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Garuti G, Sagrada PF, Frigoli A, Fornaciari O, Finco A, Mirra M, Soligo M. Hysteroscopic biopsy compared with endometrial curettage to assess the preoperative rate of atypical hyperplasia underestimating endometrial carcinoma. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2023; 308:971-979. [PMID: 37160470 DOI: 10.1007/s00404-023-07060-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the rate of atypical hyperplasia (AH) underestimating endometrial cancer (EC) comparing endometrial biopsy (EB) accomplished by hysteroscopic biopsy with dilatation and curettage (D&C). Second, to compare the two techniques to foresee EC grading. METHODS This trial was based on the findings of two Gynecological Departments within the same Public Utility, sharing pathological service and database but routinely performing EB under hysteroscopic visualization (group A) or hysteroscopy followed by D&C (group B). We retrieved the clinical data of patients showing EC on hysterectomy throughout a 10-year period. The accuracy of hysteroscopic-view diagnosis and EB pathology were compared, having the pathologic findings of hysterectomy as reference. RESULTS A total of 161 patients met the inclusion criteria. Among these, 109 and 52 were included in groups A and B, respectively. In group A, 32.1% of patients underwent EB in an out-patient setting. To foresee EC, hysteroscopic view showed a sensitivity of 82.5% and 70.2% in groups A and B, respectively (P = 0.019). An underestimation of EC diagnosed as AH on EB was found in 20 patients (12.4%). Among these, 18 (16.5%) and 2 (3.8%) were included in groups A and B, respectively (P = 0.022). In group A, a fault diagnosis of AH resulted higher when EB was performed as out-patient setting (P = 0.006). EB allowed the grading of EC in 73.3% and 90.3% of patients in groups A and B, respectively. The agreement was 73.7% and 85.1%, leading to moderate (κ = 0.56) and good (κ = 0.77) "κ" coefficient of concordance for groups A and B, respectively. CONCLUSIONS EB performed by D&C lowers the rate of AH underestimating concurrent EC and improves the grading agreement when compared with hysteroscopic sampling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giancarlo Garuti
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Hospital of Lodi, Via Savoia 1, 26900, Lodi, Italy.
| | | | - Antonella Frigoli
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Hospital of Lodi, Via Savoia 1, 26900, Lodi, Italy
| | - Ottavia Fornaciari
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Hospital of Lodi, Via Savoia 1, 26900, Lodi, Italy
| | - Andrea Finco
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Hospital of Lodi, Via Savoia 1, 26900, Lodi, Italy
| | - Maurizio Mirra
- Department of Pathology, Via Savoia 1, 26900, Lodi, Italy
| | - Marco Soligo
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Hospital of Lodi, Via Savoia 1, 26900, Lodi, Italy
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Zhao F, Dong D, Du H, Guo Y, Su X, Wang Z, Xie X, Wang M, Zhang H, Cao X, He X. Diagnosis of endometrium hyperplasia and screening of endometrial intraepithelial neoplasia in histopathological images using a global-to-local multi-scale convolutional neural network. COMPUTER METHODS AND PROGRAMS IN BIOMEDICINE 2022; 221:106906. [PMID: 35671602 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2022.106906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Endometrial hyperplasia (EH), a uterine pathology characterized by an increased gland-to-stroma ratio compared to normal endometrium (NE), may precede the development of endometrial cancer (EC). Particularly, atypical EH also known as endometrial intraepithelial neoplasia (EIN), has been proven to be a precursor of EC. Thus, diagnosing different EH (EIN, hyperplasia without atypia (HwA) and NE) and screening EIN from non-EIN are crucial for the health of female reproductive system. Computer-aided-diagnosis (CAD) was used to diagnose endometrial histological images based on machine learning and deep learning. However, these studies perform single-scale image analysis and thus can only characterize partial endometrial features. Empirically, both global (cytological changes relative to background) and local features (gland-to-stromal ratio and lesion dimension) are helpful in identifying endometrial lesions. METHODS We proposed a global-to-local multi-scale convolutional neural network (G2LNet) to diagnose different EH and to screen EIN in endometrial histological images stained by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E). The G2LNet first used a supervised model in the global part to extract contextual features of endometrial lesions, and simultaneously deployed multi-instance learning in the local part to obtain textural features from multiple image patches. The contextual and textural features were used together to diagnose different endometrial lesions after fusion by a convolutional block attention module. In addition, we visualized the