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Bimodal 1H Double Quantum Build-Up Curves by Fourier and Laplace-like Transforms on Aged Cross-Linked Natural Rubber. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13203523. [PMID: 34685281 PMCID: PMC8540486 DOI: 10.3390/polym13203523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The 1H DQ Fourier and Laplace-like spectra for a series of cross-linked natural rubber (NR) samples naturally aged during six years are presented and characterized. The DQ build-up curves of these samples present two peaks which cannot be described by classical functions. The DQ Fourier spectra can be obtained after a numeric procedure which introduces a correction time which depends less on the chosen approximation, spin-½ and isolated CH2 and CH3 functional groups. The DQ Fourier spectra are well described by the distributions of the residual dipolar coupling correlated with the distribution of the end-to-end vector of the polymer network, and with the second and fourth van Vleck moments. The deconvolution of DQ Fourier spectra with a sum of four Gaussian variates show that the center and the width of Gaussian functions increase linearly with the increase in the cross-link density. The Laplace-like spectra for the natural aged NR DQ build-up curves are presented. The centers of four Gaussian distributions obtained via both methods are consistent. The differences between the Fourier and Laplace-like spectra consist mainly of the spectral resolution in the favor of Laplace-like spectra. The last one was used to discuss the effect of natural aging for cross-linked NR.
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2
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Martin-Gallego M, González-Jiménez A, Verdejo R, Lopez-Manchado MA, Valentin JL. Epoxy resin curing reaction studied by proton multiple-quantum NMR. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.23767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mario Martin-Gallego
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnologia de Polimeros; ICTP-CSIC, Juan de la Cierva 3 Madrid 28006 Spain
| | - Antonio González-Jiménez
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnologia de Polimeros; ICTP-CSIC, Juan de la Cierva 3 Madrid 28006 Spain
| | - Raquel Verdejo
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnologia de Polimeros; ICTP-CSIC, Juan de la Cierva 3 Madrid 28006 Spain
| | | | - Juan Lopez Valentin
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnologia de Polimeros; ICTP-CSIC, Juan de la Cierva 3 Madrid 28006 Spain
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Malmierca MA, González-Jiménez A, Mora-Barrantes I, Posadas P, Rodríguez A, Ibarra L, Nogales A, Saalwächter K, Valentín JL. Characterization of Network Structure and Chain Dynamics of Elastomeric Ionomers by Means of 1H Low-Field NMR. Macromolecules 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ma501208g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M. A. Malmierca
- Instituto de Ciencia
y Tecnología de Polímeros (CSIC), C/Juan de la Cierva, 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - A. González-Jiménez
- Instituto de Ciencia
y Tecnología de Polímeros (CSIC), C/Juan de la Cierva, 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - I. Mora-Barrantes
- Instituto de Ciencia
y Tecnología de Polímeros (CSIC), C/Juan de la Cierva, 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - P. Posadas
- Instituto de Ciencia
y Tecnología de Polímeros (CSIC), C/Juan de la Cierva, 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - A. Rodríguez
- Instituto de Ciencia
y Tecnología de Polímeros (CSIC), C/Juan de la Cierva, 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - L. Ibarra
- Instituto de Ciencia
y Tecnología de Polímeros (CSIC), C/Juan de la Cierva, 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - A. Nogales
- Instituto de Estructura
de la Materia, IEM-CSIC, C/Serrano
121, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - K. Saalwächter
- Institut
für Physik − NMR, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Betty-Heimann-Strasse
7, D-06120 Halle, Germany
| | - J. L. Valentín
- Instituto de Ciencia
y Tecnología de Polímeros (CSIC), C/Juan de la Cierva, 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
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Leisen J, Gomez IJ, Roper JA, Meredith JC, Beckham HW. Spatially resolved solid-state 1H NMR for evaluation of gradient-composition polymeric libraries. ACS COMBINATORIAL SCIENCE 2012; 14:415-24. [PMID: 22676634 DOI: 10.1021/co200210c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Polyurethane libraries consisting of films with composition gradients of aliphatic polyisocyanate and hydroxy-terminated polyacrylate resin were characterized using methods of (1)H NMR microimaging (i.e., magnetic resonance imaging, (MRI)) and solid-state NMR. Molecular mobilities and underlying structural information were extracted as a function of the relative content of each of the two components. Routine NMR microimaging using the spin-echo sequence only allows investigations of transverse relaxation of magnetization at echo times >2 ms. A single-exponential decay