1
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Yan Z, Zhao P, Yan X, Zhang R. Using Abundant 1H Polarization to Enhance the Sensitivity of Solid-State NMR Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:1866-1878. [PMID: 38343090 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c03532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Solid-state NMR spectroscopy has been playing a significant role in elucidating the structures and dynamics of materials and proteins at the atomic level for decades. As an extremely abundant nucleus with a very high gyromagnetic ratio, protons are widely present in most organic/inorganic materials. Thus, this Perspective highlights the advantages of proton detection at fast magic-angle spinning (MAS) and presents strategies to utilize and exhaust 1H polarization to achieve signal sensitivity enhancement of solid-state NMR spectroscopy, enabling substantial time savings and extraction of more structural and dynamics information per unit time. Those strategies include developing sensitivity-enhanced single-channel 1H multidimensional NMR spectroscopy, implementing multiple polarization transfer steps in each scan to enhance low-γ nuclei signals, and making full use of 1H polarization to obtain homonuclear and heteronuclear chemical shift correlation spectra in a single experiment. Finally, outlooks and perspectives are provided regarding the challenges and future for the further development of sensitivity-enhanced proton-based solid-state NMR spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Yan
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology (AISMST), School of Emergent Soft Matter (SESM), South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Peizhi Zhao
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology (AISMST), School of Emergent Soft Matter (SESM), South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Xiaojing Yan
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology (AISMST), School of Emergent Soft Matter (SESM), South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Rongchun Zhang
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology (AISMST), School of Emergent Soft Matter (SESM), South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional and Intelligent Hybrid Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
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2
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Chen X, Bertho G, Caradeuc C, Giraud N, Lucas-Torres C. Present and future of pure shift NMR in metabolomics. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2023; 61:654-673. [PMID: 37157858 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.5356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
NMR is one of the most powerful techniques for the analysis of biological samples in the field of metabolomics. However, the high complexity of fluids, tissues, or other biological materials taken from living organisms is still a challenge for state-of-the-art pulse sequences, thereby limiting the detection, the identification, and the quantification of metabolites. In this context, the resolution enhancement provided by broadband homonuclear decoupling methods, which allows for simplifying 1 H multiplet patterns into singlets, has placed this so-called pure shift technique as a promising approach to perform metabolic profiling with unparalleled level of detail. In recent years, the many advances achieved in the design of pure shift experiments has paved the way to the analysis of a wide range of biological samples with ultra-high resolution. This review leads the reader from the early days of the main pure shift methods that have been successfully developed over the last decades to address complex samples, to the most recent and promising applications of pure shift NMR to the field of NMR-based metabolomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Chen
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie et de Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques, Paris, France
| | - Gildas Bertho
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie et de Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques, Paris, France
| | - Cédric Caradeuc
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie et de Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Giraud
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie et de Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques, Paris, France
| | - Covadonga Lucas-Torres
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie et de Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques, Paris, France
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3
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Simões de Almeida B, Torodii D, Moutzouri P, Emsley L. Barriers to resolution in 1H NMR of rotating solids. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2023; 355:107557. [PMID: 37776831 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2023.107557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
The role of 1H solid-state NMR in structure elucidation of solids is becoming more preponderant, particularly as faster magic-angle spinning rates (MAS) become available which improve 1H detected assignment strategies. However, current 1H spectral resolution is still relatively poor, with linewidths of typically a few hundred Hz, even at the fastest rates available today. Here we detail and assess the factors limiting proton linewidths and line shapes in MAS experiments with five different samples, exemplifying the different sources of broadening that affect the residual linewidth. We disentangle the different contributions through one- and two-dimensional experiments: by using dilution to identify the contribution of ABMS; by using extensive deuteration to identify the dipolar contributions; and by using variable MAS rates to determine the ratio between homogeneous and inhomogeneous components. We find that the overall widths and the nature of the different contributions to the linewidths can vary very considerably. While we find that faster spinning always yields narrower lines and longer coherence lifetimes, we also find that for some resonances the dipolar contribution is no longer dominant at 100 kHz MAS. When the inhomogeneous sources of broadening, such as ABMS and chemical shift disorder, are dominant, two-dimensional 1H-1H correlation experiments yield better resolution for assignment. Particularly the extraction of the antidiagonal of a 2D peak will remove any correlated inhomogeneous broadening, giving substantially narrower 1H linewidths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Simões de Almeida
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Daria Torodii
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pinelopi Moutzouri
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lyndon Emsley
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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4