salient regions on both the global image and local images to investigate the interpretability of the model in endometrial diagnosis. RESULTS In the five-fold cross validation on 7812 H&E images from 467 endometrial specimens, G2LNet achieved an accuracy of 97.01% for EH diagnosis and an area-under-the-curve (AUC) of 0.9902 for EIN screening, significantly higher than state-of-the-arts. In external validation on 1631 H&E images from 135 specimens, G2LNet achieved an accuracy of 95.34% for EH diagnosis, which was comparable to that of a mid-level pathologist (95.71%). Specifically, G2LNet had advantages in diagnosing EIN, while humans performed better in identifying NE and HwA. CONCLUSIONS The developed G2LNet that integrated both the global (contextual) and local (textural) features may help pathologists diagnose endometrial lesions in clinical practices, especially to improve the accuracy and efficiency of screening for precancerous lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengjun Zhao
- Xi'an Key Lab of Radiomics and Intelligent Perception, School of Information Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China
| | - Didi Dong
- Xi'an Key Lab of Radiomics and Intelligent Perception, School of Information Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China
| | - Hongyan Du
- Department of Pathology, Northwest Women and Children's Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China.
| | - Yinan Guo
- Department of Pathology, Northwest Women and Children's Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Xue Su
- Department of Pathology, Northwest Women and Children's Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Zhiwei Wang
- Xi'an Key Lab of Radiomics and Intelligent Perception, School of Information Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China
| | - Xiaoyang Xie
- Xi'an Key Lab of Radiomics and Intelligent Perception, School of Information Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China
| | - Mingjuan Wang
- Department of Pathology, Northwest Women and Children's Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Haiyan Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Northwest Women and Children's Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Xin Cao
- Xi'an Key Lab of Radiomics and Intelligent Perception, School of Information Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China
| | - Xiaowei He
- Xi'an Key Lab of Radiomics and Intelligent Perception, School of Information Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China.
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Vitale SG, Watrowski R, Barra F, D’Alterio MN, Carugno J, Sathyapalan T, Kahramanoglu I, Reyes-Muñoz E, Lin LT, Urman B, Ferrero S, Angioni S. Abnormal Uterine Bleeding in Perimenopausal Women: The Role of Hysteroscopy and Its Impact on Quality of Life and Sexuality. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12051176. [PMID: 35626331 PMCID: PMC9140476 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12051176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) is a frequent symptom in perimenopausal women. It is defined as uterine bleeding in which the duration, frequency, or amount of bleeding is considered excessive and negatively affects the woman’s quality of life (QoL) and psychological well-being. In cases of structural uterine pathology, hysterectomy (usually performed via a minimally invasive approach) offers definitive symptom relief and is associated with long-lasting improvement of QoL and sexuality. However, over the past 30 years, uterus-preserving treatments have been introduced as alternatives to hysterectomy. Hysteroscopic polypectomy, myomectomy, or endometrial resection/endometrial ablation are minimally invasive techniques that can be used as an alternative to hysterectomy to treat AUB due to benign conditions. Although associated with high patient satisfaction and short-term improvement in their QoL, hysteroscopic treatments do not eliminate the risk of AUB recurrence or the need for further intervention. Therefore, considering the impact of different treatment options on QoL and sexuality during preoperative shared decision making could help identify the most appropriate and personalized treatment options for perimenopausal women suffering from AUB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Giovanni Vitale
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Unit, Department of General Surgery and Medical Surgical Specialties, University of Catania, 95124 Catania, Italy
- Correspondence: (S.G.V.); (R.W.)
| | - Rafał Watrowski
- Faculty of Medicine (Associate), University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
- Correspondence: (S.G.V.); (R.W.)
| | - Fabio Barra
- Academic Unit of Obstetrics and Gynecology, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, University of Genova, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (F.B.); (S.F.)
| | - Maurizio Nicola D’Alterio
- Division of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy; (M.N.D.); (S.A.)
