation is disclosed, and the interactions of alkali metals with pristine Si9 are shown to be noncovalent. The reduced density gradient analysis is performed, in which increased van der Waals interactions are observed with the enlargement of the size of alkali metals. The influence of the implicit solvent model is considered, where the hyperpolarizability (βo) in the solvent is found to be about 83 times larger than that in the gas phase for Si9K5. The frequency-dependent nonlinear optical (NLO) response for the dc-Kerr effect is observed up to 1.3 × 1011 au, indicating an excellent change in refractive index by an externally applied electric field. In addition, natural bonding orbitals obtained from the second-order perturbation analysis show the charge transfer with the donor-acceptor orbitals. Electron localization function and localized orbital locator analyses are also performed to better understand the bonding electrons in designed clusters. The studied Zintl clusters demonstrate the superalkali character in addition to their remarkable optical and nonlinear optical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atazaz Ahsin
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Aamna Qamar
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - S Muthu
- Department of Physics, Arignar Anna Government Arts College Cheyyar 604407 Tamil Nadu India
| | - V Vetrivelan
- Department of Physics, Government College of Engineering Srirangam Thiruchirappalli 620012 Tamil Nadu India
| | - Jianwei Cao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
| | - Wensheng Bian
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
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Ejaz I, Ahsan F, Asif M, Ayub K. Polaronic state of conducting oligomer as a new approach to design non-lieaner optical materials: A case study of oligofurans. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 304:123288. [PMID: 37634328 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.123288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
The geometric, electronic and nonlinear optical properties of neutral and polaron based oligofurans are studied comparatively. We have reported the role of polaron to trigger the nonlinear optical response of oligofurans (nFu). The polaron based oligomers show excellent opto-electronic properties. The effect of polaron on nFu* chains is measured by electronic properties i.e (ionization energy, electron affinity, band gap) and global reactivity descriptors like softness, hardness and chemical potential than their neutral counterpart. An interesting trends of reactivity descriptors have been observed. Lower band gaps (EH-L = 4.66 and 4.41 eV) are observed for polaronic systems as compared to their neutral counterpart. On the other hand, the TD-DFT study further demonstrated that, as the size of chain increases, the absorption maxima (λmax) also increases with significant reduction in excitation energies (ΔE). Furthermore, the nonlinear optical response is confirmed through the linear polarizability (αo), static first order hyperpolarizability (βo) and dynamic (frequency denepndent) hyperpolarizability. Electric filed induced second harmonic generation (EFISHG) and electro-optic pockle effect (EOPE) at 532 nm and 1064 nm, commonly used lasers frequencies have also been employed. Our results showed that the maximum hyperpolarizabilities are observed for polaron based 7Fu* and 9Fu* i.e 1.3 × 104, and 3.1 × 104 au. This study concluded that these polaron based organic polymers (nFu*) are useful as an efficient NLO material with vast applications in different fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iqra Ejaz
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad, KPK 22060, Pakistan
| | - Faiza Ahsan
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad, KPK 22060, Pakistan
| | - Misbah Asif
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad, KPK 22060, Pakistan
| | - Khurshid Ayub
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad, KPK 22060, Pakistan.
