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Picard LC, Rich FJ, Kenwright DN, Stevens AJ. Epigenetic changes associated with Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) treatment in bladder cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2024; 1879:189123. [PMID: 38806074 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2024.189123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) treatment for non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) is an established immunotherapeutic, however, a significant portion of patients do not respond to treatment. Despite extensive research into the therapeutic mechanism of BCG, gaps remain in our understanding. This review specifically focuses on the epigenomic contributions in the immune microenvironment, in the context of BCG treatment for NMIBC. We also summarise the current understanding of NMIBC epigenetic characteristics, and discuss how future targeted strategies for BCG therapy should incorporate epigenomic biomarkers in conjunction with genomic biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy C Picard
- University of Otago, Wellington, Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Wellington 6021, New Zealand
| | - Fenella J Rich
- University of Otago, Wellington, Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Wellington 6021, New Zealand
| | - Diane N Kenwright
- University of Otago, Wellington, Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Wellington 6021, New Zealand
| | - Aaron J Stevens
- University of Otago, Wellington, Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Wellington 6021, New Zealand.
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2
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Li K, Qi L, Tang G, Xu H, Li Z, Fan B, Li Z, Li Y. Epigenetic Regulation in Urothelial Carcinoma. Curr Mol Med 2024; 24:85-97. [PMID: 36545729 DOI: 10.2174/1566524023666221221094432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Urothelial carcinoma (UC) is a common malignancy that remains a clinical challenge: Non-muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma (NMIUC) has a high rate of recurrence and risk of progression, while muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma (MIUC) has a high mortality. Although some new treatments, such as immunotherapies, have shown potential effects on some patients, most cases of advanced UC remain incurable. While treatments based on epigenetic mechanisms, whether combined with traditional platinum-based chemotherapy or emerging immunotherapy, show therapeutic advantages. With the advancement of sequencing and bioinformatics, the study of epigenomics, containing DNA methylation, histone modifications, chromatin remodeling, and non-coding RNA, is increasingly linked with the occurrence and progression of UC. Since the epigenetics of UC is a constantly developing field of medicine, this review aims to summarize the latest research on epigenetic regulation of UC, generalize the mechanism of epigenetics in UC, and reveal the potential epigenetic therapies in the clinical setting, in order to provide some new clues on the discovery of new drugs based on the epigenetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Li
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lin Qi
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Guyu Tang
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Haozhe Xu
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhi Li
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Bo Fan
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhongbei Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Department of Urology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
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3
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Giudice GC, Campobasso D, Maestroni U, Buti S. Wolf in sheep's clothing or not? The pT1 LG dilemma. Minerva Urol Nephrol 2023; 75:773-775. [PMID: 38126290 DOI: 10.23736/s2724-6051.23.05636-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Giulia C Giudice
- Unit of Medical Oncology, University Hospital of Parma, Parma, Italy
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | | | | | - Sebastiano Buti
- Unit of Medical Oncology, University Hospital of Parma, Parma, Italy
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
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4
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Chin FW, Chan SC, Veerakumarasivam A. Homeobox Gene Expression Dysregulation as Potential Diagnostic and Prognostic Biomarkers in Bladder Cancer. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:2641. [PMID: 37627900 PMCID: PMC10453580 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13162641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Homeobox genes serve as master regulatory transcription factors that regulate gene expression during embryogenesis. A homeobox gene may have either tumor-promoting or tumor-suppressive properties depending on the specific organ or cell lineage where it is expressed. The dysregulation of homeobox genes has been reported in various human cancers, including bladder cancer. The dysregulated expression of homeobox genes has been associated with bladder cancer clinical outcomes. Although bladder cancer has high risk of tumor recurrence and progression, it is highly challenging for clinicians to accurately predict the risk of tumor recurrence and progression at the initial point of diagnosis. Cystoscopy is the routine surveillance method used to detect tumor recurrence. However, the procedure causes significant discomfort and pain that results in poor surveillance follow-up amongst patients. Therefore, the development of reliable non-invasive biomarkers for the early detection and monitoring of bladder cancer is crucial. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the diagnostic and prognostic potential of homeobox gene expression dysregulation in bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fee-Wai Chin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Soon-Choy Chan
- School of Liberal Arts, Science and Technology, Perdana University, Kuala Lumpur 50490, Malaysia
| | - Abhi Veerakumarasivam
- School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Bandar Sunway 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
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5
