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Rashid S, Gupta S, McCormick SR, Tsao H. New Insights into Melanoma Tumor Syndromes. JID INNOVATIONS 2022; 2:100152. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xjidi.2022.100152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
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2
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Genetic and Histopathological Heterogeneity of Neuroblastoma and Precision Therapeutic Approaches for Extremely Unfavorable Histology Subgroups. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12010079. [PMID: 35053227 PMCID: PMC8773700 DOI: 10.3390/biom12010079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Peripheral neuroblastic tumors (neuroblastoma, ganglioneuroblastoma and ganglioneuroma) are heterogeneous and their diverse and wide range of clinical behaviors (spontaneous regression, tumor maturation and aggressive progression) are closely associated with genetic/molecular properties of the individual tumors. The International Neuroblastoma Pathology Classification, a biologically relevant and prognostically significant morphology classification distinguishing the favorable histology (FH) and unfavorable histology (UH) groups in this disease, predicts survival probabilities of the patients with the highest hazard ratio. The recent advance of neuroblastoma research with precision medicine approaches demonstrates that tumors in the UH group are also heterogeneous and four distinct subgroups—MYC, TERT, ALT and null—are identified. Among them, the first three subgroups are collectively named extremely unfavorable histology (EUH) tumors because of their highly aggressive clinical behavior. As indicated by their names, these EUH tumors are individually defined by their potential targets detected molecularly and immunohistochemically, such as MYC-family protein overexpression, TERT overexpression and ATRX (or DAXX) loss. In the latter half on this paper, the current status of therapeutic targeting of these EUH tumors is discussed for the future development of effective treatments of the patients.
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3
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Shimada H, Sano H, Hazard FK. Pathology of Peripheral Neuroblastic Tumors. CLINICAL PEDIATRIC HEMATOLOGY-ONCOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.15264/cpho.2020.27.2.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Shimada
- Department of Pathology and Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Hideki Sano
- Department of Pathology Oncology, Fukushima Medical University Hospital, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Florette K. Hazard
- Department of Pathology and Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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4
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Zhai G, Li J, Zheng J, An P, Chen X, Wang X, Li C. hTERT promoter methylation promotes small cell lung cancer progression and radiotherapy resistance. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2020; 61:674-683. [PMID: 32761059 PMCID: PMC7482169 DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rraa052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) has been a devastating actuality in clinic and the molecular mechanisms underlying this disease remain unclear. The epigenetic alterations located in the promoter region of human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) have been demonstrated as one of the most prevalent non-coding genomic modifications in multiple cancers. However, alteration of hTERT promoter methylation in SCLC and the subsequently induced change in tumor cell behavior remains unclear. In this research, we hypothesized that abnormal methylation of hTERT promotor enhanced the progression of SCLC and the outcome of radiotherapy resistance. Quantitative real-time PCR and western blot assays were performed to evaluate the RNA and protein levels of hTERT and enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2), respectively. 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay was used to estimate the viability and X-ray sensitivity of H20 and H446 cell lines. Functionally, upregulation of hTERT promoted the proliferation and migration of H20 and H446 cells, and the high-level of methylation in the promoter region of hTERT induced by radiation caused radio-resistance in SCLC. Mechanically, methylation of hTERT promoter enhanced the progression and radio-resistance of SCLC through upregulating the expression of its downstream effector EZH2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangsheng Zhai
- Department of Radiotherapy, the Tumor Hospital of Shandong Province, No. 440 of Jiyan Road, Ji’nan 255000, Shandong, China
- Department of Radiotherapy, the Central Hospital of Zibo of Shandong Province, No. 54 of Gongqingtuan West Road, Zhangdian District, Zibo 255022, Shandong, China
| | - Jianbin Li
- Department of Radiotherapy, the Tumor Hospital of Shandong Province, No. 440 of Jiyan Road, Ji’nan 255000, Shandong, China
| | - Jianbo Zheng
- Department of Urology Surgery, the Central Hospital of Zibo of Shandong Province, No. 54 of Gongqingtuan West Road, Zhangdian District, Zibo 255022, Shandong, China
| | - Peng An
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital East, No. 222 West Third Road Around Lake, Nanhui New City Town, Pudong District, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Xiaohui Chen
- Department of Oncology, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Zibo of Shandong Province, No. 11 of Xingyuan East Road, Zhangdian District, Zibo 255022, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaodong Wang
- Department of Radiotherapy, Fourth People’s Hospital of Zibo of Shandong Province, No. 119 of Shanquan Road, Zhangdian District, Zibo 255022, Shandong, China
| | - Chuanzhao Li
- Department of General Medicine, the Central Hospital of Zibo of Shandong Province, No. 54 of Gongqingtuan West Road, Zhangdian District, Zibo 255022, Shandong, China
- Corresponding author. Department of General Medicine, the Central Hospital of Zibo of Shandong Province, No. 54 of Gongqingtuan West Road, Zhangdian District, Zibo 255022, Shandong, China. Tel: 86-18678186986;
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5
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Ackermann S, Fischer M. Telomere Maintenance in Pediatric Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E5836. [PMID: 31757062 PMCID: PMC6928840 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20235836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Telomere length has been proposed as a biomarker of biological age and a risk factor for age-related diseases and cancer. Substantial progress has been made in recent decades in understanding the complex molecular relationships in this research field. However, the majority of telomere studies have been conducted in adults. The data on telomere dynamics in pediatric cancers is limited, and interpretation can be challenging, especially in cases where results are contrasting to those in adult entities. This review describes recent advances in the molecular characterization of structure and function of telomeres, regulation of telomerase activity in cancer pathogenesis in general, and highlights the key advances that have expanded our views on telomere biology in pediatric cancer, with special emphasis on the central role of telomere maintenance in neuroblastoma. Furthermore, open questions in the field of telomere maintenance research are discussed in the context of recently published literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Ackermann