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Kashyap S, Batra K. Electric field effect on [Formula: see text] clusters for applications in MOSFETs and DSSCs: a DFT study. J Mol Model 2023; 29:376. [PMID: 37966671 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-023-05759-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT The structural, electronic, non-linear optical (NLO) and spectral properties of [Formula: see text] clusters with [Formula: see text] have been studied under the influence of an external electric field using density functional theory (DFT). The effect of variation in the Hf:Ti ratio on different properties of clusters is investigated. The motivation to study [Formula: see text] clusters lies in the fact that HfTiO thin films have wide applications in various optoelectronic and photovoltaic devices. So, it will be interesting to study the effect of electric field on [Formula: see text] clusters with the variation in the number of Hf, Ti and O atoms. It is observed that out of all the clusters, [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] are the most stable clusters with high values of binding energy and HOMO-LUMO gap. The application of an external electric field on these most stable clusters distorts their geometry and their HOMO-LUMO gap decreases, dipole moment and polarizability increases as the electric field is increased from 0 a.u. to 340 x[Formula: see text] a.u. The applied electric field increases the polar character of clusters due to electron cloud deformation and hence, increases the reactivity of the clusters, thus making these clusters suitable for electrocatalytic reactions. The electric field controlled high values of dielectric constant makes these clusters suitable to be used in the oxide layer of metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistors (MOSFETs) with better capacitance. Under the effect of an electric field, the absorption peaks of UV-VIS spectra gets red-shifted. Due to the tuning of absorption spectra from ultraviolet to visible region, [Formula: see text] clusters can be thought of as a good replacement for [Formula: see text] in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). METHODS The computational study of [Formula: see text] clusters has been performed using DFT. For the ground state of [Formula: see text] clusters, the optimization and frequency calculations have been performed using hybrid B3LYP (Becke three-parameter exchange functional combined with Lee, Yang and Parr correlation functional) functional with LANL2DZ (Los Alamos National Laboratory effective core potentials with Double Zeta atomic set) basis set under hybrid-GGA (generalized gradient approximation). Optimization and frequency calculations have been performed in each case. The excited state calculations have been carried out within time-dependent DFT formalism for a total of 50 excited states. The computational chemistry software package Gaussian 16 along with its graphical interface Gaussview have been employed for the current study of [Formula: see text] clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilpa Kashyap
- University School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, Dwarka Sector-16 C, New Delhi, 110078, India
| | - Kriti Batra
- University School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, Dwarka Sector-16 C, New Delhi, 110078, India.
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Geometric, Electronic, and Optoelectronic Properties of Carbon-Based Polynuclear C 3O[C(CN) 2] 2M 3 (where M = Li, Na, and K) Clusters: A DFT Study. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28041827. [PMID: 36838816 PMCID: PMC9965956 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28041827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbon-based polynuclear clusters are designed and investigated for geometric, electronic, and nonlinear optical (NLO) properties at the CAM-B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) level of theory. Significant binding energies per atom (ranging from -162.4 to -160.0 kcal mol-1) indicate excellent thermodynamic stabilities of these polynuclear clusters. The frontier molecular orbital (FMOs) analysis indicates excess electron nature of the clusters with low ionization potential, suggesting that they are alkali-like. The decreased energy gaps (EH-L) with increased alkali metals size revael the improved electrical conductivity (σ). The total density of state (TDOS) study reveals the alkali metals' size-dependent electronic and conductive properties. The significant first and second hyperpolarizabilities are observed up to 5.78 × 103 and 5.55 × 106 au, respectively. The βo response shows dependence on the size of alkali metals. Furthermore, the absorption study shows transparency of these clusters in the deep-UV, and absorptions are observed at longer wavelengths (redshifted). The optical gaps from TD-DFT are considerably smaller than those of HOMO-LUMO gaps. The significant scattering hyperpolarizability (βHRS) value (1.62 × 104) is calculated for the C3 cluster, where octupolar contribution to βHRS is 92%. The dynamic first hyperpolarizability β(ω) is more pronounced for the EOPE effect at 532 nm, whereas SHG has notable values for second hyperpolarizability γ(ω).
