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Xie J, You X, Huang Y, Ni Z, Wang X, Li X, Yang C, Zhang D, Chen H, Sun H, Chen Z. 3D-printed integrative probeheads for magnetic resonance. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5793. [PMID: 33188186 PMCID: PMC7666178 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19711-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetic resonance (MR) technology has been widely employed in scientific research, clinical diagnosis and geological survey. However, the fabrication of MR radio frequency probeheads still face difficulties in integration, customization and miniaturization. Here, we utilized 3D printing and liquid metal filling techniques to fabricate integrative radio frequency probeheads for MR experiments. The 3D-printed probehead with micrometer precision generally consists of liquid metal coils, customized sample chambers and radio frequency circuit interfaces. We screened different 3D printing materials and optimized the liquid metals by incorporating metal microparticles. The 3D-printed probeheads are capable of performing both routine and nonconventional MR experiments, including in situ electrochemical analysis, in situ reaction monitoring with continues-flow paramagnetic particles and ions separation, and small-sample MR imaging. Due to the flexibility and accuracy of 3D printing techniques, we can accurately obtain complicated coil geometries at the micrometer scale, shortening the fabrication timescale and extending the application scenarios. Here, the authors combine 3D printing and liquid metal filling techniques to fabricate customised probeheads for magnetic resonance experiments. They demonstrate in situ electrochemical nuclear magnetic resonance analysis, reaction monitoring with continues-flow separation and small-sample imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyao Xie
- Department of Electronic Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, China.,State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, China
| | - Xueqiu You
- Department of Electronic Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, China. .,State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, China.
| | - Yuqing Huang
- Department of Electronic Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, China.,State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, China
| | - Zurong Ni
- Department of Electronic Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, China.,State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, China
| | - Xinchang Wang
- Department of Electronic Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, China.,State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, China
| | - Xingrui Li
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, China.,Department of Chemistry, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, China
| | - Chaoyong Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, China.,Department of Chemistry, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, China
| | - Dechao Zhang
- Department of Electronic Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, China.,State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, China
| | - Huijun Sun
- Department of Electronic Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, China. .,State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, China.
| | - Zhong Chen
- Department of Electronic Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, China. .,State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, China. .,Fujian Science & Technology Innovation Laboratory for Energy Materials of China, 361005, Xiamen, China.
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2
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Taugeron P, Bricaud S, Kehlet C, Dittmer J. Profiles of paint layer samples obtained in the fringe field of a high field magnet by means of very short broadband frequency-modulated pulses. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2020; 58:870-879. [PMID: 32384575 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.5038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this article, we describe the acquisition of depth profiles, in particular of paint layers, in the static gradient of a high field magnet, providing a superior sensitivity. The main objective are reference profiles that help to understand scans made with noninvasive unilateral nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), which often suffers from poor signal-to-noise ratio when working with real samples. Various technical aspects like the coil geometry and the limit of resolution are investigated. A major advancement is the use of frequency-modulated pulses that are very broadband and at the same time very short (25 μs). The latter is necessary to allow the acquisition of a CPMG echo train of old, rigid paint material. Despite being far from adiabatic, they provide uniform excitation and refocusing over 1 MHz, which corresponds to about 400 μm with the used gradient. We show that the uniformity is even sufficient to obtain biexponential relaxation profiles. With these tools, a paint sample from a restoration campaign is analyzed with different contrast criteria: The original and two layers from former restoration attempts can be visualized, and furthermore, the relaxation profiles allow to study the migration of plasticizing molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Taugeron
- Institut des Molécules et Matériaux du Mans (IMMM), UMR 6283 CNRS - Le Mans Université, Le Mans, France
| | - Sullivan Bricaud
- Institut des Molécules et Matériaux du Mans (IMMM), UMR 6283 CNRS - Le Mans Université, Le Mans, France
| | - Cindie Kehlet
- Department of Mathematics and Science, Pratt Institute, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Jens Dittmer
- Institut des Molécules et Matériaux du Mans (IMMM), UMR 6283 CNRS - Le Mans Université, Le Mans, France
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3