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Shao Y, Hu X, Yang Z, Lia T, Yang W, Wu K, Ren S, Xiong S, Dou W, Feng S, Wang Y, Liu Y, Wu K, Li X. Prognostic factors of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer: a study based on next-generation sequencing. Cancer Cell Int 2021; 21:23. [PMID: 33407469 PMCID: PMC7789352 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-020-01731-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate the genetic prognostic factors for the recurrence of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer. Materials and methods The patients underwent transurethral resection of bladder tumor and received bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) or epirubicin. Next-generation sequencing was performed and alterations of genes, pathways, and tumor mutation burden were recorded. Associations between these clinicopathological and genetic variants were estimated, and prognostic factor identified. Results A total of 58 cases were included in our study, and 46 patients underwent treatment with BCG. FGFR3 was the most frequently altered gene (48%), and more commonly detected in intermediate-risk patients. Univariate Cox analysis demonstrated that 10 genes were significantly correlated with BCG failure, while NEB, FGFR1 and SDHC were independent recurrence predictors. Besides, epigenetic-related gene pathway mutations were negatively correlated with recurrence (hazard ratio: 0.198, P = 0.023). DNA damage response and repair gene alterations were positively correlated with tumor burden, while altered TP53 was most frequent among these genes and significant correlated with high tumor burden. Conclusion BCG instillation significantly reduced the rate of recurrence compared with epirubicin in this population. Potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets were found with the help of next-generation sequencing; correlations between DDR genes alterations and high tumor mutation burden were also demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxiang Shao
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 37 GuoXueXiang, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu Hu
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 37 GuoXueXiang, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen Yang
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 37 GuoXueXiang, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China.,Department of Urology, Chengdu Second People's Hospital, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Thongher Lia
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 37 GuoXueXiang, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Weixiao Yang
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 37 GuoXueXiang, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Kan Wu
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 37 GuoXueXiang, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Shangqing Ren
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 37 GuoXueXiang, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China.,Robot Minimally Invasive Center, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Sanchao Xiong
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 37 GuoXueXiang, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Weichao Dou
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 37 GuoXueXiang, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuyang Feng
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 37 GuoXueXiang, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaohui Wang
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 37 GuoXueXiang, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 37 GuoXueXiang, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Kang Wu
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 37 GuoXueXiang, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 37 GuoXueXiang, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China.
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6
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Gurioli G, Martignano F, Salvi S, Costantini M, Gunelli R, Casadio V. GSTP1 methylation in cancer: a liquid biopsy biomarker? Clin Chem Lab Med 2019; 56:702-717. [PMID: 29305565 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2017-0703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The coding region of GSTP1 gene is preceded by a large CpG-rich region that is frequently affected by methylation. In many cancer types, GSTP1 is affected by hypermethylation and, as a consequence, it has a low expression. The aim of this review is to give an overview on GSTP1 methylation studies with a special focus on liquid biopsy, thus to summarize methods, results, sample types, different diseases, to have a complete information regarding this promising epigenetic biomarker. We used all the most valuable scientific search engines (PubMed, Medline, Scopus and Web of Science) searching the following keywords: GSTP1, methylation, cancer, urine, serum, plasma and blood. GSTP1 is a largely investigated tissue biomarker in several malignancies such as prostate, breast, lung and hepatocellular carcinoma with good performances especially for diagnostic purposes. As a liquid biopsy biomarker, it has been mainly investigated in prostate cancer (PCa) where it showed a high specificity but a low sensitivity; thus, it is recommended in combination with other biomarkers. Despite the large number of published papers and the promising results, GSTP1 has not yet entered the clinical practice even for PCa diagnosis. For this reason, further large and prospective studies are needed to validate this assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Gurioli
- Biosciences Laboratory, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, Italy
| | - Filippo Martignano
- Biosciences Laboratory, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, Italy.,Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Samanta Salvi
- Biosciences Laboratory, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, Italy
| | - Matteo Costantini
- Pathology Unit, Department of Medical Oncology, Morgagni Pierantoni Hospital, Forlì, Italy
| | - Roberta Gunelli
- Department of Urology, Morgagni Pierantoni Hospital, Forli, Italy
| | - Valentina Casadio
- Biosciences Laboratory, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, Italy
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7
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Gurung PMS, Barnett AR, Wilson JS, Hudson J, Ward DG, Messing EM, Bryan RT. Prognostic DNA Methylation Biomarkers in High-risk Non-muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer: A Systematic Review to Identify Loci for Prospective Validation. Eur Urol Focus 2019; 6:683-697. [PMID: 30803927 DOI: 10.1016/j.euf.2019.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT High-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (HR-NMIBC) represents over 30% of all incident urothelial bladder cancers (BCs); patients are at risk of progression, and 20-30% will die from BC within 5 yr. Current guidelines recommend induction and maintenance of intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) or upfront radical cystectomy for highest-risk disease, treatments with markedly different morbidity, mortality, and patient burden. There are no validated biomarkers to facilitate such treatment decisions. Alterations in DNA methylation are commonplace in BC; hence, measurable changes in DNA methylation represent an opportunity for the discovery of such biomarkers. OBJECTIVE To systematically assess the evidence regarding DNA methylation markers as prognosticators for HR-NMIBC. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION Standard systematic review methods were employed with searches undertaken in MEDLINE, EMBASE, and PubMed up to January 2019. Studies that included patients with HR-NMIBC and investigated the utility of DNA methylation biomarkers as prognostic tools were included. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS Of 63 prognostic biomarker studies identified, 21 met the protocol-driven inclusion criteria and were directly relevant to HR-NMIBC patient outcomes: tumour recurrence (TR), tumour progression (TP), disease-specific survival (DSS), and overall survival (OS). These studies described 140 methylation markers; of these, the most promising were cadherin-13 (CDH13; hazard ratios [HRs]: 5.1 for TR, 6.6 for TP, 3.8-8.0 for OS), protocadherins (PCDHs; HRs: 4.7 for TR, 2.5 for TP, 3.0-4.8 for OS), Runt domain transcription factor 3 (RUNX3; HR: 5.1 for TP), Homeobox 9 (HOXA9; HR: 1.9 for TR), Islet-1 (ISL1; HRs: 1.7 for TR, 3.3 for TP), and PAX6 (HR: 2.2 for TR). CONCLUSIONS This systematic review identifies a number of potentially useful prognostic methylation markers for HR-NMIBC. These loci (CDH13, PCDHs, RUNX3, HOXA9, ISL1, and PAX6) should be validated in prospective studies in order to translate benefit to patients. PATIENT SUMMARY Early bladder cancer represents a more complex spectrum of disease than can be assessed by conventional methods Emerging studies on molecular markers will improve our understanding of this disease, and may enable more precise and personalised treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratik M S Gurung
- University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, NY, USA
| | - Abigail R Barnett
- Institute of Cancer & Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Jayne S Wilson
- Institute of Cancer & Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | | | - Douglas G Ward
- Institute of Cancer & Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Edward M Messing
- University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, NY, USA
| | - Richard T Bryan
- Institute of Cancer & Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
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8
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Chen Y, Liu L, Guo Z, Wang Y, Yang Y, Liu X. Lost expression of cell adhesion molecule 1 is associated with bladder cancer progression and recurrence and its overexpression inhibited tumor cell malignant behaviors. Oncol Lett 2018; 17:2047-2056. [PMID: 30719104 PMCID: PMC6350208 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.9845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell adhesion molecule 1 (CADM1) regulates cell-cell adhesion and an altered expression level is associated with tumorigenesis and progression. The present study assessed CADM1 expression level in 84 bladder tissues to investigate the association with clinicopathological parameters from bladder cancer patients and then investigated the effects of CADM1 overexpression on T24 bladder cancer cells in vitro. The results demonstrated that expression level of CADM1 protein was significantly reduced in bladder cancer tissues (0.26±0.14) compared with in normal bladder mucosa (0.69±0.092; P<0.01), and methylation of CADM1 promoter was responsible for silencing of CADM1 protein expression and significantly associated with tumor size, recurrence, pathology classification and clinical stage (P<0.05). Overexpression of CADM1 protein inhibited tumor cell proliferation, reduced tumor cell invasion capacity and induced tumor cell apoptosis in vitro. At the gene level, CADM1 expression level upregulated caspase-3 activity and expression of Bax and p27 protein and downregulated levels of B cell lymphoma-2, cyclinD1, cyclinE1 and cyclin dependent kinase 2 proteins. Furthermore, overexpression of CADM1 regulated the expression level of epithelial to mesenchymal transition markers, including increased expression level of E-cadherin and β-catenin, whereas it decreased the levels of Vimentin. The present study demonstrated that lost expression of CADM1 protein may exert an essential role in the development and progression of bladder cancer and suggested that CADM1 may be a novel molecular target for the control of this disease in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yegang Chen
- Department of Urology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300211, P.R. China.,Tianjin Institute of Urology, Tianjin 300211, P.R. China
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Urology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300211, P.R. China.,Tianjin Institute of Urology, Tianjin 300211, P.R. China
| | - Zhanjun Guo
- Department of Urology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300211, P.R. China.,Tianjin Institute of Urology, Tianjin 300211, P.R. China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Urology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300211, P.R. China.,Tianjin Institute of Urology, Tianjin 300211, P.R. China
| | - Yongjiao Yang
- Department of Urology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300211, P.R. China.,Tianjin Institute of Urology, Tianjin 300211, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoqiang Liu
- Department of Urology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300211, P.R. China.,Tianjin Institute of Urology, Tianjin 300211, P.R. China
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9
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Epigenetics refers to processes that alter gene expression without altering primary DNA. Over that past decade, there is a growing focus on epigenetic mechanisms in cancer research and its importance in cancer biology. This review summarizes epigenetic dysregulation in bladder cancer. RECENT FINDINGS Epigenetic alterations are overall shared across various grades and stages of bladder cancer. High grade invasive tumors demonstrate a greater degree and intensity of methylation and may have a unique methylation pattern. Environmental exposures may influence epigenetic alterations directly independent of genomic change. Non-coding RNAs play an important role in cancer phenotype, especially in the context of integrative genomic analyses. DNA hypermethylation and non-coding RNAs have potential as robust bladder cancer biomarkers; however, they require further study and validation. Changes in chromatin and histone modification are attractive targets for therapy and are currently in clinical trials. Epigenetic dysregulation may be an important key in improving the understanding of bladder cancer pathogenesis, especially through integrative genomic analyses. Deeper understanding of these pathways can help identify clinically relevant biomarkers and therapeutic targets to validate for diagnosis, monitoring, prognosis, and treatment for bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sima P Porten
- Department of Urology, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), Mailbox Code 1695, 550 16th Street, 6th Floor, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.