| | - Jose Carugno
- Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences Department, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33146, USA;
| | - Thozhukat Sathyapalan
- Academic Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Kingston upon Hull HU6 7RX, UK;
| | - Ilker Kahramanoglu
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Emsey Hospital, 34912 Istanbul, Turkey;
| | - Enrique Reyes-Muñoz
- Department of Gynecological and Perinatal Endocrinology, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología, Mexico City 11000, Mexico;
| | - Li-Te Lin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, No. 386, Dazhong 1st Rd., Zuoying Dist, Kaohsiung City 81362, Taiwan;
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, No. 155, Sec. 2, Li-Nong Street, Pei-Tou, Taipei 11265, Taiwan
- Department of Biological Science, National Sun Yat-sen University, 70 Lienhai Rd., Kaohsiung City 80424, Taiwan
| | - Bulent Urman
- Centre for Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, American Hospital, 34365 Istanbul, Turkey;
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Reproductive Endocrinology, Infertility Centre Istanbul, Koc University, 34450 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Simone Ferrero
- Academic Unit of Obstetrics and Gynecology, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, University of Genova, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (F.B.); (S.F.)
| | - Stefano Angioni
- Division of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy; (M.N.D.); (S.A.)
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Doherty MT, Sanni OB, Coleman HG, Cardwell CR, McCluggage WG, Quinn D, Wylie J, McMenamin ÚC. Concurrent and future risk of endometrial cancer in women with endometrial hyperplasia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0232231. [PMID: 32343732 PMCID: PMC7188276 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To inform treatment decisions in women diagnosed with endometrial hyperplasia, quantification of the potential for concurrent endometrial cancer and the future risk of progression to cancer is required. METHODS We identified studies up to September 2018 that reported on the prevalence of concurrent cancer (within three months of endometrial hyperplasia diagnosis), or the incidence of cancer, identified at least three months after hyperplasia diagnosis. Random-effects meta-analyses produced pooled estimates and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS A total of 36 articles were identified; 15 investigating concurrent and 21 progression to cancer. In pooled analysis of 11 studies of atypical hyperplasia, the pooled prevalence of concurrent endometrial cancer was 32.6% (95% CI: 24.1%, 42.4%) while no studies evaluated concurrent cancer in non-atypical hyperplasia. The risk of progression to cancer was high in atypical hyperplasia (n = 5 studies, annual incidence rate = 8.2%, 95% CI 3.9%, 17.3%) and only one study reported on non-atypical hyperplasia (annual incidence rate = 2.6%, 95% CI: 0.6%, 10.6%). CONCLUSIONS Overall, a third of women with atypical hyperplasia had concurrent endometrial cancer, although the number of studies, especially population-based, is small. Progression to cancer in atypical hyperplasia was high, but few studies were identified. Population-based estimates are required, in both atypical and non-atypical hyperplasia patients to better inform treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle T. Doherty
- Cancer Epidemiology Research Group, Centre for Public Health, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Omolara B. Sanni
- Cancer Epidemiology Research Group, Centre for Public Health, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Helen G. Coleman
- Cancer Epidemiology Research Group, Centre for Public Health, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
- Patrick G. Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Chris R. Cardwell
- Cancer Epidemiology Research Group, Centre for Public Health, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - W. Glenn McCluggage
- Department of Pathology, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, Grosvenor Road, Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Declan Quinn
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Antrim Area Hospital, Northern Health and Social Care Trust, Antrim, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - James Wylie
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Antrim Area Hospital, Northern Health and Social Care Trust, Antrim, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Úna C. McMenamin
- Cancer Epidemiology Research Group, Centre for Public Health, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
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Histopathology and Clinical Outcomes of 151 Women with Postmenopausal Bleeding Treated with Resectoscopic Surgery. J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2019; 27:763-773. [PMID: 31202823 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmig.2019.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVE Because postmenopausal bleeding (PMB) is associated with up to 10% of endometrial neoplasia and office endometrial sampling fails in approximately 10% and is inadequate in 30% of cases, the objective was to determine the role of hysteroscopic endometrial resection (HER) for the diagnosis and treatment of women with PMB. DESIGN A retrospective cohort. SETTING A university-affiliated teaching hospital. PATIENTS One hundred fifty-one women with PMB (September 1990-December 2010). INTERVENTION HER in the operating room. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS The median (range) age and body mass index were 58 (50-87) years and 29 (21-52) kg/m2, respectively. Office endometrial biopsy failed in 30 (19.8%), was inadequate in 20 (13.2%), identified nonatypical endometrial hyperplasia (NAH) in 21 (14%), atypical hyperplasia (AH) in 4 (2.6%), and endometrial cancer (EC) in 2 (1.3%) women. HER in 151 women identified 7 new cases of AH (3 from failed/inadequate office biopsy and 4 from NAH) and 9 EC (5 from failed/inadequate office biopsy, 1 from proliferative endometrium, 2 from NAH, and 1 from AH). All 27 women with NAH were treated by HER alone. Of 8 women with AH, 6 were treated with HER and 2 with hysterectomy; no residual endometrium was found in hysterectomy specimens. Of the 11 women with EC, 2 refused hysterectomy and are well 10 and 15 years after HER. Hysterectomy was performed for 9 of 11 EC cases, 2 of 8 AH cases, and 1 for abnormal uterine bleeding. Six women had repeat HER for persistent abnormal uterine bleeding, and 10 were lost to follow-up. At a median follow-up of 11.5 years (range, 7-20 years), 132 (12 hysterectomies + 10 lost) of 151 (87.4%) women were satisfied with no further bleeding. CONCLUSION In women with PMB, hysteroscopic endometrial resection concomitantly with resection of intrauterine pathology by experienced surgeons is feasible, safe, and effective for diagnosis in all cases and treatment of the majority of intrauterine pathology including NAH and selected cases of AH and EC.
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Elyashiv O, Sagiv R, Kerner R, Keidar R, Menczer J, Levy T. Hysterscopic Resection of Premalignant and Malignant Endometrial Polyps: Is it a Safe Alternative to Hysterectomy? J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2017; 24:1200-1203. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmig.2017.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Bourdel N, Chauvet P, Tognazza E, Pereira B, Botchorishvili R, Canis M. Sampling in Atypical Endometrial Hyperplasia: Which Method Results in the Lowest Underestimation of Endometrial Cancer? A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2016; 23:692-701. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmig.2016.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Naaman Y, Diment J, Perlman S, Oustinov N, Vaisbuch E, Ben-Arie A. Can malignant potential of endometrial polyps be determined by incorporating the endometrial intraepithelial neoplasia (EIN) classification? Gynecol Oncol 2015; 136:254-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2014.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Revised: 12/07/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Hysteroscopic Resection in the Management of Early-stage Endometrial Cancer: Report of 2 Cases and Review of the Literature. J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2015; 22:34-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmig.2014.08.782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Revised: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Clinical Outcome of Atypical Endometrial Hyperplasia Diagnosed on an Endometrial Biopsy. Am J Surg Pathol 2012; 36:1683-90. [DOI: 10.1097/pas.0b013e31825dd4ff] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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11
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Florio P, Puzzutiello R, Filippeschi M, D’Onofrio P, Mereu L, Morelli R, Marianello D, Litta P, Mencaglia L, Petraglia F. Low-Dose Spinal Anesthesia with Hyperbaric Bupivacaine with Intrathecal Fentanyl for Operative Hysteroscopy: A Case Series Study. J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2012; 19:107-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmig.2011.08.728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2011] [Revised: 08/17/2011] [Accepted: 08/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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An RCT: Use of Oxytocin Drip during Hysteroscopic Endometrial Resection and Its Effect on Operative Blood Loss and Glycine Deficit. J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2011; 18:489-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmig.2011.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2011] [Revised: 03/18/2011] [Accepted: 03/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Gadducci A, Spirito N, Baroni E, Tana R, Genazzani AR. The fertility-sparing treatment in patients with endometrial atypical hyperplasia and early endometrial cancer: a debated therapeutic option. Gynecol Endocrinol 2009; 25:683-91. [PMID: 19562604 DOI: 10.1080/09513590902733733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Fertility-sparing treatment may represent a realist option for accurately selected young patients with endometrial atypical hyperplasia or well differentiated, early endometrial cancer. Oral progestins, and especially medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) and megestrol acetate with different doses and schedules, represent the most commonly used hormone agents in this clinical setting. Approximately three fourths of the women achieve a histologically documented complete response, with an mean response time of 12 weeks, but about one third of these subsequently developed a recurrence after a mean time of 20 months. The expression of receptor for progesterone receptor (PR), PTEN gene, DNA mismatch repair gene MLH1 and phospho-AKT on tissue specimens may be useful for selecting patients fit for a conservative management. Several successful pregnancies have occurred after a fertility-sparing treatment of endometrial atypical hyperplasia or endometrial cancer, more frequently with assisted reproductive technologies. The implementation of in vitro fertilisation techniques not only increases the chance of conception, but it may also decrease the interval to conception. The opportunity of a demolitive surgery after delivery or after childbearing being no longer required is a still debated issue. Large multicenter trials are strongly warranted to better define the selection criteria for a conservative treatment, endocrine regimen of choice, the optimal dosing, the duration of treatment and follow-up protocols. In any case, the patient should be accurately informed about the relatively high recurrence rates after complete response to hormone treatment and expectations for pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angiolo Gadducci
- Department of Procreative Medicine, Division of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University of Pisa, via Roma 56, Pisa 56127, Italy.