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Li LK, Ma YQ, Li KN, Xie WL, Huang B. Structural and electronic properties of H 2, CO, CH 4, NO, and NH 3 adsorbed onto Al 12Si 12 nanocages using density functional theory. Front Chem 2023; 11:1143951. [PMID: 36874075 PMCID: PMC9978340 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1143951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, the adsorption of gases (CH4, CO, H2, NH3, and NO) onto Al12Si12 nanocages was theoretically investigated using density functional theory. For each type of gas molecule, two different adsorption sites above the Al and Si atoms on the cluster surface were explored. We performed geometry optimization on both the pure nanocage and nanocages after gas adsorption and calculated their adsorption energies and electronic properties. The geometric structure of the complexes changed slightly following gas adsorption. We show that these adsorption processes were physical ones and observed that NO adsorbed onto Al12Si12 had the strongest adsorption stability. The E g (energy band gap) value of the Al12Si12 nanocage was 1.38 eV, indicating that it possesses semiconductor properties. The E g values of the complexes formed after gas adsorption were all lower than that of the pure nanocage, with the NH3-Si complex showing the greatest decrease in E g. Additionally, the highest occupied molecular orbital and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital were analyzed according to Mulliken charge transfer theory. Interaction with various gases was found to remarkably decrease the E g of the pure nanocage. The electronic properties of the nanocage were strongly affected by interaction with various gases. The E g value of the complexes decreased due to the electron transfer between the gas molecule and the nanocage. The density of states of the gas adsorption complexes were also analyzed, and the results showed that the E g of the complexes decreased due to changes in the 3p orbital of the Si atom. This study theoretically devised novel multifunctional nanostructures through the adsorption of various gases onto pure nanocages, and the findings indicate the promise of these structures for use in electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu-Kun Li
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Intelligent Sensing for the Desert Information, School of Physics and Electronic-Electrical Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Yan-Qiu Ma
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Intelligent Sensing for the Desert Information, School of Physics and Electronic-Electrical Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Kang-Ning Li
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Intelligent Sensing for the Desert Information, School of Physics and Electronic-Electrical Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Wen-Li Xie
- Basic Education Department, Guangdong Ocean University, Yangjiang, China
| | - Bin Huang
- Enviromental Monitoring Site of Ningxia Ningdong Energy and Chemical Industry Base, Yinchuan, China
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Khalid M, Naz S, Mahmood K, Hussain S, Carmo Braga AA, Hussain R, Ragab AH, Al-Mhyawi SR. First theoretical probe for efficient enhancement of optical nonlinearity via structural modifications into phenylene based D-π-A configured molecules. RSC Adv 2022; 12:31192-31204. [PMID: 36349029 PMCID: PMC9623554 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra04844b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The design of nonlinear optical (NLO) materials using conjugated molecules via different techniques is reported in the literature to boost the use of these systems in NLO. Therefore, in the current study, designed phenylene based non-fullerene organic compounds with a D-π-A framework were selected for NLO investigation. The initial compound (PMD-1) was taken as a reference and its seven derivatives (PMDC2-PMDC8) were made by introducing different acceptor moieties into the chemical structure of PMD-1. To explain the NLO findings, frontier molecular orbital (FMO), transition density matrix (TDM), density of states (DOS), natural bond orbital (NBO) and UV-Vis study of the title compounds was executed by applying the PBE1PBE functional with the 6-311G(d,p) basis set. The descending order of band gaps (E gap) was reported as PMDC7 (2.656) > PMDC8 (2.485) > PMD-1 (2.131) > PMDC3 (2.103) > PMDC2 (2.079) > PMDC4 (2.065) > PMDC5 (2.059) > PMDC6 (2.004), in eV. Global reactivity parameters (GRPs) were associated with E gap values as PMDC6 with the lowest band gap showed less hardness (0.0368 E h) and high softness (13.5785 E h). The UV-Vis investigation revealed that the maximum λ max (739.542 nm) was exhibited by PMDC6 in dichloromethane (DCM) as compared to other derivatives. Additionally, natural bond orbital (NBO) based findings revealed that PMDC6 exhibited the highest stability value (34.98 kcal mol-1) because of prolonged hyper-conjugation. The dipole moment (μ), average linear polarizability 〈α〉, first hyperpolarizability (β tot) and second hyperpolarizability (γ tot) were evaluated for the reference and its derivatives. Consequently, among the designed compounds, the highest β tot (4.469 × 10-27 esu) and γ tot (5.600 × 10-32 esu) values were shown by PMDC6. Hence, it's concluded from said results that these structural modifications proved PMDC6 as the best second and third order NLO candidate for various applications like fiber optics, signal processing and data storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Khalid
- Institute of Chemistry, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering & Information Technology Rahim Yar Khan 64200 Pakistan
