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Ji J, Tian Y, Chen L, Li B. Intraoperative venous air embolism in the non-cardiac surgery-the role of perioperative echocardiography in a case series report. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2020; 8:798. [PMID: 32647723 PMCID: PMC7333140 DOI: 10.21037/atm-20-497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Venous air embolism (VAE) is commonly one of the iatrogenic complications associated with divergent high-risk surgeries. In this case-series report, we presented a series of VAE cases in our institute during the last 6 consecutive years. There were total of nine cases suspected to be VAE according the clinical symptom and signs, of which seven cases were definitively diagnosed VAE using transthoracic echocardiography (TTE). We also reported two presumptive cases of paradoxical VAE during hepatectomy in this case series, furthermore, the cause, complications and hazards secondary to paradoxical VAE were discussed as well. All cases had an uneventful recovery from VAE with the assistance of TTE as well as other therapeutic management of VAE, except one neurosurgical patient died from postoperative hemorrhagic stroke per se. Therefore, VAE or paradoxical air embolism can occur during various non-cardiac operations and the significance of perioperative ultrasound should be emphasized in the treatment of VAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Ji
- Department of Anesthesia, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China.,Graduate School of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Yali Tian
- Department of Anesthesia, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China.,Graduate School of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Luning Chen
- Department of Anesthesia, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China.,Graduate School of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Bingbing Li
- Department of Anesthesia, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China
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Ratner RT, Tsaltas J, Vollenhoven B. Hysteroscopy and the risk of gas embolism: A review. JOURNAL OF ENDOMETRIOSIS AND PELVIC PAIN DISORDERS 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/2284026519872407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Hysteroscopy is one of the most frequent procedures that a gynecologist will perform over their career. It is also one of the safest procedures. Operative hysteroscopy has an increased risk profile due to the nature of the surgery. The following review will address the issue of gas embolism in hysteroscopy. This review will look at the evidence regarding the likely causation, rates, and potential methods of minimizing risk to patients as well as treatment options available should this complication arise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roni T Ratner
- Gynaecological Endoscopy and Endometriosis Surgery, Monash Health and Monash University, Bentleigh East, VIC, Australia
| | - Jim Tsaltas
- Gynaecological Endoscopy and Endometriosis Surgery, Monash Health and Monash University, Bentleigh East, VIC, Australia
- Melbourne IVF, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Beverley Vollenhoven
- Women’s and Newborn Programme, Monash Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Monash IVF Group, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Overdijk LE, Rademaker BMP, van Kesteren PJM, de Haan P, Riezebos RK, Haude OCH. The HYSTER study: the effect of intracervically administered terlipressin versus placebo on the number of gaseous emboli and fluid intravasation during hysteroscopic surgery: study protocol for a randomized controlled clinical trial. Trials 2018; 19:107. [PMID: 29444699 PMCID: PMC5813421 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-018-2442-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Transcervical resection of myoma or endometrium is a safe, hysteroscopic, minimally invasive procedure. However, intravasation of distension fluid is a common phenomenon during these procedures. In a previous study we observed venous gas emboli in almost every patient. The severity of hysteroscopic-derived embolization has been shown to be correlated to the amount of intravasation. In addition, paradoxical gas embolism, which is potentially dangerous, was observed in several patients. Studies have shown a reduction of intravasation by using intracervically administered vasopressin during hysteroscopy. We think that its analog, terlipressin, should have the same effect. In our previous research we observed more gaseous emboli as intravasation increased. Whether or not the insertion of intracervically administered terlipressin leads to a lower incidence and severity of gas embolism is unknown. We hypothesize that intracervically administered terlipressin leads to a reduction of intravasation with a lower incidence and severity of gas embolism. Terlipressin may be of benefit during hysteroscopic surgery. Methods/design Forty-eight patients (ASA 1 or 2) scheduled for transcervical resection of large, types 1–2 myoma or extensive endometrium resection will be included. In a double-blind fashion patients