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Sahin O, de Leon Sanchez E, Conti S, Akkiraju A, Reshetikhin P, Druga E, Aggarwal A, Gilbert B, Bhave S, Ajoy A. High field magnetometry with hyperpolarized nuclear spins. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5486. [PMID: 36123342 PMCID: PMC9485171 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32907-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantum sensors have attracted broad interest in the quest towards sub-micronscale NMR spectroscopy. Such sensors predominantly operate at low magnetic fields. Instead, however, for high resolution spectroscopy, the high-field regime is naturally advantageous because it allows high absolute chemical shift discrimination. Here we demonstrate a high-field spin magnetometer constructed from an ensemble of hyperpolarized 13C nuclear spins in diamond. They are initialized by Nitrogen Vacancy (NV) centers and protected along a transverse Bloch sphere axis for minute-long periods. When exposed to a time-varying (AC) magnetic field, they undergo secondary precessions that carry an imprint of its frequency and amplitude. For quantum sensing at 7T, we demonstrate detection bandwidth up to 7 kHz, a spectral resolution < 100mHz, and single-shot sensitivity of 410pT\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$/\sqrt{{{{{{{{\rm{Hz}}}}}}}}}$$\end{document}/Hz. This work anticipates opportunities for microscale NMR chemical sensors constructed from hyperpolarized nanodiamonds and suggests applications of dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) in quantum sensing. Quantum sensors based on NV centers in diamond find applications in high spatial resolution NMR spectroscopy, but their operation is typically limited to low fields. Sahin et al. demonstrate a high-field sensor based on nuclear spins in diamond, where NV centers play a supporting role in optical initialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozgur Sahin
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | - Sophie Conti
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Amala Akkiraju
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Paul Reshetikhin
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Emanuel Druga
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Aakriti Aggarwal
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Benjamin Gilbert
- Energy Geoscience Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Sunil Bhave
- OxideMEMS Lab, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Ashok Ajoy
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA. .,Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA.
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Benders S, Jerschow A. 7Li intermolecular multiple-quantum coherences in liquids. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2021; 329:107010. [PMID: 34102585 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2021.107010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We report here evidence for the generation of 7Li multiple-quantum coherences in aqueous solutions outside of regimes where conventional multiple-quantum coherences due to alignment or quadrupolar relaxation could be observed. These coherences are shown to observe nonlinear behavior as a function of concentration, and hence these effects can be identified as arising from intermolecular multiple-quantum coherences. Due to the importance of lithium ion solutions for the study of electrochemical systems, awareness of such coherences is particularly important in the interpretation of experimental results, and new applications using lithium as a probe may become possible on this basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Benders
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, NY 10003, United States
| | - Alexej Jerschow
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, NY 10003, United States.
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Zhang L, Antonacci M, Burant A, Koshlap KM, Branca RT. Remote detection of hyperpolarized 129Xe resonances via multiple distant dipolar field interactions with 1H. J Chem Phys 2016; 145:194201. [PMID: 27875871 PMCID: PMC5116025 DOI: 10.1063/1.4964921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A remote detection scheme utilizing the distant dipolar field interaction between two different spin species was proposed by Granwehr et al. [J. Magn. Reson. 176(2), 125 (2005)]. In that sequence 1H spins were detected indirectly via their dipolar field interaction with 129Xe spins, which served as the sensing spins. Here we propose a modification of the proposed detection scheme that takes advantage of the longer T1 relaxation time of xenon to create a long lasting dipolar field with which the fast relaxing 1H spins are allowed to interact many times during a single acquisition. This new acquisition scheme improves detection sensitivity, but it also presents some challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Zhang
- Department of Applied Physical Sciences, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Michael Antonacci
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Alex Burant
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Karl M Koshlap
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Rosa Tamara Branca
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
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Wang HJ, Shin CS, Seltzer SJ, Avalos CE, Pines A, Bajaj VS. Optically detected cross-relaxation spectroscopy of electron spins in diamond. Nat Commun 2014; 5:4135. [PMID: 24939864 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms5135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Desvaux H. Non-linear liquid-state NMR. PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY 2013; 70:50-71. [PMID: 23540576 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnmrs.2012.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2012] [Accepted: 10/31/2012] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hervé Desvaux