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10
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Hadami K, Dakka N, Bensaid M, El Ahanidi H, Ameur A, Chahdi H, Oukabli M, Al Bouzidi A, Attaleb M, El Mzibri M. Evaluation of glutathione S-transferase pi 1 expression and gene promoter methylation in Moroccan patients with urothelial bladder cancer. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2018; 6:819-827. [PMID: 30043549 PMCID: PMC6160697 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glutathione S-transferase pi 1 (GSTP1) is a cytosolic detoxifying enzyme that protects cells against deleterious effects of oxidative stress. Deregulated expression of GSTP1 protein and aberrant promoter methylation of GSTP1 gene were reported in various human tumors and were shown to be involved in the molecular pathway for cancer development. AIMS AND METHODS In this study, we aimed to determine the expression status of GSTP1 in relation to its gene promoter methylation in Moroccan population of 30 bladder cancer (BC) patients and in two noncancerous bladder tissues used as controls. GSTP1 expression was assessed by immunohistochemistry and GSTP1 gene promoter methylation status was studied by methylation-specific PCR (MS-PCR). RESULTS Glutathione S-transferase pi 1 was expressed in the two normal tissues. In BC cases, GSTP1 expression was strong in 23.33% (7/30), moderate in 60% (18/30), and weak in 13.33% (4/30) of cases, while GSTP1 was not expressed in one cancer case (3.33%). Variability of GSTP1 expression does not correlate with high-grade cancer or invasive-stage (p > 0.05). No GSTP1 gene promoter methylation was detected in all control and cancer cases. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that GSTP1 expression is not associated with BC development, limiting its use as a biomarker for BC management in Morocco. Moreover, difference in GSTP1 expression among BC cases is not due to GSTP1 promoter methylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaoula Hadami
- Biology and Medical Research UnitCNESTENRabatMorocco
- Biology of Human Pathologies LaboratoryFaculty of SciencesMohammed V UniversityRabatMorocco
| | - Nadia Dakka
- Biology of Human Pathologies LaboratoryFaculty of SciencesMohammed V UniversityRabatMorocco
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11
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Sommer BC, Dhawan D, Ratliff TL, Knapp DW. Naturally-Occurring Canine Invasive Urothelial Carcinoma: A Model for Emerging Therapies. Bladder Cancer 2018; 4:149-159. [PMID: 29732386 PMCID: PMC5929349 DOI: 10.3233/blc-170145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The development of targeted therapies and the resurgence of immunotherapy offer enormous potential to dramatically improve the outlook for patients with invasive urothelial carcinoma (InvUC). Optimization of these therapies, however, is crucial as only a minority of patients achieve dramatic remission, and toxicities are common. With the complexities of the therapies, and the growing list of possible drug combinations to test, highly relevant animal models are needed to assess and select the most promising approaches to carry forward into human trials. The animal model(s) should possess key features that dictate success or failure of cancer drugs in humans including tumor heterogeneity, genetic-epigenetic crosstalk, immune cell responsiveness, invasive and metastatic behavior, and molecular subtypes (e.g., luminal, basal). While it may not be possible to create these collective features in experimental models, these features are present in naturally-occurring InvUC in pet dogs. Naturally occurring canine InvUC closely mimics muscle-invasive bladder cancer in humans in regards to cellular and molecular features, molecular subtypes, biological behavior (sites and frequency of metastasis), and response to therapy. Clinical treatment trials in pet dogs with InvUC are considered a win-win scenario; the individual dog benefits from effective treatment, the results are expected to help other dogs, and the findings are expected to translate to better treatment outcomes in humans. This review will provide an overview of canine InvUC, the similarities to the human condition, and the potential for dogs with InvUC to serve as a model to predict the outcomes of targeted therapy and immunotherapy in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Breann C Sommer
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Deepika Dhawan
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Timothy L Ratliff
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.,Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Deborah W Knapp
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.,Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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12