will be randomized 1:1 according to surgical treatment using either intracervically administered terlipressin or placebo. Transesophageal echocardiography will be used to observe and record embolic events. A pre- and post-procedure venous blood sample will be taken to calculate intravasation based on hemodilution. Our primary endpoint will be how terlipressin influences the severity of embolic events. Secondary endpoints include the effect of terlipressin on the amount of intravasation and on hemodynamic parameters. Discussion If terlipressin does indeed reduce the number of gaseous emboli and intravasation occurring during hysteroscopic surgery, it would be a simple method to minimize potential adverse events. It also allows for prolonged operating time before the threshold of intravasation is reached, thereby reducing the need for a second operation. Trial registration Nederlands Trial Register (Dutch Trial Register), ID: NTR5577. Registered retrospectively on 18 December 2015. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13063-018-2442-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Peter de Haan
- OLVG Hospital, Oosterparkstraat 9, 1091 AC, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Oscar C H Haude
- University of Amsterdam/AMC Hospital, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Liu SQ, Zhao SZ, Li ZW, Lv SP, Liu YQ, Li Y. Monitoring of Gas Emboli During Hysteroscopic Surgery: A Prospective Study. JOURNAL OF ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE 2017; 36:749-756. [PMID: 28150413 DOI: 10.7863/ultra.16.03051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Previous studies have demonstrated a high frequency of gas emboli during hysteroscopy, but guidelines for the prevention, early detection, and intervention of gas embolism during hysteroscopic procedures are still lacking. This study aimed to gain a clearer understanding of risk factors and specific signs and symptoms associated with gas emboli. METHODS This prospective study enrolled 120 women scheduled for hysteroscopy using 5% glucose as distension medium. The gas bubbles were monitored sequentially in internal iliac vein, common iliac vein, inferior vena cava, superior vena cava, heart, and pulmonary artery under the gray-scale imaging of Doppler ultrasound. The frequency, extent, and the hemodynamic and respiratory effects of gas emboli were evaluated. The interventions and outcomes were recorded. The risk factors associated with gas emboli, and their relationship with the frequency and extent of gas emboli, were assessed. RESULTS In our study, evidence of gas emboli under Doppler ultrasound monitoring was observed in 44 (36.7%) patients. The operation was continued and finished as soon as possible for patients presenting with stable vital signs or transient hemodynamic and respiratory changes, which resolved spontaneously without intervention. The operation was paused for patients presenting with significant hemodynamic changes or loss of consciousness, and the operation was resumed shortly after resumption of stable vital signs following symptomatic treatment. All patients in our study finished the operation and recovered without developing serious complications. Data analysis showed prolonged procedure duration and increased bleeding volume were both positively correlated with the frequency and extent of gas emboli. CONCLUSION Our study demonstrated a high frequency of gas emboli during hysteroscopy. Doppler ultrasonic monitoring combined with a clearer understanding of specific signs, symptoms, and risk factors will facilitate early detection and intervention of gas emboli during hysteroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Qun Liu
- Departments of Anesthesiology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450003, China
| | - Su-Zhen Zhao
- Departments of Anesthesiology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450003, China
| | - Zhan-Wen Li
- Departments of Anesthesiology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450003, China
| | - Su-Ping Lv
- Departments of Anesthesiology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450003, China
| | - Yue-Qiang Liu
- Departments of Anesthesiology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450003, China
| | - Yi Li
- Experimental Medicine , Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450003, China
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Bongers M. Hysteroscopy and heavy menstrual bleeding (to cover TCRE and second-generation endometrial ablation). Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2015; 29:930-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2015.