- CEA, IRAMIS, SIS2M, UMR CEA/CNRS 3299, Laboratoire Structure et Dynamique par Résonance Magnétique, CEA/Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
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Granwehr J, Panek R, Leggett J, Köckenberger W. Quantifying the transfer and settling in NMR experiments with sample shuttling. J Chem Phys 2010; 132:244507. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3446804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Mishkovsky M, Eliav U, Navon G, Frydman L. Nearly 10(6)-fold enhancements in intermolecular (1)H double-quantum NMR experiments by nuclear hyperpolarization. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2009; 200:142-146. [PMID: 19574073 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2009.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2009] [Revised: 05/28/2009] [Accepted: 06/02/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Intermolecular Multiple-Quantum Coherences (iMQCs) can yield interesting NMR information of high potential usefulness in spectroscopy and imaging - provided their associated sensitivity limitations can be overcome. A recent study demonstrated that ex situ dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) could assist in overcoming sensitivity problems for iMQC-based experiments on (13)C nuclei. In the present work we show that a similar approach is possible when targeting the protons of a hyperpolarized solvent. It was found that although the DNP procedure enhances single-quantum (1)H signals by about 600, which is significantly less than in optimized low-gamma liquid-state counterparts, the non-linear dependence of iMQC-derived signals on polarization can yield very large enhancements approaching 10(6). Cleary no practical amount of data averaging can match this kind of sensitivity gains. The fact that DNP endows iMQC-based (1)H NMR spectra with a sensitivity that amply exceeds that of their thermally polarized single-quantum counterpart, is confirmed in a number of simple single-scan 2D imaging experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mor Mishkovsky
- Chemical Physics Department, Weizmann Institute, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
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Dong W, Meriles CA. Detection of long-range dipole–dipole interactions between nuclear spins in distant solids. Chem Phys Lett 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2009.01.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Zänker PP, Schmiedeskamp J, Spiess HW, Acosta RH. Distant dipolar fields in laser-polarized gases on macroscopic scales. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2008; 100:213001. [PMID: 18518601 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.100.213001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2007] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Distant dipolar fields among nuclear spins on macroscopic scales in the gas phase are reported for the first time. Their observation via interatomic multiple quantum coherences requires high nuclear spin polarization corresponding to spin temperatures of a few mK, which is generated in laser-polarized 3He, and proper control of the gas diffusion through a heavier buffer gas. This combination of physics at low and ambient temperatures opens up new ways of studying the relative translational diffusion of atoms and of gas diffusion in structures with a large range of length scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul P Zänker
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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Dong W, Meriles CA. Indirect detection of NMR via geometry-dependent dipolar fields, revisited. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2007; 186:330-6. [PMID: 17363306 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2007.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2007] [Revised: 02/12/2007] [Accepted: 02/14/2007] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
We explore the dipolar interactions between two separate nuclear spin ensembles in a mixture containing oil and water. Here we expand initial results [C.A. Meriles, W. Dong, J. Magn. Reson. 181 (2006) 331.] to the case in which both systems have the shape of flat, stacked disks. We find that-in spite of the strong inhomogeneity of the coupling dipolar field-the signal encoded in one of the components can be made approximately proportional to the magnetization in the other. This allows us to use one of these systems as a 'sensor' to indirectly reconstruct the resonance spectrum or to determine the relaxation time of the 'sample' system. In the regime in which dipolar interactions are sufficiently strong, our method can be set to scale-up weaker signals in a non-linear fashion, which, potentially, could allow one to introduce contrast or to improve detection sensitivity of less magnetized samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Dong
- Physics Department, City College of New York - CUNY, New York, NY 10031, USA