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Kiselev Y, Andersen S, Johannessen C, Fjukstad B, Standahl Olsen K, Stenvold H, Al-Saad S, Donnem T, Richardsen E, Bremnes RM, Rasmussen Busund LT. Transcription factor PAX6 as a novel prognostic factor and putative tumour suppressor in non-small cell lung cancer. Sci Rep 2018; 8:5059. [PMID: 29568088 PMCID: PMC5864921 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-23417-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths. Novel predictive biomarkers are needed to improve treatment selection and more accurate prognostication. PAX6 is a transcription factor with a proposed tumour suppressor function. Immunohistochemical staining was performed on tissue microarrays from 335 non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients for PAX6. Multivariate analyses of clinico-pathological variables and disease-specific survival (DSS) was carried out, and phenotypic changes of two NSCLC cell lines with knockdown of PAX6 were characterized. While PAX6 expression was only associated with a trend of better disease-specific survival (DSS) (p = 0.10), the pN+ subgroup (N = 103) showed significant correlation between high PAX6 expression and longer DSS (p = 0.022). Median survival for pN + patients with high PAX6 expression was 127.4 months, versus 22.9 months for patients with low PAX6 expression. In NCI-H661 cells, knockdown of PAX6 strongly activated serum-stimulated migration. In NCI-H460 cells, PAX6 knockdown activated anchorage-independent growth. We did not observe any significant effect of PAX6 on proliferation in either of cell lines. Our findings strongly support the proposition of PAX6 as a valid and positive prognostic marker in NSCLC in node-positive patients. There is a need for further studies, which should provide mechanistical explanation for the role of PAX6 in NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yury Kiselev
- Department of Life Sciences and Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, OsloMet - Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway. .,Department of Pharmacy, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromso, Norway. .,Department of Medical Biology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromso, Norway.
| | - Sigve Andersen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromso, Norway.,Department of Oncology, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromso, Norway
| | - Charles Johannessen
- Department of Medical Biology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromso, Norway
| | - Bjørn Fjukstad
- Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromso, Norway
| | - Karina Standahl Olsen
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromso, Norway
| | - Helge Stenvold
- Department of Oncology, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromso, Norway
| | - Samer Al-Saad
- Department of Medical Biology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromso, Norway.,Department of Clinical Pathology, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromso, Norway
| | - Tom Donnem
- Department of Clinical Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromso, Norway.,Department of Oncology, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromso, Norway
| | - Elin Richardsen
- Department of Medical Biology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromso, Norway.,Department of Clinical Pathology, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromso, Norway
| | - Roy M Bremnes
- Department of Clinical Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromso, Norway.,Department of Oncology, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromso, Norway
| | - Lill-Tove Rasmussen Busund
- Department of Medical Biology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromso, Norway.,Department of Clinical Pathology, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromso, Norway
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13
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Casadevall D, Kilian AY, Bellmunt J. The prognostic role of epigenetic dysregulation in bladder cancer: A systematic review. Cancer Treat Rev 2017; 61:82-93. [PMID: 29121502 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2017.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 10/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite adequate treatment and follow-up, around one fifth of patients with localized bladder cancer will present with disease progression. Adequate prognostic biomarkers are lacking to define patients who are at risk. Mutations in chromatin remodeling genes are more frequently found in bladder cancer than in any other solid tumor. However, the prognostic relevance of epigenetic dysregulation has not been established and may offer an opportunity for biomarker discovery. METHODS Looking for prognostic epigenetic factors, we performed a comprehensive PubMed search using keywords such as "bladder cancer", "chromatin remodeling", "gene methylation" and "epigenetics". We only included studies reporting on the association of epigenetic markers with prognostic outcomes such as recurrence, progression or survival. RESULTS Of 1113 results, 87 studies met the inclusion criteria, which represented a total of 85 epigenetic markers with potential prognostic relevance. No prospective studies were identified. Seventy-three percent (64/87) of the studies involved mixed cohorts of muscle invasive and non-muscle invasive bladder cancer. Promoter methylation of genes with putative prognostic value affected cellular processes such as cell cycle, apoptosis, cell-adhesion or migration, as well as critical pathways such as MAP-kinase or Wnt. Alteration of chromatin regulatory elements suggest a prognostic relevance alterations leading to a predominantly silenced chromatin state. CONCLUSIONS The prognostic impact of epigenetic alterations in bladder cancer is still unclear. Prospective evaluation of methylation marks and chromatin remodeling gene alterations using consistent methods and criteria is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Casadevall
- Cancer Research Program, PSMAR-IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Carrer Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain.