- Department of Experimental Pediatric Oncology, University Children’s Hospital of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, Kerpener Straße 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Robert-Koch-Straße 21, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Matthias Fischer
- Department of Experimental Pediatric Oncology, University Children’s Hospital of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, Kerpener Straße 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Robert-Koch-Straße 21, 50931 Cologne, Germany
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6
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Avin BA, Wang Y, Gilpatrick T, Workman RE, Lee I, Timp W, Umbricht CB, Zeiger MA. Characterization of human telomerase reverse transcriptase promoter methylation and transcription factor binding in differentiated thyroid cancer cell lines. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2019; 58:530-540. [PMID: 30664813 PMCID: PMC6621557 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.22735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) activation plays an important role in cancer development by enabling the immortalization of cells. TERT regulation is multifaceted, and its promoter methylation has been implicated in controlling expression through alteration in transcription factor binding. We have characterized TERT promoter methylation, transcription factor binding, and TERT expression levels in five differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) cell lines and six normal thyroid tissue samples by targeted bisulfite sequencing, ChIP-qPCR, and qRT-PCR. DTC cell lines express varying levels of TERT and exhibit TERT promoter methylation patterns similar to patterns seen in other telomerase positive cancer cell lines. The minimal promoter immediately surrounding the transcription start site is hypomethylated, while further upstream portions show dense methylation. In contrast, the TERT promoter in normal thyroid tissue is largely unmethylated throughout and expresses TERT minimally. Transcription factor binding is also affected by TERT mutation status. The E-twenty-six (ETS) factor GABPA exhibits TERT binding in the TERT mutant DTC cells only, and allele-specific methylation patterns at the minimal promoter were observed as well, which may indicate allele-specific factor recruitment at the minimal promoter. Furthermore, we identified binding sites for activators MYC and GSC in the hypermethylated upstream region, pointing to its possible importance in TERT regulation. Overall, TERT expression and telomerase activity depend on the interplay of multiple regulatory mechanisms including TERT promoter methylation, mutation status, and recruitment of transcription factors. This work explores of the interplay between these regulatory mechanisms and offers insight into cellular control of active telomerase in human cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany A. Avin
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States 21287
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States 21287
| | - Yongchun Wang
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States 21287
| | - Timothy Gilpatrick
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States 21287
| | - Rachael E. Workman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States 21287
| | - Isac Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States 21287
| | - Winston Timp
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States 21287
| | - Christopher B. Umbricht
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States 21287
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States 21287
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States 21287
| | - Martha A. Zeiger
- Department of Surgery, The University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908
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7
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Ikegaki N, Shimada H. Subgrouping of Unfavorable Histology Neuroblastomas With Immunohistochemistry Toward Precision Prognosis and Therapy Stratification. JCO Precis Oncol 2019; 3:PO.18.00312. [PMID: 31840131 PMCID: PMC6910237 DOI: 10.1200/po.18.00312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
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8
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De Mello RA, Faleiro I, Apolónio JD, Tabori U, Price AJ, Roberto VP, Castelo-Branco P. Hot topics in epigenetic regulation of cancer self-renewal for pancreatic tumors: future trends. Future Oncol 2019; 15:683-685. [PMID: 30693809 DOI: 10.2217/fon-2018-0153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ramon Andrade De Mello
- Department of Biomedical Sciences & Medicine, Algarve Biomedical Center, Division of Oncology, University of Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319, Oporto, Portugal.,Division of Medical Oncology, Bauru State Hospital, & School of Medicine, Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE), 17011-102, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil.,Centre for Biomedical Research (CBMR), University of Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Inês Faleiro
- Department of Biomedical Sciences & Medicine, Algarve Biomedical Center, Division of Oncology, University of Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal.,Centre for Biomedical Research (CBMR), University of Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Joana D Apolónio
- Department of Biomedical Sciences & Medicine, Algarve Biomedical Center, Division of Oncology, University of Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal.,Centre for Biomedical Research (CBMR), University of Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Uri Tabori
- Arthur & Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Center, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5G 1X8, ON, Canada
| | - Aryeh J Price
- Arthur & Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Center, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5G 1X8, ON, Canada.,Division of Biology & Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Vânia P Roberto
- Department of Biomedical Sciences & Medicine, Algarve Biomedical Center, Division of Oncology, University of Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal.,Centre for Biomedical Research (CBMR), University of Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Pedro Castelo-Branco
- Department of Biomedical Sciences & Medicine, Algarve Biomedical Center, Division of Oncology, University of Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal.,Centre for Biomedical Research (CBMR), University of Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