was found, which is likely due to free, noncross-linked polymer chains. The mobility of these chains decreases with increasing content of the aliphatic polyisocyanate. The concept of a 1D NMR profiler is introduced as a novel modality for library screening, which allows the convenient measurement of static solid-state NMR spectra as a function of spatial location along a library sample that is repositioned in the rf coil between experiments. With this setup the complete transverse relaxation function was measured using Bloch decays and spin echoes. For all positions within the gradient-composition film, relaxation data consisted of at least three components that were attributed to a rigid highly cross-linked resin, an intermediate cross-linked but mobile constituent, and the highly mobile free polymer chains (the latter is also detectable by MRI). Analysis of this overall relaxation function measured via Bloch decays and spin echoes revealed only minor changes in the mobilities of the individual fractions. Findings with respect to the most mobile components are consistent with the results obtained by NMR microimaging. The major effect is the significant increase in the rigid-component fraction with the addition of the hydroxy-terminated polyacrylate resin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - John A. Roper
- The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan 48674, United States
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Litvinov VM, Orza RA, Klüppel M, van Duin M, Magusin PCMM. Rubber–Filler Interactions and Network Structure in Relation to Stress–Strain Behavior of Vulcanized, Carbon Black Filled EPDM. Macromolecules 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/ma2007255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- V. M. Litvinov
- DSM Resolve, P.O. Box 18, 6160 MD Geleen, The Netherlands
- Dutch Polymer Institute, P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - R. A. Orza
- Dutch Polymer Institute, P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - M. Klüppel
- Deutsches Institut für Kautschuktechnologie e.V., Eupener Strasse 33, D-30519 Hannover, Germany
| | - M. van Duin
- Lanxess Elastomers Global, R&D, P.O. Box 1130, 6160 BC Geleen, The Netherlands
| | - P. C. M. M. Magusin
- Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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Moldovan D, Fechete R, Demco DE, Culea E, Blümich B, Herrmann V, Heinz M. The heterogeneity of segmental dynamics of filled EPDM by (1)H transverse relaxation NMR. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2011; 208:156-162. [PMID: 21106419 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2010.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2010] [Revised: 10/29/2010] [Accepted: 10/31/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Residual second moment of dipolar interactions M(2) and correlation time segmental dynamics distributions were measured by Hahn-echo decays in combination with inverse Laplace transform for a series of unfilled and filled EPDM samples as functions of carbon-black N683 filler content. The fillers-polymer chain interactions which dramatically restrict the mobility of bound rubber modify the dynamics of mobile chains. These changes depend on the filler content and can be evaluated from distributions of M(2). A dipolar filter was applied to eliminate the contribution of bound rubber. In the first approach the Hahn-echo decays were fitted with a theoretical relationship to obtain the average values of the (1)H residual second moment <M(2)> and correlation time <τ(c)>. For the mobile EPDM segments the power-law distribution of correlation function was compared to the exponential correlation function and found inadequate in the long-time regime. In the second approach a log-Gauss distribution for the correlation time was assumed. Furthermore, using an averaged value of the correlation time, the distributions of the residual second moment were determined using an inverse Laplace transform for the entire series of measured samples. The unfilled EPDM sample shows a bimodal distribution of residual second moments, which can be associated to the mobile polymer sub-chains (M(2) ≅ 6.1 rad (2) s(-2)) and the second one associated to the dangling chains M(2) ≅ 5.4 rad(2) s(-2)). By restraining the mobility of bound rubber, the carbon-black fillers induce diversity in the segmental dynamics like the apparition of a distinct mobile component and changes in the distribution of mobile and free-end polymer segments.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Moldovan
- Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, Daicoviciu 1, R-400020 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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Chelcea RI, Fechete R, Culea E, Demco DE, Blümich B. Distributions of transverse relaxation times for soft-solids measured in strongly inhomogeneous magnetic fields. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2009; 196:178-190. [PMID: 19083248 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2008.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2008] [Revised: 11/09/2008] [Accepted: 11/12/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The single-sided NMR-MOUSE sensor that operates in highly inhomogeneous magnetic fields is used to record a CPMG (1)H transverse relaxation decay by CPMG echo trains for a series of cross-linked natural rubber samples. Effective transverse relaxation rates 1/T(2,short) and 1/T(2,long) were determined by a bi-exponential fit. A linear dependence of transverse relaxation rates on cross-link density is observed for medium to large values of cross-link density. As an alternative to multi-exponential fits the possibility to analyze the dynamics of soft polymer network in terms of multi-exponential decays via the inverse Laplace transformation was studied. The transient regime and the effect of the T(1)/T(2) ratio in inhomogeneous static and radiofrequency magnetic fields on the CPMG decays were studied numerically using a dedicated C++ program to simulate the temporal and spatial dependence of the CPMG response. A correction factor T(2)/T(2,eff) is derived as a function of the T(1)/T(2) ratio from numerical simulations and compared with earlier results from two different well logging devices. High-resolution T(1)-T(2) correlations maps are obtained by two-dimensional Laplace inversion of CPMG detected saturation recovery curves. The T(1)-T(2) experimental correlations maps were corrected for the T(1)/T(2) effect using the derived T(2)/T(2,eff) correction factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- R I Chelcea
- Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, Daicoviciu 1, R-400020 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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Lewicki JP, Maxwell RS, Patel M, Herberg JL, Swain AC, Liggat JJ, Pethrick RA. Effect of meta-Carborane on Segmental Dynamics in a Bimodal Poly(dimethylsiloxane) Network. Macromolecules 2008. [DOI: 10.1021/ma801570e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James P. Lewicki
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Westchem, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland, and Atomic Weapons Establishment, Aldermasten, United Kingdom
| | - Robert S. Maxwell
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Westchem, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland, and Atomic Weapons Establishment, Aldermasten, United Kingdom
| | - Mogon Patel
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Westchem, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland, and Atomic Weapons Establishment, Aldermasten, United Kingdom
| | - Julie L. Herberg
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Westchem, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland, and Atomic Weapons Establishment, Aldermasten, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony C. Swain
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Westchem, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland, and Atomic Weapons Establishment, Aldermasten, United Kingdom
| | - John J. Liggat
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Westchem, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland, and Atomic Weapons Establishment, Aldermasten, United Kingdom
| | - Richard A. Pethrick
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Westchem, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland, and Atomic Weapons Establishment, Aldermasten, United Kingdom
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Gjersing E, Chinn S, Giuliani JR, Herberg J, Maxwell RS, Eastwood E, Bowen D, Stephens T. Investigation of Network Heterogeneities in Filled, Trimodal, Highly Functional PDMS Networks by 1H Multiple Quantum NMR. Macromolecules 2007. [DOI: 10.1021/ma0620924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Erica Gjersing
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave, Livermore, California 94551, Honeywell Federal Manufacturing and Technologies Plant, Kansas City, Missouri, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, and Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
| | - Sarah Chinn
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave, Livermore, California 94551, Honeywell Federal Manufacturing and Technologies Plant, Kansas City, Missouri, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, and Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
| | - Jason R. Giuliani
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave, Livermore, California 94551, Honeywell Federal Manufacturing and Technologies Plant, Kansas City, Missouri, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, and Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
| | - Julie Herberg
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave, Livermore, California 94551, Honeywell Federal Manufacturing and Technologies Plant, Kansas City, Missouri, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, and Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
| | - Robert S. Maxwell
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave, Livermore, California 94551, Honeywell Federal Manufacturing and Technologies Plant, Kansas City, Missouri, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, and Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
| | - Eric Eastwood