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Kresse B, Höfler MV, Privalov AF, Vogel M. One dimensional magnetic resonance microscopy with micrometer resolution in static field gradients. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2019; 307:106566. [PMID: 31454699 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2019.106566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance microscopy (MRM) is a valuable tool for spatially resolved studies. While it is desirable to address voxels in the general case, it is sufficient to resolve slices of the sample in many cases of practical importance, e.g., for layered structures or at planar surfaces. We demonstrate that use of high static field gradients of 73 T/m in combination with a specially designed probe head enable MRM with an ultrahigh resolution of ∼2 μm in one dimension. The key feature of the built probe head is a precise computer controlled adjustment of the sample position and orientation, which allows for an accurate alignment of the samples with respect to the gradient of the magnetic field. Since slice-wise scanning of extended samples with this high spatial resolution is time-consuming, we introduce a methodology to reduce the experimental time significantly. Unlike the usual approach, which involves elaborate hardware and software correction, experimental imperfections are removed by stepwise moving the sample in our case. We demonstrate the capabilities of high-resolution 1D MRM for a solid sample with a layered structure and a liquid droplet on a planar solid substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Kresse
- Institut für Festkörperphysik, TU Darmstadt, Hochschulstr. 6, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - M V Höfler
- Institut für Festkörperphysik, TU Darmstadt, Hochschulstr. 6, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - A F Privalov
- Institut für Festkörperphysik, TU Darmstadt, Hochschulstr. 6, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - M Vogel
- Institut für Festkörperphysik, TU Darmstadt, Hochschulstr. 6, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
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4
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Kayser SA, Mester A, Mertens A, Jakes P, Eichel RA, Granwehr J. Long-run in operando NMR to investigate the evolution and degradation of battery cells. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:13765-13776. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp01067f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
On a battery cell running for two months, in operando NMR is demonstrated as a suitable tool to investigate cycling and degradation processes under realistic operating conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen A. Kayser
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH
- Institute of Energy and Climate Research – Fundamental Electrochemistry (IEK–9)
- 52425 Jülich
- Germany
| | - Achim Mester
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH
- Central Institute of Engineering – Electronics and Analytics – Electronic Systems (ZEA–2)
- 52425 Jülich
- Germany
| | - Andreas Mertens
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH
- Institute of Energy and Climate Research – Fundamental Electrochemistry (IEK–9)
- 52425 Jülich
- Germany
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH
| | - Peter Jakes
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH
- Institute of Energy and Climate Research – Fundamental Electrochemistry (IEK–9)
- 52425 Jülich
- Germany
| | - Rüdiger-A. Eichel
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH
- Institute of Energy and Climate Research – Fundamental Electrochemistry (IEK–9)
- 52425 Jülich
- Germany
- RWTH Aachen University
| | - Josef Granwehr
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH
- Institute of Energy and Climate Research – Fundamental Electrochemistry (IEK–9)
- 52425 Jülich
- Germany
- RWTH Aachen University
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5
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Marchetti A, Chen J, Pang Z, Li S, Ling D, Deng F, Kong X. Understanding Surface and Interfacial Chemistry in Functional Nanomaterials via Solid-State NMR. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2017; 29:1605895. [PMID: 28247966 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201605895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Surface and interfacial chemistry is of fundamental importance in functional nanomaterials applied in catalysis, energy storage and conversion, medicine, and other nanotechnologies. It has been a perpetual challenge for the scientific community to get an accurate and comprehensive picture of the structures, dynamics, and interactions at interfaces. Here, some recent examples in the major disciplines of nanomaterials are selected (e.g., nanoporous materials, battery materials, nanocrystals and quantum dots, supramolecular assemblies, drug-delivery systems, ionomers, and graphite oxides) and it is shown how interfacial chemistry can be addressed through the perspective of solid-state NMR characterization techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Marchetti
- Center for Chemistry of High-Performance & Novel Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Juner Chen
- Center for Chemistry of High-Performance & Novel Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Zhenfeng Pang
- Center for Chemistry of High-Performance & Novel Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Shenhui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, P. R. China
| | - Daishun Ling
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China
| | - Feng Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, P. R. China
| | - Xueqian Kong
- Center for Chemistry of High-Performance & Novel Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
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Klamor S, Zick K, Oerther T, Schappacher FM, Winter M, Brunklaus G. 7Li in situ 1D NMR imaging of a lithium ion battery. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:4458-65. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cp05021e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The spatial distribution of charge carriers in lithium ion batteries during current flow is of fundamental interest for a detailed understanding of transport properties and the development of strategies for future improvements of the electrolyte–electrode interface behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Klamor
- University of Münster
- Institute of Physical Chemistry
- 48149 Münster
- Germany
- University of Münster
| | - K. Zick
- Bruker BioSpin GmbH Silberstreifen
- 76827 Rheinstetten
- Germany
| | - T. Oerther
- Bruker BioSpin GmbH Silberstreifen
- 76827 Rheinstetten
- Germany
| | - F. M. Schappacher
- University of Münster