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Jiang B, Liu H, Liu M, Ye C, Mao XA. Multiple quantum correlated spectroscopy revamped by asymmetric z-gradient echo detection signal intensity as a function of the read pulse flip angle as verified by heteronuclear H1∕P31 experiments. J Chem Phys 2007; 126:054502. [PMID: 17302480 DOI: 10.1063/1.2429657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Heteronuclear multiple quantum (n=+/-0 and n=+/-2) correlated spectroscopy revamped by asymmetric z-gradient echo detection (CRAZED) experiments were performed on the spins 31P and 1H in a H3PO4 solution in order to determine the optimum flip angle for the read pulse. It has been shown that for the negative quantum signals, the maximum signals appear at beta=0, and for the positive quantum signals, the maximum signals appear at beta=pi. The CRAZED signals were compared to the single quantum signals in two-pulse two-gradient experiments. It is found that the CRAZED signals can also be distinguished into gradient echoes and spin echoes. The gradient-echo-type CRAZED signal requires beta=0 and the spin-echo-type CRAZED signal requires beta=pi for maximum echo intensities, in the same way as in single quantum experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China and Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Meriles CA, Dong W. Indirect detection of nuclear magnetic resonance via geometrically induced long-range dipolar fields. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2006; 181:331-5. [PMID: 16697226 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2006.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2006] [Revised: 04/14/2006] [Accepted: 04/19/2006] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
We report the indirect detection of the magnetization of one spin species via the NMR signal of a second species. Our method relies on the control of long-range dipolar fields between two separate objects, in this case, a water droplet (sensor) immersed in a tube containing mineral oil (sample). Unlike prior experiments, no gradient pulses are used; rather, the setup geometry is exploited to select the part of the sample to be probed and modulate the spin alignment in the sensor. Our results are discussed in the context of Dipolar Field Microscopy, a proposed strategy in which the detector is a hyperpolarized tip.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Meriles
- Department of Physics, CUNY-City College of New York, 138th Street and Convent Avenue, New York, NY 10031, USA.
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Harel E, Granwehr J, Seeley JA, Pines A. Multiphase imaging of gas flow in a nanoporous material using remote-detection NMR. NATURE MATERIALS 2006; 5:321-7. [PMID: 16518395 DOI: 10.1038/nmat1598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2005] [Accepted: 01/13/2006] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Pore structure and connectivity determine how microstructured materials perform in applications such as catalysis, fluid storage and transport, filtering or as reactors. We report a model study on silica aerogel using a time-of-flight magnetic resonance imaging technique to characterize the flow field and explain the effects of heterogeneities in the pore structure on gas flow and dispersion with 129Xe as the gas-phase sensor. The observed chemical shift allows the separate visualization of unrestricted xenon and xenon confined in the pores of the aerogel. The asymmetrical nature of the dispersion pattern alludes to the existence of a stationary and a flow regime in the aerogel. An exchange time constant is determined to characterize the gas transfer between them. As a general methodology, this technique provides insights into the dynamics of flow in porous media where several phases or chemical species may be present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elad Harel
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, and Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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Granwehr J, Seeley JA. Sensitivity quantification of remote detection NMR and MRI. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2006; 179:280-9. [PMID: 16412671 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2005.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2005] [Revised: 12/16/2005] [Accepted: 12/20/2005] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
A sensitivity analysis is presented of the remote detection NMR technique, which facilitates the spatial separation of encoding and detection of spin magnetization. Three different cases are considered: remote detection of a transient signal that must be encoded point-by-point like a free induction decay, remote detection of an experiment where the transient dimension is reduced to one data point like phase encoding in an imaging experiment, and time-of-flight (TOF) flow visualization. For all cases, the sensitivity enhancement is proportional to the relative sensitivity between the remote detector and the circuit that is used for encoding. It is shown for the case of an encoded transient signal that the sensitivity does not scale unfavorably with the number of encoded points compared to direct detection. Remote enhancement scales as the square root of the ratio of corresponding relaxation times in the two detection environments. Thus, remote detection especially increases the sensitivity of imaging experiments of porous materials with large susceptibility gradients, which cause a rapid dephasing of transverse spin magnetization. Finally, TOF remote detection, in which the detection volume is smaller than the encoded fluid volume, allows partial images corresponding to different time intervals between encoding and detection to be recorded. These partial images, which contain information about the fluid displacement, can be recorded, in an ideal case, with the same sensitivity as the full image detected in a single step with a larger coil.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Granwehr
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. joga.waugh.cchem.berkeley.edu
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