| | | | - Joaquim Bellmunt
- Cancer Research Program, PSMAR-IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Carrer Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Ave, DANA 1230, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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14
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Angulo JC, López JI, Ropero S. DNA Methylation and Urological Cancer, a Step Towards Personalized Medicine: Current and Future Prospects. Mol Diagn Ther 2017; 20:531-549. [PMID: 27501813 DOI: 10.1007/s40291-016-0231-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Urologic malignancies are some of the commonest tumors often curable when diagnosed at early stage. However, accurate diagnostic markers and faithful predictors of prognosis are needed to avoid over-diagnosis leading to overtreatment. Many promising exploratory studies have identified epigenetic markers in urinary malignancies based on DNA methylation, histone modification and non-coding ribonucleic acid (ncRNA) expression that epigenetically regulate gene expression. We review and discuss the current state of development and the future potential of epigenetic biomarkers for more accurate and less invasive detection of urological cancer, tumor recurrence and progression of disease serving to establish diagnosis and monitor treatment efficacies. The specific clinical implications of such methylation tests on therapeutic decisions and patient outcome and current limitations are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier C Angulo
- Servicio de Urología, Hospital Universitario de Getafe, Departamento Clínico, Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Laureate Universities, Hospital Universitario de Getafe, Carretera de Toledo Km 12.5, Getafe, 28905, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Jose I López
- Servicio de Anatomía Patológica, Hospital Universitario de Cruces, Instituto BioCruces,Universidad del País Vasco (UPV-EHU), Bilbao, Spain
| | - Santiago Ropero
- Departamento de Biología de Sistemas, Unidad Docente de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
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15
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Olkhov-Mitsel E, Savio AJ, Kron KJ, Pethe VV, Hermanns T, Fleshner NE, van Rhijn BW, van der Kwast TH, Zlotta AR, Bapat B. Epigenome-Wide DNA Methylation Profiling Identifies Differential Methylation Biomarkers in High-Grade Bladder Cancer. Transl Oncol 2017; 10:168-177. [PMID: 28167242 PMCID: PMC5293735 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Revised: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic changes, including CpG island hypermethylation, occur frequently in bladder cancer (BC) and may be exploited for BC detection and distinction between high-grade (HG) and low-grade (LG) disease. Genome-wide methylation analysis was performed using Agilent Human CpG Island Microarrays to determine epigenetic differences between LG and HG cases. Pathway enrichment analysis and functional annotation determined that the most frequently methylated pathways in HG BC were enriched for anterior/posterior pattern specification, embryonic skeletal system development, neuron fate commitment, DNA binding, and transcription factor activity. We identified 990 probes comprising a 32-gene panel that completely distinguished LG from HG based on methylation. Selected genes from this panel, EOMES, GP5, PAX6, TCF4, and ZSCAN12, were selected for quantitative polymerase chain reaction–based validation by MethyLight in an independent series (n = 84) of normal bladder samples and LG and HG cases. GP5 and ZSCAN12, two novel methylated genes in BC, were significantly hypermethylated in HG versus LG BC (P ≤ .03). We validated our data in a second independent cohort of LG and HG BC cases (n = 42) from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Probes representing our 32-gene panel were significantly differentially methylated in LG versus HG tumors (P ≤ .04). These results indicate the ability to distinguish normal tissue from cancer, as well as LG from HG, based on methylation and reveal important pathways dysregulated in HG BC. Our findings were corroborated using publicly available data sets from TCGA. Ultimately, the creation of a methylation panel, including GP5 and ZSCAN12, able to distinguish between disease phenotypes will improve disease management and patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Olkhov-Mitsel
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, 60 Murray St., Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5T 3L9; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, 27 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 1A1.
| | - Andrea J Savio
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, 60 Murray St., Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5T 3L9; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, 27 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 1A1.
| | - Ken J Kron
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, 60 Murray St., Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5T 3L9; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, 27 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 1A1.
| | - Vaijayanti V Pethe
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, 60 Murray St., Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5T 3L9.
| | - Thomas Hermanns
- Department of Surgery and Surgical Oncology, Division of Urology, The Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, 610 University Ave., Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5G 2M9.
| | - Neil E Fleshner
- Department of Surgery and Surgical Oncology, Division of Urology, The Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, 610 University Ave., Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5G 2M9.
| | - Bas W van Rhijn
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, 60 Murray St., Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5T 3L9; Department of Surgery and Surgical Oncology, Division of Urology, The Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, 610 University Ave., Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5G 2M9.
| | - Theodorus H van der Kwast
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, 27 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 1A1; Department of Pathology, University Health Network, 200 Elizabeth St., Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5G 2C4.
| | - Alexandre R Zlotta
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, 60 Murray St., Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5T 3L9; Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, Sinai Health System, 600 University Ave., Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5G 1X5.
| | - Bharati Bapat
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, 60 Murray St., Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5T 3L9; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, 27 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 1A1; Department of Pathology, University Health Network, 200 Elizabeth St., Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5G 2C4.