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Brun JL, André G, Descat E, Creux H, Vigier J, Dallay D. Modalités et efficacité des traitements médicaux et chirurgicaux devant des ménométrorragies organiques. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 37 Suppl 8:S368-83. [DOI: 10.1016/s0368-2315(08)74778-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Abstract
The potential for hormone therapy to cause cancer is the greatest fear for postmenopausal women considering hormone replacement therapy (HRT). Breast cancer is the most common female malignancy, for which HRT is one of many modifiable risk factors, often attracting disproportionate attention. Randomized controlled trials have confirmed that in postmenopausal women aged 50-59 years taking combined oestrogen and progestogen HRT over 5 years, there will be three extra cases of breast cancer per 1000 women. With the use of unopposed conjugated equine oestrogens, there would be four fewer cases over the same time. Women can be advised that the risk of breast cancer is not significantly increased with up to 3 years of combined HRT and up to 5 years of unopposed oestrogen. Unopposed oestrogen increases the risk of endometrial hyperplasia and carcinoma significantly, and this is dose and duration dependent. The addition of progestogen prevents the proliferative effect of oestrogen on the endometrium, and may even reduce the risk of endometrial cancer compared with non-users if given continuously. The use of combined oral contraception in premenopausal women also reduces the risk of endometrial cancer but increases the risk of cervical carcinoma significantly. HRT does not influence the risk of cervical cancer. Epithelial ovarian cancer risk may be slightly increased with long-term use of unopposed oestrogen, is not altered by the addition of progestogen, and is reduced significantly in users of combined oral contraception. The mechanism for these effects is not understood. Colorectal cancer and possibly lung and gastric cancers are reduced by the use of HRT. Apart from a slight increased risk of gallbladder disease and carcinoma with HRT, there are no data linking oestrogen or progestogen with any other malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jo Marsden
- King's Breast Care, King's College NHS Hospital, Denmark Hill, London SE5 9RS, UK
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Corrado G, Baiocco E, Carosi M, Vizza E. Progression of conservatively treated endometrial complex atypical hyperplasia in a young woman: a case report. Fertil Steril 2008; 90:2006.e5-8. [PMID: 18692828 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2008] [Revised: 05/25/2008] [Accepted: 06/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe a case of progression of endometrial complex atypical hyperplasia (CAH) to extrauterine endometrioid adenocarcinoma in a patient who had requested fertility-sparing management. DESIGN Case report. SETTING Division of Gynecologic Oncology, National Cancer Institute "Regina Elena," Rome, Italy. PATIENT(S) A nulliparous 36-year-old woman with endometrial CAH who decided on a conservative approach. INTERVENTION(S) Conservative hysteroscopic resection of the lesion, the surrounding endometrium, and underlying myometrium plus hormone therapy regimen of megestrol acetate (160 mg) daily for 6 months. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Failure of the conservative therapy and progression of disease. RESULT(S) Eighteen months after fertility-sparing management, a laparoscopic operation revealed grade 2 endometrium adenocarcinoma with superficial myometrial invasion and a microscopic metastasis of the left ovary and Douglas peritoneum. The patient underwent adjuvant chemotherapy followed by external beam radiation of the pelvis and brachytherapy. Twenty-five months after, she was free of disease. CONCLUSION(S) Conservative therapy is feasible in carefully selected young women with endometrial CAH. However, close follow-up is required because of possible progression to endometrial cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Corrado
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, National Cancer Institute Regina Elena, Rome, Italy.
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