- Centre for Theoretical and Computational Research, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering & Information Technology Rahim Yar Khan 64200 Pakistan
| | - Salma Naz
- Institute of Chemistry, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering & Information Technology Rahim Yar Khan 64200 Pakistan
- Centre for Theoretical and Computational Research, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering & Information Technology Rahim Yar Khan 64200 Pakistan
| | - Khalid Mahmood
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan 60800 Pakistan
| | - Shabbir Hussain
- Institute of Chemistry, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering & Information Technology Rahim Yar Khan 64200 Pakistan
| | - Ataualpa Albert Carmo Braga
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748 São Paulo 05508-000 Brazil
| | - Riaz Hussain
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Science and Technology, University of Education Lahore Pakistan
| | - Ahmed H Ragab
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University Abha 62224 Saudi Arabia
| | - Saedah R Al-Mhyawi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Jeddah Jeddah 21419 Saudi Arabia
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Maqsood N, Asif A, Ayub K, Iqbal J, Elnaggar AY, Mersal GAM, Ibrahim MM, El-Bahy SM. DFT study of alkali and alkaline earth metal-doped benzocryptand with remarkable NLO properties. RSC Adv 2022; 12:16029-16045. [PMID: 35733683 PMCID: PMC9136961 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra02209e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Strategies for designing remarkable nonlinear optical materials using excess electron compounds are well recognized in literature to enhance the applications of these compounds in nonlinear optics. In this study, density functional theory simulations are performed to study alkali and alkaline earth metal-doped benzocryptand using the B3LYP/6-31G+(d, p) level of theory. Vertical ionization energies (VIEs), reactivity parameters, interaction energies, and binding energies exposed the thermodynamic stability of these complexes. FMO analysis revealed that HOMO is located on alkali metals having polarized electrons, which are easy to excite. The doping strategy enhanced the charge transfer with low bandgap energy in the range of 0.68–2.23 eV, which is lower than that of the surface BC (5.50 eV). Also, the lower transition energies and higher oscillator strength indicate that these complexes exhibit excellent electronic and optical properties. Non-covalent interaction analysis suggested the presence of van der Waals interactions between dopants and surface. IR analysis provided information about the frequencies of stretching vibrations present in the complexes due to different bonds. UV-vis analysis revealed that all the newly designed excess electron complexes are transparent in the UV region and possessed maximum absorption in the visible and NIR region, ranging from 753.6 to 2150 nm, which is higher than the surface (244 nm). Thus, these complexes have a potential for high-performance NLO materials in the applications of optics. Natural bond orbital analysis (NBO), transition density matrix (TDM), electron density difference map (EDDM), and density of state (DOS) analyses were also performed to study the charge transfer properties. Moreover, these complexes possessed remarkable optoelectronic properties due to a significant increase in the isotropic linear polarizability (αiso) in the range of 629.59–1423.23 au. Further, these systems demonstrated an extraordinary large total first hyperpolarizability (βtl) in the range of 3695.55–910 706.43 au. The rationalization of hyperpolarizability by the two-level model reflected a noteworthy increase in βtl because of low transition energies (ΔE) and high transition dipole moment (Δμ). Thus, our results showed that alkali and alkaline earth metal-doped BC might be a competitor for efficient nonlinear optical properties with practical applications in the area of optoelectronics. Strategies for designing remarkable nonlinear optical materials using excess electron compounds are well recognized in literature to enhance the applications of these compounds in nonlinear optics.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Nimra Maqsood
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad-38000 Pakistan
| | - Areeba Asif
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad-38000 Pakistan
| | - Khurshid Ayub
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University, Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus Abbottabad 22060 Pakistan
| | - Javed Iqbal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad-38000 Pakistan
| | - Ashraf Y Elnaggar
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Science, Taif University Taif 21944 P. O. Box 11099 Saudi Arabia
| | - Gaber A M Mersal
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Taif University P. O. Box 11099 Taif 21944 Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed M Ibrahim
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Taif University P. O. Box 11099 Taif 21944 Saudi Arabia
| | - Salah M El-Bahy
- Department of Chemistry, Turabah University College, Taif University P. O. Box 11099 Taif 21944 Saudi Arabia
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Ahsan A, Sarfaraz S, Fayyaz F, Asghar M, Ayub K. Enhanced non-linear optical response of calix[4]pyrrole complexant based earthides in the presence of oriented external electric field. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.118504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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