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave, Livermore, California 94551, Honeywell Federal Manufacturing and Technologies Plant, Kansas City, Missouri, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, and Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
| | - Dan Bowen
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave, Livermore, California 94551, Honeywell Federal Manufacturing and Technologies Plant, Kansas City, Missouri, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, and Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
| | - Tom Stephens
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave, Livermore, California 94551, Honeywell Federal Manufacturing and Technologies Plant, Kansas City, Missouri, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, and Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
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10
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Litvinov VM. EPDM/PP Thermoplastic Vulcanizates As Studied by Proton NMR Relaxation: Phase Composition, Molecular Mobility, Network Structure in the Rubbery Phase, and Network Heterogeneity. Macromolecules 2006. [DOI: 10.1021/ma061911h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- V. M. Litvinov
- DSM Research, Resolve, P.O. Box 18, 6160 MD Geleen, The Netherlands
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11
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Chinn S, DeTeresa S, Sawvel A, Shields A, Balazs B, Maxwell RS. Chemical origins of permanent set in a peroxide cured filled silicone elastomer – tensile and 1H NMR analysis. Polym Degrad Stab 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2005.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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12
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Multiple-quantum NMR on structure, orientation, morphology and dynamics of polymers, biomolecules and ordered tissues. CR CHIM 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crci.2005.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Maxwell RS, Chinn SC, Solyom D, Cohenour R. Radiation-Induced Cross-Linking in a Silica-Filled Silicone Elastomer As Investigated by Multiple Quantum 1H NMR. Macromolecules 2005. [DOI: 10.1021/ma047625s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert S. Maxwell
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave, Livermore, California 94551, and Honeywell Inc. Federal Manufacturing & Technologies, Kansas City, Missouri 64141
| | - Sarah C. Chinn
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave, Livermore, California 94551, and Honeywell Inc. Federal Manufacturing & Technologies, Kansas City, Missouri 64141
| | - David Solyom
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave, Livermore, California 94551, and Honeywell Inc. Federal Manufacturing & Technologies, Kansas City, Missouri 64141
| | - Rebecca Cohenour
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave, Livermore, California 94551, and Honeywell Inc. Federal Manufacturing & Technologies, Kansas City, Missouri 64141
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Voda MA, Demco DE, Perlo J, Orza RA, Blümich B. Multispin moments edited by multiple-quantum NMR: application to elastomers. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2005; 172:98-109. [PMID: 15589413 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2004.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2004] [Revised: 10/05/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The spin system response to the five-pulse sequence used for measurements of double-quantum and triple-quantum buildup curves is evaluated in the initial excitation/reconversion regime. The multispin dipolar network that is present also in many soft solids like elastomers was considered. It is proved rigorously that the relevant quantity for analysis of double-quantum build-up curves in the initial regime is the second van Vleck moment. The higher-order moments edited by double-quantum as well as higher-order coherences in the multiple-quantum build-up experiments are different from van Vleck moments. These results can be applied to compare (1)H residual moments edited by double-quantum and triple-quantum experiments with those measured by other NMR methods. The sensitivity of multiple-quantum coherences to the changes in the values of residual dipolar couplings for cross-linked natural rubber under uniaxial elongation is also discussed. Under such conditions (1)H second van Vleck moments were measured for different elongation ratios of a cross-linked natural rubber. Moreover, (1)H triple-quantum edited moments were also measured for the same sample under uniaxial compression. The dependence of the second van Vleck moment and the time of the maximum of the double-quantum buildup curve on the cross-link density of natural rubber measured at low magnetic field was also investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Voda
- Institut für Technische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule, Worringerweg 1, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
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