Madelin G, Lee JS, Regatte RR, Jerschow A. Sodium MRI: methods and applications.
PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY 2014;
79:14-47. [PMID:
24815363 PMCID:
PMC4126172 DOI:
10.1016/j.pnmrs.2014.02.001]
[Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Sodium NMR spectroscopy and MRI have become popular in recent years through the increased availability of high-field MRI scanners, advanced scanner hardware and improved methodology. Sodium MRI is being evaluated for stroke and tumor detection, for breast cancer studies, and for the assessment of osteoarthritis and muscle and kidney functions, to name just a few. In this article, we aim to present an up-to-date review of the theoretical background, the methodology, the challenges, limitations, and current and potential new applications of sodium MRI.
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