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Cordova M, Moutzouri P, Simões de Almeida B, Torodii D, Emsley L. Pure Isotropic Proton NMR Spectra in Solids using Deep Learning. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202216607. [PMID: 36562545 PMCID: PMC10107932 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202216607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The resolution of proton solid-state NMR spectra is usually limited by broadening arising from dipolar interactions between spins. Magic-angle spinning alleviates this broadening by inducing coherent averaging. However, even the highest spinning rates experimentally accessible today are not able to completely remove dipolar interactions. Here, we introduce a deep learning approach to determine pure isotropic proton spectra from a two-dimensional set of magic-angle spinning spectra acquired at different spinning rates. Applying the model to 8 organic solids yields high-resolution 1 H solid-state NMR spectra with isotropic linewidths in the 50-400 Hz range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Cordova
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.,National Centre for Computational Design and Discovery of Novel Materials MARVEL, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pinelopi Moutzouri
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Bruno Simões de Almeida
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Daria Torodii
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lyndon Emsley
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.,National Centre for Computational Design and Discovery of Novel Materials MARVEL, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
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5
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Aebischer K, Ernst M. Echo modulations under homonuclear decoupling. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2023; 347:107360. [PMID: 36563419 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2022.107360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
A simple Hahn echo in a single-spin system with a static Hamiltonian can lead to echo modulations if the static Hamiltonian contains a component along the direction of the echo pulse. These modulations manifest as side bands in the Fourier transform of the echo decay. Experimentally, echo modulations that can be explained by such a model have been observed under homonuclear decoupling in solids where pulse imperfections can lead to residual effective fields in the interaction frame that have arbitrary orientations in space. We show analytically that such echo modulations are significantly reduced in intensity using double-echo sequences in agreement with experimental observations. Using pulse shapes for homonuclear decoupling that mimic and amplify the pulse distortions expected from pulse transients, we show that these effective fields can be one explanation for the observed reduction in echo modulations going from a single to a double Hahn-echo sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Aebischer
- Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, Zürich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Ernst
- Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, Zürich 8093, Switzerland.
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6
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Wong YTA, Aspers RLEG, Uusi-Penttilä M, Kentgens APM. Rapid Quantification of Pharmaceuticals via 1H Solid-State NMR Spectroscopy. Anal Chem 2022; 94:16667-16674. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c02905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Y. T. Angel Wong
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJNijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ruud L. E. G. Aspers
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJNijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Arno P. M. Kentgens
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJNijmegen, The Netherlands
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7
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Altenhof AR, Gan Z, Schurko RW. Reducing the effects of weak homonuclear dipolar coupling with CPMG pulse sequences for static and spinning solids. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2022; 337:107174. [PMID: 35279507 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2022.107174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The Carr-Purcell/Meiboom-Gill (CPMG) pulse sequence, initially introduced for measuring transverse relaxation time constants (T2), can provide significant signal enhancements for solid-state NMR (SSNMR) spectra. The proper implementation of CPMG for acquiring spectra influenced by chemical shift anisotropies (CSAs), first and/or second order quadrupolar interactions, or paramagnetic broadening has been well documented to date, as have the effects of heteronuclear dipolar coupling on CPMG echo trains and T2 lifetimes. Homonuclear dipolar coupling can also impact T2 lifetimes and CPMG echo trains; these effects have been thoroughly investigated for spectra of homonuclear dipolar coupled spin-1/2 nuclei typically acquired under static conditions that are predominantly influenced by dipolar broadening (e.g., 1H, 19F, etc.). In particular, it has been shown that short refocusing pulses with small flip angles can extend the effective T2 (T2eff, the observed T2 constant as impacted by experimental conditions) measured by CPMG sequences for strong homonuclear dipolar coupled spin-1/2 pairs under static conditions. To date, these effects have not been explored for (i) spin-1/2 nuclei that have significant CSAs and simultaneously feature weak homonuclear dipolar couplings, (ii) for quadrupolar nuclei that are also weakly homonuclear dipolar coupled, and (iii) for either of these cases under magic-angle spinning (MAS) conditions. Herein, we demonstrate that short refocusing pulses that cause small flip angles can reduce the attenuation of signal in CPMG echo trains resulting from dipolar dephasing caused by the weak homonuclear dipolar couplings. For both spin-1/2 and quadrupolar nuclei, this can lead to significant extensions in T2eff and signal enhancements of up to three times compared to conventional CPMG in favourable cases. These phenomena can occur under both static and magic-angle spinning (MAS) conditions, in the latter of which homonuclear couplings are reintroduced by rotational resonance (R2) recoupling. Experimental examples of 13C (I = 1/2), 2H (I = 1), 87Rb (I = 3/2), 23Na (I = 3/2), and 35Cl (I = 3/2) NMR under static and MAS conditions, as well as simulations of these phenomena, are shown and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam R Altenhof
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA; National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, 1800 East Paul Dirac Drive, Tallahassee, FL 32310, USA
| | - Zhehong Gan
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, 1800 East Paul Dirac Drive, Tallahassee, FL 32310, USA
| | - Robert W Schurko
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA; National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, 1800 East Paul Dirac Drive, Tallahassee, FL 32310, USA.
