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Horace-Herron K, Masna NVR, Dehghanzadeh P, Mandal S, Bhunia S. Non-invasive authentication of mail packages using nuclear quadrupole resonance spectroscopy. Sci Rep 2023; 13:5546. [PMID: 37015953 PMCID: PMC10073136 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-31497-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The international postal network is one of the most widely used methods for correspondence throughout the world. Most postal traffic across the globe consists of legitimate interpersonal, business-consumer, and business-business communications. However, the global postal system is also utilized for criminal activity. In particular, it is often utilized to ship and distribute contraband, including illegal psychoactive drugs such as fentanyl and heroin, to consumers. Existing technological solutions are capable of identifying synthetic opioids and other illegal drugs within packages, but are accompanied by several disadvantages that make them unsuitable for large-scale authentication of international mail traffic. This paper presents a novel method for non-invasive authentication of mail packages that overcomes these challenges. The approach uses nuclear quadrupole resonance (NQR) spectroscopy to detect and quantify the presence of known active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) within the package. It has been experimentally demonstrated using a bench top prototype. Test results from a variety of package types demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed authentication approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey Horace-Herron
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
| | - Naren Vikram Raj Masna
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Peyman Dehghanzadeh
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Soumyajit Mandal
- Instrumentation Division Brookhaven National Laboratory Upton, New York, 11973, USA
| | - Swarup Bhunia
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
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Masna NVR, Huan J, Mandal S, Bhunia S. NQR sensitive embedded signatures for authenticating additively manufactured objects. Sci Rep 2021; 11:12207. [PMID: 34108501 PMCID: PMC8190304 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-91531-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Automatic recognition of unique characteristics of an object can provide a powerful solution to verify its authenticity and safety. It can mitigate the growth of one of the largest underground industries-that of counterfeit goods-flowing through the global supply chain. In this article, we propose the novel concept of material biometrics, in which the intrinsic chemical properties of structural materials are used to generate unique identifiers for authenticating individual products. For this purpose, the objects to be protected are modified via programmable additive manufacturing of built-in chemical "tags" that generate signatures depending on their chemical composition, quantity, and location. We report a material biometrics-enabled manufacturing flow in which plastic objects are protected using spatially-distributed tags that are optically invisible and difficult to clone. The resulting multi-bit signatures have high entropy and can be non-invasively detected for product authentication using [Formula: see text]Cl nuclear quadrupole resonance (NQR) spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naren Vikram Raj Masna
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Junjun Huan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Soumyajit Mandal
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Swarup Bhunia
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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Ropp C, Chen C, Greer M, Glickstein J, Mair L, Hale O, Ariando D, Jafari S, Hevaganinge A, Mandal S, Weinberg IN. Electropermanent magnets for variable-field NMR. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2019; 303:82-90. [PMID: 31026669 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2019.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a dynamically tunable B0 field is used to perform variable-field NMR. The system consists of an array of electropermanent AlNiCo-5 magnets whose magnetizations are individually programmed using pulse-power control. This design allows the field strength to be varied for field-dispersion measurements. An ultra-broadband front-end is utilized that maintains efficient power transmission over a broad range of frequencies for robust operation without probe tuning. We perform T1-T2 correlation measurements at various B0 field strengths (0.5-2 MHz) and demonstrate discrimination of different dairy products. We observe variation in the frequency dependence of the proton spin-lattice relaxation for the different products as a function of the degree of protein hydration. This variable-field technique provides a low-cost alternative to fast field-cycling NMR and could open possibilities for novel contrast measurements and spatial encoding in magnetic resonance imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad Ropp
- Weinberg Medical Physics, 12156 Parklawn Dr, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Cheng Chen
- Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
| | - Mason Greer
- Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Jarred Glickstein
- Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Lamar Mair
- Weinberg Medical Physics, 12156 Parklawn Dr, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Olivia Hale
- Weinberg Medical Physics, 12156 Parklawn Dr, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - David Ariando
- Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Sahar Jafari
- Weinberg Medical Physics, 12156 Parklawn Dr, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | | | - Soumyajit Mandal
- Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