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Overdijk LE, van Kesteren PJM, de Haan P, Schellekens NCJ, Dijksman LM, Hovius MC, van den Berg RG, Bakkum EA, Rademaker BMP. Carboxyhaemoglobin formation and ECG changes during hysteroscopic surgery, transurethral prostatectomy and tonsillectomy using bipolar diathermy. Anaesthesia 2014; 70:296-303. [PMID: 25346445 DOI: 10.1111/anae.12877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Diathermy is known to produce a mixture of waste products including carbon monoxide. During transcervical hysteroscopic surgery, carbon monoxide might enter the circulation leading to the formation of carboxyhaemoglobin. In 20 patients scheduled for transcervical hysteroscopic resection of myoma or endometrium, carboxyhaemoglobin was measured before and at the end of the surgical procedure, and compared with levels measured in 20 patients during transurethral prostatectomy, and in 20 patients during tonsillectomy. Haemodynamic data, including ST-segment changes, were recorded. Levels of carboxyhaemoglobin increased significantly during hysteroscopic surgery from median (IQR [range]) 1.0% (0.7-1.4 [0.5-4.9])% to 3.5% (2.0-6.1 [1.3-10.3]%, p < 0.001), compared with levels during prostatectomy or tonsillectomy. Significant ST-segment changes were observed in 50% of the patients during hysteroscopic surgery. Significant correlations were observed between the increase in carboxyhaemoglobin and the maximum ST-segment change (ρ = -0.707, p < 0.01), between the increase in carboxyhaemoglobin and intravasation (ρ = 0.625; p < 0.01), and between intravasation and the maximum ST-segment change (ρ = -0.761; p < 0.01). The increased carboxyhaemoglobin levels during hysteroscopic surgery appear to be related to the amount of intravasation and this could potentially be a contributing factor to the observed ST-segment changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- L E Overdijk
- Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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[Prevention of the complications related to hysteroscopy: guidelines for clinical practice]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 42:1032-49. [PMID: 24210234 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgyn.2013.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To provide clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) from the French college of obstetrics and gynecology (CNGOF), based on the best evidence available, concerning the adverse events related to hysteroscopy. MATERIALS AND METHODS Review of literature using following Keywords: hysteroscopy; vaginoscopy; infection; perforation; intrauterine adhesions RESULTS Vaginoscopy should be the standard technique for outpatient hysteroscopy (grade A) using a miniature (≤ 3.5mm sheath) (grade A) rigid hysteroscope (grade C), using normal saline solution distension medium (grade C), without any anesthesia (conscious sedation should not be routinely used), without cervical preparation (grade B), without vaginal disinfection and without antibiotic prophylaxy (grade B). Misoprostol (grade A), vaginal estrogens (grade C), or GnRH agonist routine administration is not recommended before operative hysteroscopy. Before performing hysteroscopy, it is important to purge the air out of the system (grade A). The uterine cavity distention pressure should be maintained below the mean arterial pressure and below 120 mmHg. The maximum fluid deficit of 2000 mL is suggested when using normal saline solution and 1000 mL is suggested when using hypotonic solution. When uterine perforation is recognized during operative hysteroscopy using monopolar or bipolar loop, the procedure should be stopped and a laparoscopy should be performed in order to eliminate a bowel injury. Diagnostic or operative hysteroscopy is allowed when an endometrial cancer is suspected (grade B). CONCLUSION Implementation of this guideline should decrease the prevalence of complications related to office and operative hysteroscopy.
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Dyrbye BA, Overdijk LE, van Kesteren PJ, de Haan P, Riezebos RK, Bakkum EA, Rademaker BM. Gas embolism during hysteroscopic surgery using bipolar or monopolar diathermia: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2012; 207:271.e1-6. [PMID: 22921098 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2012.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2012] [Revised: 06/27/2012] [Accepted: 07/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to determine the incidence and amount of gas embolism during hysteroscopic surgery using either monopolar or bipolar diathermia and to investigate the relationship between the severity of gas embolism and the amount of intravasation of distension fluid. STUDY DESIGN This was a randomized, observer-blinded trial. Fifty patients, scheduled for hysteroscopic surgery, were assigned to either monopolar or bipolar diathermia. Transesophageal echocardiography was used to detect and classify gas embolism (grade 0-IV). Intravasation of distension fluid was measured. RESULTS Venous gas embolism was observed in all but 1 patient. A higher incidence of more extensive (grade IV) was seen during bipolar diathermia (42% vs 13%; P = .031). Paradoxical embolism was observed in 2 patients. When intravasation exceeded 1000 mL, significantly more grade IV venous gas embolism was seen (P = .049). CONCLUSION During hysteroscopic surgery, gas embolism was equally observed irrespective of the type of diathermia. However, more extensive embolism was observed when intravasation of distension fluid exceeded 1 L. These results question the acceptance of up to 2500 mL intravasation of distension fluid if bipolar diathermia is used.
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