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8
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Tognetti J, Franks WT, Lewandowski JR, Brown SP. Optimisation of 1H PMLG homonuclear decoupling at 60 kHz MAS to enable 15N-1H through-bond heteronuclear correlation solid-state NMR spectroscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:20258-20273. [PMID: 35975627 PMCID: PMC9429863 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp01041k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The Lee–Goldburg condition for homonuclear decoupling in 1H magic-angle spinning (MAS) solid-state NMR sets the angle θ, corresponding to arctan of the ratio of the rf nutation frequency, ν1, to the rf offset, to be the magic angle, θm, equal to tan−1(√2) = 54.7°. At 60 kHz MAS, we report enhanced decoupling compared to MAS alone in a 1H spectrum of 15N-glycine with at θ = 30° for a ν1 of ∼100 kHz at a 1H Larmor frequency, ν0, of 500 MHz and 1 GHz, corresponding to a high chemical shift scaling factor (λCS) of 0.82. At 1 GHz, we also demonstrate enhanced decoupling compared to 60 kHz MAS alone for a lower ν1 of 51 kHz, i.e., a case where the nutation frequency is less than the MAS frequency, with θ = 18°, λCS = 0.92. The ratio of the rotor period to the decoupling cycle time, Ψ = τr/τc, is in the range 0.53 to 0.61. Windowed decoupling using the optimised parameters for a ν1 of ∼100 kHz also gives good performance in a 1H spin-echo experiment, enabling implementation in a 1H-detected 15N–1H cross polarisation (CP)-refocused INEPT heteronuclear correlation NMR experiment. Specifically, initial 15N transverse magnetisation as generated by 1H–15N CP is transferred back to 1H using a refocused INEPT pulse sequence employing windowed 1H decoupling. Such an approach ensures the observation of through-bond N–H connectivities. For 15N-glycine, while the CP-refocused INEPT experiment has a lower sensitivity (∼50%) as compared to a double CP experiment (with a 200 μs 15N to 1H CP contact time), there is selectivity for the directly bonded NH3+ moiety, while intensity is observed for the CH21H resonances in the double CP experiment. Two-dimensional 15N–1H correlation MAS NMR spectra are presented for the dipeptide β-AspAla and the pharmaceutical cimetidine at 60 kHz MAS, both at natural isotopic abundance. For the dipeptide β-AspAla, different build-up dependence on the first spin-echo duration is observed for the NH and NH3+ moieties demonstrating that the experiment could be used to distinguish resonances for different NHx groups. 15N–1H heteronuclear NMR correlation at natural abundance in the solid state via J couplings is enabled by optimisation of phase-modulated Lee–Goldburg (PMLG) 1H homonuclear decoupling during the spin echoes, far from the ideal magic-angle condition.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Tognetti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.
| | - W Trent Franks
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.
| | | | - Steven P Brown
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.