| | - Irving N Weinberg
- Weinberg Medical Physics, 12156 Parklawn Dr, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
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Ariando D, Chen C, Greer M, Mandal S. An autonomous, highly portable NMR spectrometer based on a low-cost System-on-Chip (SoC). JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2019; 299:74-92. [PMID: 30590351 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2018.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes the development of a portable and self-optimizing NMR spectrometer based on a miniaturized custom analog front-end and a System-on-Chip (SoC)-based digital back-end. The SoC integrates a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) fabric with a hard processor running a Linux operating system, thus enabling fully-autonomous operation without the need for an external computer. In the proposed approach, data captured by the FPGA fabric during regular operation is transported to the hard processor using an integrated on-chip bus for further processing. The processed results are then used to automatically estimate parameter values that optimize a suitable cost function, such as signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) per unit time. Finally, the optimized values of both electrical and NMR-related tuning parameters (e.g., preamplifier gain and frequency response, pulse length and amplitude, operating frequency, etc.) are programmed back into the front-end and back-end hardware. Experimental NMR results from various samples in a ∼0.1 T permanent magnet are presented to verify the operation of the proposed spectrometer. These demonstrate on-board Laplace inversion and automated frequency tuning to compensate for temperature changes. Preliminary 14N NQR results are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Ariando
- Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
| | - Cheng Chen
- Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
| | - Mason Greer
- Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
| | - Soumyajit Mandal
- Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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Masna NVR, Zhang F, Chen C, Mandal S, Bhunia S. Authentication of dietary supplements through Nuclear Quadrupole Resonance ( NQR) spectroscopy. Int J Food Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.13892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Naren Vikram Raj Masna
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Florida Gainesville FL 32611 USA
| | - Fengchao Zhang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Florida Gainesville FL 32611 USA
| | - Cheng Chen
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Case Western Reserve University Cleveland OH 44106 USA
| | - Soumyajit Mandal
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Case Western Reserve University Cleveland OH 44106 USA
| | - Swarup Bhunia
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Florida Gainesville FL 32611 USA
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Greer M, Chen C, Mandal S. Automated classification of food products using 2D low-field NMR. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2018; 294:44-58. [PMID: 30005193 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2018.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this work, low-field proton (1H) and sodium (23Na) relaxation and diffusion measurements are used to detect and classify different types of food products. A compact and low-cost system based on a small 0.5 T permanent magnet has been developed to autonomously authenticate such products. The system uses a simple but efficient double-tuned matching network suitable for 1H/23Na NMR. Various machine learning algorithms are used to classify food samples based on T1-T2 and D-T2 data generated by the system, and the accuracy and prediction speed of these algorithms are studied in detail. The influence of temperature drift upon prediction accuracy is also studied. Experimental results demonstrate reliable classification of cooking oils, milk, and soy sauces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mason Greer
- Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
| | - Cheng Chen
- Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
| | - Soumyajit Mandal
- Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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Glickstein J, Mandal S. An automated instrument for polarization-enhanced broadband nuclear quadrupole resonance (NQR) spectroscopy. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2018; 89:093106. [PMID: 30278773 DOI: 10.1063/1.5041002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
An automated instrument for improving the sensitivity of nuclear quadrupole resonance (NQR) spectroscopy is presented. The device is capable of pre-polarizing samples within a custom Halbach-type permanent magnet and then moving them into an external probe for zero-field NQR detection. Polarization transfer between protons and nitrogen (14N) nuclei in the sample occurs during demagnetization, thus increasing the amplitude of the detected NQR signals. The sample motion profile is completely programmable, thus providing a high level of control over the sample position and velocity for optimizing the polarization transfer process for various samples. Moreover, the magnet and motion controller are combined with a shielded sample probe and ultra-broadband front-end electronics (both designed in-house) to realize a complete scientific instrument for 14N NQR experiments. Compared with previous work in the field, the system is designed to be programmable, robust, and easy to use. Experimental results from several samples are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarred Glickstein
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
| | - Soumyajit Mandal
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
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