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Bahrami A, Barnhill RL. Pathology and genomics of pediatric melanoma: A critical reexamination and new insights. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2018; 65:10.1002/pbc.26792. [PMID: 28895292 PMCID: PMC6500729 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.26792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Revised: 07/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The clinicopathologic features of pediatric melanoma are distinct from those of the adult counterpart. For example, most childhood melanomas exhibit a uniquely favorable biologic behavior, save for those arising in large/giant congenital nevi. Recent studies suggest that the characteristically favorable biologic behavior of childhood melanoma may be related to extreme telomere shortening and dysfunction in the cancer cells. Herein, we review the genomic profiles that have been defined for the different subtypes of pediatric melanoma and particularly emphasize the potential prognostic value of telomerase reverse transcriptase alterations for these tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armita Bahrami
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children’s
Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105 USA,Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children’s Research
Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105 USA,Correspondence: Armita Bahrami, MD, Department of
Pathology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place,
MS 250, Memphis, TN 38105-3678, USA, Phone: 901-595-7116, Fax: 901-595-3100,
| | - Raymond L Barnhill
- Department of Pathology, Institute Curie and Faculty of
Medicine, University of Paris Descartes, Paris, France
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10
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Dwight T, Flynn A, Amarasinghe K, Benn DE, Lupat R, Li J, Cameron DL, Hogg A, Balachander S, Candiloro ILM, Wong SQ, Robinson BG, Papenfuss AT, Gill AJ, Dobrovic A, Hicks RJ, Clifton-Bligh RJ, Tothill RW. TERT structural rearrangements in metastatic pheochromocytomas. Endocr Relat Cancer 2018; 25:1-9. [PMID: 28974544 DOI: 10.1530/erc-17-0306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Pheochromocytomas (PC) and paragangliomas (PGL) are endocrine tumors for which the genetic and clinicopathological features of metastatic progression remain incompletely understood. As a result, the risk of metastasis from a primary tumor cannot be predicted. Early diagnosis of individuals at high risk of developing metastases is clinically important and the identification of new biomarkers that are predictive of metastatic potential is of high value. Activation of TERT has been associated with a number of malignant tumors, including PC/PGL. However, the mechanism of TERT activation in the majority of PC/PGL remains unclear. As TERT promoter mutations occur rarely in PC/PGL, we hypothesized that other mechanisms - such as structural variations - may underlie TERT activation in these tumors. From 35 PC and four PGL, we identified three primary PCs that developed metastases with elevated TERT expression, each of which lacked TERT promoter mutations and promoter DNA methylation. Using whole genome sequencing, we identified somatic structural alterations proximal to the TERT locus in two of these tumors. In both tumors, the genomic rearrangements led to the positioning of super-enhancers proximal to the TERT promoter, that are likely responsible for the activation of the normally tightly repressed TERT expression in chromaffin cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trisha Dwight
- Cancer GeneticsKolling Institute, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- The University of SydneySydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Aidan Flynn
- The Finsen LaboratoryRigshospitalet, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC)University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | | | - Diana E Benn
- Cancer GeneticsKolling Institute, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- The University of SydneySydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Richard Lupat
- The Peter MacCallum Cancer CentreEast Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jason Li
- The Peter MacCallum Cancer CentreEast Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Daniel L Cameron
- The Peter MacCallum Cancer CentreEast Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Bioinformatics DivisionThe Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical BiologyUniversity of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Annette Hogg
- The Peter MacCallum Cancer CentreEast Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Shiva Balachander
- The Peter MacCallum Cancer CentreEast Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ida L M Candiloro
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research InstituteHeidelberg, Victoria, Australia
- The Department of PathologyUniversity of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stephen Q Wong
- The Peter MacCallum Cancer CentreEast Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Bruce G Robinson
- Cancer GeneticsKolling Institute, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- The University of SydneySydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Anthony T Papenfuss
- The Peter MacCallum Cancer CentreEast Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Bioinformatics DivisionThe Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical BiologyUniversity of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of OncologyThe University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- The Department of Mathematics and StatisticsUniversity of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Anthony J Gill
- The University of SydneySydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Cancer Diagnosis and Pathology GroupKolling Institute, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Alexander Dobrovic
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research InstituteHeidelberg, Victoria, Australia
- The Department of PathologyUniversity of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- School of Cancer MedicineLa Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rodney J Hicks
- The Peter MacCallum Cancer CentreEast Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of OncologyThe University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Roderick J Clifton-Bligh
- Cancer GeneticsKolling Institute, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- The University of SydneySydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Richard W Tothill
- The Peter MacCallum Cancer CentreEast Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- The Department of PathologyUniversity of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of OncologyThe University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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