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9
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Leroy C, Bonhomme-Coury L, Gervais C, Tielens F, Babonneau F, Daudon M, Bazin D, Letavernier E, Laurencin D, Iuga D, Hanna J, Smith M, Bonhomme C. A novel multinuclear solid-state NMR approach for the characterization of kidney stones. MAGNETIC RESONANCE (GOTTINGEN, GERMANY) 2021; 2:653-671. [PMID: 37905220 PMCID: PMC10539836 DOI: 10.5194/mr-2-653-2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/01/2023]
Abstract
The spectroscopic study of pathological calcifications (including kidney stones) is extremely rich and helps to improve the understanding of the physical and chemical processes associated with their formation. While Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) imaging and optical/electron microscopies are routine techniques in hospitals, there has been a dearth of solid-state NMR studies introduced into this area of medical research, probably due to the scarcity of this analytical technique in hospital facilities. This work introduces effective multinuclear and multidimensional solid-state NMR methodologies to study the complex chemical and structural properties characterizing kidney stone composition. As a basis for comparison, three hydrates (n = 1 , 2 and 3) of calcium oxalate are examined along with nine representative kidney stones. The multinuclear magic angle spinning (MAS) NMR approach adopted investigates the 1 H , 13 C , 31 P and 31 P nuclei, with the 1 H and 13 C MAS NMR data able to be readily deconvoluted into the constituent elements associated with the different oxalates and organics present. For the first time, the full interpretation of highly resolved 1 H NMR spectra is presented for the three hydrates, based on the structure and local dynamics. The corresponding 31 P MAS NMR data indicates the presence of low-level inorganic phosphate species; however, the complexity of these data make the precise identification of the phases difficult to assign. This work provides physicians, urologists and nephrologists with additional avenues of spectroscopic investigation to interrogate this complex medical dilemma that requires real, multitechnique approaches to generate effective outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- César Leroy
- Laboratoire Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Paris, LCMCP, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
- Institut Charles Gerhardt Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Laure Bonhomme-Coury
- Laboratoire Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Paris, LCMCP, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Christel Gervais
- Laboratoire Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Paris, LCMCP, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Frederik Tielens
- Laboratoire Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Paris, LCMCP, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
- General Chemistry (ALGC) – Materials Modelling Group, Vrije
Universiteit Brussel (Free University Brussels – VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050
Brussels, Belgium
| | - Florence Babonneau
- Laboratoire Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Paris, LCMCP, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Michel Daudon
- AP-HP, Hôpital Tenon, Explorations Fonctionnelles
Multidisciplinaires et INSERM UMRS 1155, Sorbonne Université, Hôpital Tenon, Paris, France
| | - Dominique Bazin
- Institut de Chimie Physique, UMR CNRS 8000, Bâtiment 350,
Université Paris Saclay, 91405 Orsay CEDEX, France
- Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, UMR CNRS 8502, Bâtiment 510, Université Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay CEDEX, France
| | - Emmanuel Letavernier
- AP-HP, Hôpital Tenon, Explorations Fonctionnelles
Multidisciplinaires et INSERM UMRS 1155, Sorbonne Université, Hôpital Tenon, Paris, France
| | - Danielle Laurencin
- Institut Charles Gerhardt Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Dinu Iuga
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road,
Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - John V. Hanna
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road,
Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Mark E. Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Christian Bonhomme
- Laboratoire Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Paris, LCMCP, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
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10
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Engel EA, Kapil V, Ceriotti M. Importance of Nuclear Quantum Effects for NMR Crystallography. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:7701-7707. [PMID: 34355903 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c01987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The resolving power of solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) crystallography depends heavily on the accuracy of computational predictions of NMR chemical shieldings of candidate structures, which are usually taken to be local minima in the potential energy. To test the limits of this approximation, we systematically study the importance of finite-temperature and quantum nuclear fluctuations for 1H, 13C, and 15N shieldings in polymorphs of three paradigmatic molecular crystals: benzene, glycine, and succinic acid. The effect of quantum fluctuations is comparable to the typical errors of shielding predictions for static nuclei with respect to experiments, and their inclusion improves the agreement with measurements, translating to more reliable assignment of the NMR spectra to the correct candidate structure. The use of integrated machine-learning models, trained on first-principles energies and shieldings, renders rigorous sampling of nuclear fluctuations affordable, setting a new standard for the calculations underlying NMR structure determinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar A Engel
- TCM Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J. J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Venkat Kapil
- Laboratory of Computational Science and Modeling, Institut des Matériaux, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Michele Ceriotti
- Laboratory of Computational Science and Modeling, Institut des Matériaux, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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11
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NMR spectroscopy probes microstructure, dynamics and doping of metal halide perovskites. Nat Rev Chem 2021; 5:624-645. [PMID: 37118421 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-021-00309-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Solid-state magic-angle spinning NMR spectroscopy is a powerful technique to probe atomic-level microstructure and structural dynamics in metal halide perovskites. It can be used to measure dopant incorporation, phase segregation, halide mixing, decomposition pathways, passivation mechanisms, short-range and long-range dynamics, and other local properties. This Review describes practical aspects of recording solid-state NMR data on halide perovskites and how these afford unique insights into new compositions, dopants and passivation agents. We discuss the applicability, feasibility and limitations of 1H, 13C, 15N, 14N, 133Cs, 87Rb, 39K, 207Pb, 119Sn, 113Cd, 209Bi, 115In, 19F and 2H NMR in typical experimental scenarios. We highlight the pivotal complementary role of solid-state mechanosynthesis, which enables highly sensitive NMR studies by providing large quantities of high-purity materials of arbitrary complexity and of chemical shifts calculated using density functional theory. We examine the broader impact of solid-state NMR on materials research and how its evolution over seven decades has benefitted structural studies of contemporary materials such as halide perovskites. Finally, we summarize some of the open questions in perovskite optoelectronics that could be addressed using solid-state NMR. We, thereby, hope to stimulate wider use of this technique in materials and optoelectronics research.