- MEET Battery Research Center
- 48149 Münster
- Germany
| | - M. Winter
- University of Münster
- Institute of Physical Chemistry
- 48149 Münster
- Germany
- University of Münster
| | - G. Brunklaus
- University of Münster
- Institute of Physical Chemistry
- 48149 Münster
- Germany
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7
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Ilott AJ, Chandrashekar S, Klöckner A, Chang HJ, Trease NM, Grey CP, Greengard L, Jerschow A. Visualizing skin effects in conductors with MRI: (7)Li MRI experiments and calculations. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2014; 245:143-9. [PMID: 25036296 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2014.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Revised: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/14/2014] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
While experiments on metals have been performed since the early days of NMR (and DNP), the use of bulk metal is normally avoided. Instead, often powders have been used in combination with low fields, so that skin depth effects could be neglected. Another complicating factor of acquiring NMR spectra or MRI images of bulk metal is the strong signal dependence on the orientation between the sample and the radio frequency (rf) coil, leading to non-intuitive image distortions and inaccurate quantification. Such factors are particularly important for NMR and MRI of batteries and other electrochemical devices. Here, we show results from a systematic study combining rf field calculations with experimental MRI of (7)Li metal to visualize skin depth effects directly and to analyze the rf field orientation effect on MRI of bulk metal. It is shown that a certain degree of selectivity can be achieved for particular faces of the metal, simply based on the orientation of the sample. By combining rf field calculations with bulk magnetic susceptibility calculations accurate NMR spectra can be obtained from first principles. Such analyses will become valuable in many applications involving battery systems, but also metals, in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Ilott
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - S Chandrashekar
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory and Florida State University, 1800 E. Paul Dirac Drive, Tallahassee, FL 32310, USA
| | - Andreas Klöckner
- Department of Computer Science, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Hee Jung Chang
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Nicole M Trease
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Clare P Grey
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Leslie Greengard
- Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, New York University, New York, NY 10012, USA
| | - Alexej Jerschow
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, NY 10003, USA.
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8
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Neudert O, Raich HP, Mattea C, Stapf S, Münnemann K. An Alderman-Grant resonator for S-Band Dynamic Nuclear Polarization. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2014; 242:79-85. [PMID: 24607825 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2014.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Revised: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 02/01/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
An Alderman-Grant resonator with resonance at 2GHz (S-Band) was simulated, developed and constructed for Dynamic Nuclear Polarization (DNP) experiments at 73mT. The resonator fits into magnet bores with a minimum diameter of 20mm and is compatible with standard 3mm NMR tubes. The compact resonator design achieves good separation of electric and magnetic fields and therefore can be used with comparatively large sample volumes with only small sample heating effects comparable to those obtained with optimized X- and W-Band DNP setups. The saturation efficiency and sample heating effects were investigated for Overhauser DNP experiments of aqueous solutions of TEMPOL radical, showing relative saturation better than 0.9 and sample heating not exceeding a few Kelvin even at high microwave power and long irradiation time. An application is demonstrated, combining the DNP setup with a commercial fast field cycling NMR relaxometer. Using this resonator design at low microwave frequencies can provide DNP polarization for a class of low-field and time-domain NMR experiments and therefore may enable new applications that benefit from increased sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Neudert
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Hans-Peter Raich
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Carlos Mattea
- Institute of Physics, Ilmenau University of Technology, D-98693 Ilmenau, Germany.
| | - Siegfried Stapf
- Institute of Physics, Ilmenau University of Technology, D-98693 Ilmenau, Germany.
| | - Kerstin Münnemann
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz, Germany.
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Non-destructive monitoring of charge-discharge cycles on lithium ion batteries using ⁷Li stray-field imaging. Sci Rep 2013; 3:2596. [PMID: 24005580 PMCID: PMC3763251 DOI: 10.1038/srep02596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging provides a noninvasive method for in situ monitoring of electrochemical processes involved in charge/discharge cycling of batteries. Determining how the electrochemical processes become irreversible, ultimately resulting in degraded battery performance, will aid in developing new battery materials and designing better batteries. Here we introduce the use of an alternative in situ diagnostic tool to monitor the electrochemical processes. Utilizing a very large field-gradient in the fringe field of a magnet, stray-field-imaging (STRAFI) technique significantly improves the image resolution. These STRAFI images enable the real time monitoring of the electrodes at a micron level. It is demonstrated by two prototype half-cells, graphite∥Li and LiFePO4∥Li, that the high-resolution 7Li STRAFI profiles allow one to visualize in situ Li-ions transfer between the electrodes during charge/discharge cyclings as well as the formation and changes of irreversible microstructures of the Li components, and particularly reveal a non-uniform Li-ion distribution in the graphite.
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