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16
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Wang M, Xiao X, Zeng F, Xie F, Fan Y, Huang C, Jiang G, Wang L. Common and differentially expressed long noncoding RNAs for the characterization of high and low grade bladder cancer. Gene 2016; 592:78-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2016.07.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Revised: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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17
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Abstract
DNA methylation alterations are common in urothelial carcinoma, a prevalent cancer worldwide caused predominantly by chemical carcinogens. Recent studies have proposed sets of hypermethylated genes as promising diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers from urine or tissue samples, which require validation. Other studies have revealed intriguing links between specific carcinogens and DNA methylation alterations in cancer tissues or blood that might clarify carcinogenesis mechanisms and aid prevention. Like DNA methylation alterations, mutations in chromatin regulators are frequent, underlining the importance of epigenetic changes. However, the relations between the two changes and their functions in urothelial carcinogenesis remain unclear. Transcription factor genes with altered methylation deserve particular interest. Elucidating the functional impact of methylation changes is a prerequisite for their therapeutic targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang A Schulz
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Goering
- Department of Pathology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Germany
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18
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Kim YJ, Kim WJ. Can we use methylation markers as diagnostic and prognostic indicators for bladder cancer? Investig Clin Urol 2016; 57 Suppl 1:S77-88. [PMID: 27326410 PMCID: PMC4910760 DOI: 10.4111/icu.2016.57.s1.s77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Urothelial carcinomas of the urinary bladder have diverse biological and functional characteristics, and numerous factors are likely to be involved in recurrence, progression, and patient survival. While several molecular markers used to evaluate the development and prognosis of bladder cancer have been studied, they are of limited value; therefore, new molecular parameters useful for predicting the prognosis of bladder cancer patients (particularly patients at high risk of progression and recurrence) are required. Recent progress in the understanding of epigenetic modification and gene silencing has provided new opportunities for the detection, treatment, and prevention of cancer. Methylation is an important molecular mechanism in bladder cancer and may have utility as a prognostic and/or diagnostic marker. This review discusses the epigenetic issues involved in the detection and prediction of bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-June Kim
- Department of Urology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Wun-Jae Kim
- Department of Urology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, Cheongju, Korea
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19
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Porrello A, Piergentili RB. Contextualizing the Genes Altered in Bladder Neoplasms in Pediatric andTeen Patients Allows Identifying Two Main Classes of Biological ProcessesInvolved and New Potential Therapeutic Targets. Curr Genomics 2016; 17:33-61. [PMID: 27013923 PMCID: PMC4780474 DOI: 10.2174/1389202916666151014222603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Revised: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Research on bladder neoplasms in pediatric and teen patients (BNPTP) has described 21 genes, which are variously involved in this disease and are mostly responsible for deregulated cell proliferation. However, due to the limited number of publications on this subject, it is still unclear what type of relationships there are among these genes and which are the chances that, while having different molecular functions, they i) act as downstream effector genes of well-known pro- or anti- proliferative stimuli and/or interplay with biochemical pathways having oncological relevance or ii) are specific and, possibly, early biomarkers of these pathologies. A Gene Ontology (GO)-based analysis showed that these 21 genes are involved in biological processes, which can be split into two main classes: cell regulation-based and differentiation/development-based. In order to understand the involvement/overlapping with main cancer-related pathways, we performed a meta-analysis dependent on the 189 oncogenic signatures of the Molecular Signatures Database (OSMSD) curated by the Broad Institute. We generated a binary matrix with 53 gene signatures having at least one hit; this analysis i) suggests that some genes of the original list show inconsistencies and might need to be experimentally re- assessed or evaluated as biomarkers (in particular, ACTA2) and ii) allows hypothesizing that important (proto)oncogenes (E2F3, ERBB2/HER2, CCND1, WNT1, and YAP1) and (putative) tumor suppressors (BRCA1, RBBP8/CTIP, and RB1-RBL2/p130) may participate in the onset of this disease or worsen the observed phenotype, thus expanding the list of possible molecular targets for the treatment of BNPTP.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Porrello
- Comprehensive Cancer Center (LCCC), University of North Carolina (UNC)-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, 27599 NC, USA
| | - R. b Piergentili
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology at CNR (CNR-IBPM); Department of Biology and Biotechnologies, Sapienza – Università di Roma, Italy
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20
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Yoon HY, Seo SP, Lee SK, Kang HW, Kim WT, Ryu DH, Yun SJ, Lee SC, Kim WJ, Kim YJ. Association of GATA5 methylation with clinocopathological characteristics in non-muscle invasive bladder cancer. J Biomed Res 2015. [DOI: 10.12729/jbr.2015.16.4.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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21