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12
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Ning P, Lane D, Ghosh Biswas R, Jenne A, Bastawrous M, Soong R, Schmidig D, Frei T, De Castro P, Kovacevic I, Graf S, Wegner S, Bermel W, Busse F, Kuehn T, Kuemmerle R, Struppe J, Fey M, Stronks HJ, Monette M, Simpson MJ, Simpson AJ. Expanding current applications and permitting the analysis of larger intact samples by means of a 7 mm CMP-NMR probe. Analyst 2021; 146:4461-4472. [PMID: 34136891 DOI: 10.1039/d1an00809a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Comprehensive multiphase NMR combines the ability to study and differentiate all phases (solids, gels, and liquids) using a single NMR probe. The general goal of CMP-NMR is to study intact environmental and biological samples to better understand conformation, organization, association, and transfer between and across phases/interfaces that may be lost with conventional sample preparation such as drying or solubilization. To date, all CMP-NMR studies have used 4 mm probes and rotors. Here, a larger 7 mm probehead is introduced which provides ∼3 times the volume and ∼2.4 times the signal over a 4 mm version. This offers two main advantages: (1) the additional biomass reduces experiment time, making 13C detection at natural abundance more feasible; (2) it allows the analysis of larger samples that cannot fit within a 4 mm rotor. Chicken heart tissue and Hyalella azteca (freshwater shrimp) are used to demonstrate that phase-based spectral editing works with 7 mm rotors and that the additional biomass from the larger volumes allows detection with 13C at natural abundance. Additionally, a whole pomegranate seed berry (aril) and an intact softgel capsule of hydroxyzine hydrochloride are used to demonstrate the analysis of samples too large to fit inside a conventional 4 mm CMP probe. The 7 mm version introduced here extends the range of applications and sample types that can be studied and is recommended when 4 mm CMP probes cannot provide adequate signal-to-noise (S/N), or intact samples are simply too big for 4 mm rotors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paris Ning
- Environmental NMR Centre, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada.
| | - Daniel Lane
- Environmental NMR Centre, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada.
| | - Rajshree Ghosh Biswas
- Environmental NMR Centre, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada.
| | - Amy Jenne
- Environmental NMR Centre, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada.
| | - Monica Bastawrous
- Environmental NMR Centre, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada.
| | - Ronald Soong
- Environmental NMR Centre, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada.
| | - Daniel Schmidig
- Bruker BioSpin AG, Industriestrasse 26, 8117 Fällanden, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Frei
- Bruker BioSpin AG, Industriestrasse 26, 8117 Fällanden, Switzerland
| | - Peter De Castro
- Bruker BioSpin AG, Industriestrasse 26, 8117 Fällanden, Switzerland
| | - Ivan Kovacevic
- Bruker BioSpin AG, Industriestrasse 26, 8117 Fällanden, Switzerland
| | - Stephan Graf
- Bruker BioSpin AG, Industriestrasse 26, 8117 Fällanden, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian Wegner
- Bruker BioSpin GmbH, Silberstreifen 4, 76287 Rheinstetten, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Bermel
- Bruker BioSpin GmbH, Silberstreifen 4, 76287 Rheinstetten, Germany
| | - Falko Busse
- Bruker BioSpin GmbH, Silberstreifen 4, 76287 Rheinstetten, Germany
| | - Till Kuehn
- Bruker BioSpin AG, Industriestrasse 26, 8117 Fällanden, Switzerland
| | - Rainer Kuemmerle
- Bruker BioSpin AG, Industriestrasse 26, 8117 Fällanden, Switzerland
| | - Jochem Struppe
- Bruker BioSpin Corp., 15 Fortune Drive, Billerica, Massachusetts 01821-3991, USA
| | - Michael Fey
- Bruker BioSpin Corp., 15 Fortune Drive, Billerica, Massachusetts 01821-3991, USA
| | - Henry J Stronks
- Bruker Ltd., 2800 High Point Drive, Milton, ON, L9T 6P4Canada
| | - Martine Monette
- Bruker Ltd., 2800 High Point Drive, Milton, ON, L9T 6P4Canada
| | - Myrna J Simpson
- Environmental NMR Centre, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada.
| | - André J Simpson
- Environmental NMR Centre, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada.
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13
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Reif B, Ashbrook SE, Emsley L, Hong M. Solid-state NMR spectroscopy. NATURE REVIEWS. METHODS PRIMERS 2021; 1:2. [PMID: 34368784 PMCID: PMC8341432 DOI: 10.1038/s43586-020-00002-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is an atomic-level method used to determine the chemical structure, three-dimensional structure, and dynamics of solids and semi-solids. This Primer summarizes the basic principles of NMR as applied to the wide range of solid systems. The fundamental nuclear spin interactions and the effects of magnetic fields and radiofrequency pulses on nuclear spins are the same as in liquid-state NMR. However, because of the anisotropy of the interactions in the solid state, the majority of high-resolution solid-state NMR spectra is measured under magic-angle spinning (MAS), which has profound effects on the types of radiofrequency pulse sequences required to extract structural and dynamical information. We describe the most common MAS NMR experiments and data analysis approaches for investigating biological macromolecules, organic materials, and inorganic solids. Continuing development of sensitivity-enhancement approaches, including 1H-detected fast MAS experiments, dynamic nuclear polarization, and experiments tailored to ultrahigh magnetic fields, is described. We highlight recent applications of solid-state NMR to biological and materials chemistry. The Primer ends with a discussion of current limitations of NMR to study solids, and points to future avenues of development to further enhance the capabilities of this sophisticated spectroscopy for new applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Reif
- Technische Universität München, Department Chemie, Lichtenbergstr. 4, D-85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Sharon E. Ashbrook
- School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, KY16 9ST, UK
| | - Lyndon Emsley
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Institut des sciences et ingénierie chimiques, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mei Hong
- Department of Chemistry and Francis Bitter Magnet Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 170 Albany Street, Cambridge, MA 02139
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14
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Moutzouri P, Paruzzo FM, Simões de Almeida B, Stevanato G, Emsley L. Homonuclear Decoupling in
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H NMR of Solids by Remote Correlation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201916335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pinelopi Moutzouri
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie ChimiquesÉcole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Federico M. Paruzzo
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie ChimiquesÉcole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Bruno Simões de Almeida
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie ChimiquesÉcole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Gabriele Stevanato
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie ChimiquesÉcole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Lyndon Emsley
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie ChimiquesÉcole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
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15
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Moutzouri P, Paruzzo FM, Simões de Almeida B, Stevanato G, Emsley L. Homonuclear Decoupling in 1 H NMR of Solids by Remote Correlation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:6235-6238. [PMID: 31967378 PMCID: PMC7187420 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201916335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The typical linewidths of 1H NMR spectra of powdered organic solids at 111 kHz magic‐angle spinning (MAS) are of the order of a few hundred Hz. While this is remarkable in comparison to the tens of kHz observed in spectra of static samples, it is still the key limit to the use of 1H in solid‐state NMR, especially for complex systems. Here, we demonstrate a novel strategy to further improve the spectral resolution. We show that the anti‐z‐COSY experiment can be used to reduce the residual line broadening of 1H NMR spectra of powdered organic solids. Results obtained with the anti‐z‐COSY sequence at 100 kHz MAS on thymol, β‐AspAla, and strychnine show an improvement in resolution of up to a factor of two compared to conventional spectra acquired at the same spinning rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinelopi Moutzouri
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Federico M Paruzzo
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Bruno Simões de Almeida
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gabriele Stevanato
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lyndon Emsley
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
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