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Chen Y, Yang Y, Liu L, Wang S, Song H, Liu X. Tumor Suppressor in Lung Cancer-1 Is a Prognostic Predictor for the Recurrence and Progression of Non-Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer. Urol Int 2015; 96:142-7. [PMID: 26894268 DOI: 10.1159/000438492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the relationship between the expression of tumor suppressor in lung cancer-1 (TSLC1) and clinicopathological characteristics of patients with non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) and evaluate the prognostic significance of TSLC1. METHODS TSLC1 expression in 241 specimens of NMIBC was examined by immunohistochemistry. The correlation between TSLC1 expression and clinicopathological characteristics was evaluated using the chi-square test. The prognostic significance of TSLC1 was analyzed by univariate, multivariate analysis and Kaplan-Meier survival curves. RESULTS The total negative rate of TSLC1 expression was 47.3% in NMIBC. Decreased expression of TSLC1 was correlated with a higher clinical stage, higher pathological grade, the number of tumors, lager tumor size, tumor recurrence and progression. TSLC1 expression was an independent risk factor for predicting tumor recurrence (p = 0.005) and progression (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION Decreased expression of TSLC1 is correlated with the malignancy of NMIBC tissues and low TSLC1 expression may serve as a predictor for bladder cancer recurrence and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yegang Chen
- Department of Urology, Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University and Tianjin Institute of Urology, Tianjin, China
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22
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Chen CH, Chan TM, Wu YJ, Chen JJ. Review: Application of Nanoparticles in Urothelial Cancer of the Urinary Bladder. J Med Biol Eng 2015; 35:419-427. [PMID: 26339222 PMCID: PMC4551548 DOI: 10.1007/s40846-015-0060-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Bladder cancer is a common malignancy of the urinary tract, which generally develops in the epithelial lining of the urinary bladder. The specific course of treatment depends on the stage of bladder cancer; however, therapeutic strategies typically involve intravesical drug delivery to reduce toxicity and increase therapeutic effects. Recently, metallic, polymeric, lipid, and protein nanoparticles have been introduced to aid in the treatment of bladder cancer. Nanoparticles are also commonly used as pharmaceutical carriers to improve interactions between drugs and the urothelium. In this review, we classify the characteristics of bladder cancer and discuss the types of nanoparticles used in various treatment modalities. Finally we summarize the potential applications and benefits of various nanoparticles in intravesical therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chieh-Hsiao Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, 1 University Road, Tainan, 701 Taiwan ; Department of Urology, China Medical University Beigang Hospital, 123 Sin-Der Road, Beigang, 651 Yunlin Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Min Chan
- Department of Medical Education and Research, China Medical University Beigang Hospital, 123 Sin-Der Road, Beigang, 651 Yunlin Taiwan
| | - Yi-Jhen Wu
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, 1 University Road, Tainan, 701 Taiwan
| | - Jia-Jin Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, 1 University Road, Tainan, 701 Taiwan
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23
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Wang Z, Wang B, Guo H, Shi G, Hong X. Clinicopathological significance and potential drug target of T-cadherin in NSCLC. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2014; 9:207-16. [PMID: 25565774 PMCID: PMC4278732 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s74259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Background Previous studies demonstrate that T-cadherin is a candidate tumor suppressor in several types of human tumors, including non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Lack of protein expression of T-cadherin by hypermethylation has been found to play an important role in lung alveolar differentiation regulation and epithelial tumorigenesis. However, the correlation between T-cadherin hypermethylation and clinicopathological characteristics of NSCLC remains unclear. Here we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to quantitatively evaluate the effects of T-cadherin hypermethylation on the incidence of NSCLC and clinicopathological characteristics. Methods A detailed literature search was carried out for related research publications. Analyses of pooled data were performed. Odds ratio (OR) and hazard ratio (HR) were calculated and summarized, respectively. Results Final analysis of 1,172 NSCLC patients from 15 eligible studies was performed. T-cadherin hypermethylation was observed to be significantly higher in NSCLC than in normal lung tissue, based on the pooled OR from nine studies including 532 NSCLC and 372 normal lung tissue samples (OR=8.19, 95% confidence interval [CI]=5.41–12.39, P<0.00001). T-cadherin hypermethylation may also be associated with pathological types. The pooled OR was obtained from four studies including 111patients with squamous cell carcinoma and 106 with adenocarcinoma (OR=0.35, 95% CI=0.19–0.66, P=0.001), which indicated that T-cadherin hypermethylation plays a more important role in the pathogenesis of adenocarcinoma. We did not find that T-cadherin hypermethylation was correlated with the sex or smoking status, clinical stages, or epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutation status. However, T-cadherin hypermethylation was found to be significantly higher in poorly differentiated NSCLC than in moderately and highly differentiated NSCLC, and NSCLC patients with T-cadherin hypermethylation had a lower survival rate than those without T-cadherin hypermethylation. Conclusion The results of this meta-analysis suggest that T-cadherin hypermethylation is associated with an increased risk and worse survival in NSCLC. T-cadherin hypermethylation, which induces the inactivation of T-cadherin gene, plays an important role in the carcinogenesis, cancer progression, as well as clinical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhidong Wang
- Oncology Department, Eighth Hospital of Changsha, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Wang
- Oncology Department, Eighth Hospital of Changsha, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Huanchen Guo
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shouguang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shouguang, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoyu Shi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shouguang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shouguang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiuqin Hong
- Institute of Gerontology, Hunan Geriatric Hospital, Changsha, People's Republic of China
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